Atrial fibrillation after lung surgery: incidence, underlying factors, and predictors

Abstract

Introduction

Cardiac complications are the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients subjected to thoracic surgery after respiratory complications. Postoperative arrhythmia is one of the most common cardiac complications in these patients. It leads to morbidity, increased hospitalization, and high costs for patients.

Aim

To determine the incidence of atrial fibrillation after lung resection and determine the underlying factors and predictors of this problem.

Material and methods

The participants in this study were composed of all patients who were subjected to lung resection surgery in the past 4 years. The demographic data of the patients and possible postoperative complications, including the incidence of atrial fibrillation, were extracted from patient records. The statistical analysis of data was performed after data collection.

Results

The incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in the present study was 7.6% (n = 20), mostly in patients who had a lung parenchyma resection. It occurred due to malignancy (n = 16), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 9), adenoid cystic carcinoma (n = 5), and metastasis (n = 2). The POAF occurred in 34.2% of pneumonectomy cases and 4.5% of lobectomy cases, out of whom 60% were male. There was a significant difference between the two groups of arrhythmia and non-arrhythmia groups regarding the age range. The mean ages of patients with and without arrhythmias were 56.45 ±18.2 and 44.76 ±17.2, respectively.

Conclusions

Pulmonary malignant pathologies are more likely to develop POAF due to the need for lung resection and possibly mediastinal lymphadenectomy that stimulates the heart and pericardium and the vagus nerve.

Introduction

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication following cardiac and non-cardiac surgery [1]. The incidence of POAF depends on the type of surgery. To clarify, the incidence rate of POAF was highest after coronary artery procedures (up to 55%) or isolated coronary bypass surgery (20–40%), followed by non-cardiac surgery of the chest (10–20%), and general non-cardiac non-thoracic surgery (0.37–1%) [2, 3].

Although POAF is often known as a temporary benign operation-related problem, it increase the risk of adverse events, including transient or permanent stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and mortality. The POAF mostly occurs on the second or third day after the surgery, which can lead to an increased rate of hypotension, heart failure (HF), and embolism [4, 5].

The predisposing factors for the occurrence of POAF include 50 years of age or more, male gender, history of congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, peripheral vascular disease, and extensive pulmonary resection and transfusion during surgery. Postoperative atrial tachyarrhythmias prolong the duration of hospitalization and increase the costs of treatment [6–10], emphasizing the need for prevention and treatment.

There are two approaches to the treatment of POAF, namely heart rate control and rhythm control. On the basis of the literature, the heart rate control strategy is more effective than the rhythm control strategy for the treatment of POAF [11]. As a result, various prophylactic and therapeutic drug guidelines, such as digoxin, amiodarone, diltiazem, and β-blockers, have been used to solve this problem [12]. However, there is no specific guideline for the prevention and treatment of POAF since there have been controversies over the obtained results of the existing studies.

Aim

The aim of the current study was to determine the incidence of POAF in patients with thoracic surgery. Moreover, this study further investigated the potential causes and risk factors of POAF among these patients, as well as the duration of hospitalization and therapeutic procedures.

Material and methods

This retrospective study was conducted on 263 patients undergoing lung resection surgery. Patients in this study were subjected to anatomical or non-anatomical resection of the lungs for various causes, including lung cancer and lung metastases, or benign pathologies (e.g., bronchiectasis and lung hydatid cyst). Data collection was accomplished through recording the demographic information of patients (i.e., age and gender), causes of pulmonary resection, primary diagnosis of the disease, postoperative complications (e.g., pulmonary disease), cardiac complications (e.g., atrial fibrillation), comorbidity, and mortality rate.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed to identify the important risk factors for postoperative arrhythmias. The variables, including age, gender, type of pathology, type of lung resection, and the relationship between postoperative arrhythmias, were analyzed in this study.

Results

This retrospective study involved the analysis of 263 patients who were subjected to lung resection at Ghaem and Imam Reza Hospital between January 2013 and March 2017. The demographic characteristics of the patients are presented in Table I. The incision in all patients was standard posterolateral thoracotomy. There was a significant difference between the patients in the arrhythmia and non-arrhythmia group regarding the age. The mean ages of patients with and without arrhythmias were 56.45 ±18.2 and 44.76 ±17.2, respectively. Considering gender distribution, 172 (65.3%) patients were male. The surgical procedures performed on the patients were lobectomy (58.9%), pneumonectomy (14.4%), segmentectomy (25.9%), and bilobectomy (1.5%). Tables II tabulates the outcomes of the POAF for the investigated subjects.

Table I.

Demographic information of the participants

Parameter		Arrhythmia	Non-arrhythmia
Age, mean ± SD		56.45 ±18.2	44.76 ±17.2
Sex, n (%)	Male	12 (60)	160 (65)
	Female	8 (40)	83 (35)
Location, n (%)	Left	11 (8)	126 (92)
	Right	9 (7.3)	115 (92.7)
Type of resection, n (%)	Lobectomy	7 (4.5)	148 (95.5)
	Pneumonectomy	13 (34.2)	25 (65.8)
	Segmentectomy	0 (0)	66 (100)
	Bilobectomy	0 (0)	4 (100)

Table II.

Evaluation of some variables regarding postoperative atrial fibrillation

Parameter				N (%)
Sex		Male		12 (60)
		Female		8 (40)
Type of resection		Lobectomy		7 (4.5)
		Pneumonectomy		13 (34.2)
		Segmentectomy		0 (0)
		Bilobectomy		0 (0)
Pathology	Malignant	Primary lung cancer	SCC	9 (45)
			ACC	5 (25)
		Metastasis		2 (10)
	Benign	Bronchiectasis		1 (5)
		Tuberculosis		2 (10)
		Hydatid cyst		1 (5)

As can be seen, POAF occurred in 20 (7.6%) patients, out of whom 12 (60%) were male. Most of the POAF cases (16 out of 20) were patients with malignant pathologies. The POAF was observed in 13 (34.2%) and 7 (4.5%) patients who were subjected to pneumonectomy and lobectomy, respectively. However, in patients with segmentectomy and lobectomy, there were no arrhythmias. In 11 (8%) cases, POAF occurred on the left side, meaning that the incidence rate of POAF in those was higher than on the right side, 9 (7.3%). The morbidity rates were 7.6%, 2.6%, 2.6%, and 1.1%, in cases with arrhythmia, pneumonia, surgical site infection, and stump fistula, respectively. As can be seen in Table I, the main causes of mortality were myocardial infarction, pulmonary emboli, and congestive heart failure in 5 (1.9%), 3 (1.14%), and 20 (7.6%) cases. With regard to the type of resection and pathology, it can be observed that the incidence rate of POAF was higher among men than women; the type of resection with the highest incidence is pneumonectomy. The incidence of malignant pathology is higher than that of benign pathology in POAF (Table II).

Discussion

The POAF affects more than one million Americans annually. It can increase risk factors of early postoperative stroke [13]. The POAF is common perioperative arrhythmia; however, it has not been deeply investigated. The reported incidence rates of POAF varied widely from 4% to 60% since the published studies have included different patient populations in terms of the surgery types and patient characteristics [14].

The POAF is an independent predictor of numerous adverse outcomes, including an increased risk of stroke, reoperation for bleeding, infection, renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, cerebral complications, need for permanent pacemaker placement, and all-cause 30-day and 6-month mortality [15]. Prophylaxis with amiodarone, beta-blockers, or statins reduces postoperative atrial fibrillation after non-cardiac surgery, and there is a tendency toward the administration of calcium channel blockers. On the other hand, digoxin may be associated with an increased risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation [16].

In the current study, 20 of 263 patients undergoing lung resection surgery had POAF. The incidence in lung resections was high, including 13 cases of pneumonectomy, 4 cases of lobectomy due to malignancy, and 4 cases due to benign pathologies. The reason for this is probably due to more cardiopulmonary manipulation and mediastinal lymphadenectomy in pulmonary malignant pathologies that stimulate the heart and pericardium.

In a study conducted by Takuya on 607 patients, it was concluded that the incidence of POAF was higher in lobectomy than segmentectomy regarding lung cancer in stage IA [10]. In most studies, aging was mentioned as a significant predictor of POAF occurrence [6, 9, 17, 18]. In the current study, there was a significant difference between the patients with arrhythmia and non-arrhythmia groups in terms of age. The mean ages in patients with and without arrhythmias were 56.45 (18.2%) and 44.76 (17.2%), respectively.

Male gender has been mentioned in numerous studies as a predictor of POAF [7, 9]. In a study performed by Ngu et al. [8], it was concluded that gender did not affect the occurrence of POAF (p = 0.27). Therefore, they concluded that gender was an ineffective factor in postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery [8]. However, POAF prevalence was higher in men in the present study. The mean duration of hospitalization for patients with POAF was longer in most studies than in patients without arrhythmias [17]. In the current study patients with postoperative atrial fibrillation required longer hospitalization. The amount of lung tissue resection was considered in some studies as a predictive factor for the occurrence of POAF [7, 9, 10]. In the present study, there was a higher incidence of POAF in patients with pneumonectomy and lobectomy. The incidence of POAF was lower in patients with benign illness because the procedure removed less lung tissue.

The presence of comorbidities in patients could increase the incidence of POAF. In a study performed by Darvis, the history of atrial fibrillation and the use of antiarrhythmic drugs were mentioned as the most important predictors of postoperative atrial fibrillation [6]. In a study by Kavurmaci et al., the presence of COPD led to an increase in the incidence of POAF [17]. In a study by Garner, postoperative infection was one of the most important factors in the occurrence of POAF. However, the obtained results of the current study did not yield any support for the association of comorbidity and POAF among patients. Patients with a history of arrhythmias and thyroid disorders were excluded from the present study. Although there has been no consensus on the suitable treatment for POAF [2], in meta-analysis studies and systematic reviews, amiodarone and magnesium sulfate were introduced as effective and safe drugs [12]. In an ideal situation, a possible multifaceted approach to face some challenge might include better baseline risk scoring to predict POAF, intraoperative measures to control the known predisposing factors in the high POAF scores, and more effective early and midterm anticoagulation management for patients with POAF. Such an approach should possibly include the administration of direct factor Xa inhibitors to the patient suffering from POAF as part of a dedicated trial [18, 19].

Conclusions

The POAF is one of the most common cardiac complications following thoracic surgery and pulmonary resection, which can lead to an increase in morbidity, hospitalization, and treatment costs. In the current study, most POAF cases occurred in patients with extensive lung resections, often due to malignant pathologies. Moreover, POAF occurred in 34.2% of pneumonectomy cases and 4.5% of lobectomy cases. Pulmonary malignant pathology is associated with an increased risk for POAF due to cardiopulmonary manipulation and possibly mediastinal lymphadenectomy, which stimulates the pericardium and the vagus nerve.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflict of interest.

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