Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecular Medicine Reports logoLink to Molecular Medicine Reports
. 2019 Jul 23;20(3):2685–2693. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10515

Long non-coding RNA MEG-3 suppresses gastric carcinoma cell growth, invasion and migration via EMT regulation

Junquan Jiao 1, Shaobo Zhang 2,✉
PMCID: PMC6691256  PMID: 31524253

Abstract

Gastric carcinoma is one of the most frequently diagnosed gastrointestinal tumors. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are broadly defined as endogenous cellular non-coding RNA molecules. Studies have demonstrated that they may be associated with human cancer progression. In the present study, the role of lncRNA-maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) in the progression of gastric carcinoma cells was investigated in vitro and in vivo. It was demonstrated that lncRNA-MEG3 expression was downregulated in gastric carcinoma cells compared with normal gastric cells. lncRNA-MEG3 transfection increased E-cadherin expression and markedly inhibited gastric carcinoma cell growth, migration and invasion. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection promoted the apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection inhibited the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-like protein 2 and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins caspase-3 and caspase-9 in gastric carcinoma cells. lncRNA-MEG3 transfection upregulated the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and inhibited the expression of mesenchymal markers vimentin and fibronectin in gastric carcinoma cells, which suggested that lncRNA-MEG3 inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which may subsequently inhibit progression in gastric carcinoma cells. The present study also revealed that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection suppressed tumor growth mainly by decreasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and increasing the expression of Bcl-2 in vivo. In conclusion, these results indicated that lncRNA-MEG3 may regulate EMT-associated signaling pathways and has the potential as a therapeutic target in gastric carcinoma.

Keywords: gastric carcinoma, long non-coding RNA-maternally expressed gene 3, epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Introduction

Gastric cancer is one of the most common human gastrointestinal cancers and remains the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide (1,2). Gastric cancer has the highest morbidity and mortality rate amongst the digestive system-derived cancers (3,4). Previous studies have demonstrated that apoptosis resistance of gastric cancer is inevitable as the cancer progresses (5,6). Tumor resistance to apoptosis is currently the greatest challenge in gastric cancer therapy as it often leads to tumor metastasis (7,8). Previous study has indicated that targeted therapies for advanced gastric cancer are effective (9). However, the treatment of patients with gastric cancer is particularly challenging for those with apoptotic resistance and tumor metastasis. Therefore, the discovery of more effective therapeutic targets in gastric cancer is essential.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are endogenous cellular non-coding RNA molecules >200 nucleotides in length that regulate gene expression and may function tumor cell survival (10). Various lncRNAs have also been associated with human cancer cell migration and metastasis (11,12). lncRNA-maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) overexpression has been demonstrated to in part contribute to the growth inhibition of epithelial ovarian cancer cells (13). lncRNA-MEG3 has drawn increasing attention due to its ability to act as a tumor suppressor in several cancers (14–16). However, the effect of lncRNA-MEG3 in gastric cancer is not yet fully understood.

In the present study, the role of lncRNA-MEG3 in gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo was investigated. It has been reported that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) could mediate gastric cancer progression (17,18). EMT is recognized as an important mechanism for cancer metastasis; it relies on epithelial cell morphology changes from epithelial cobblestone phenotype to elongated fibroblast phenotype (17). The process of EMT involves the disassembly of cell-cell junctions, actin cytoskeleton reorganization and enhancement of cell motility and invasion (18). Zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is expressed at the invasive front of carcinomas where it affects gene expression to induce EMT, which upregulates expression of vimentin and downregulates expression of E-cadherin, which is a key event for EMT and metastasis (19). Furthermore, inhibiting the EMT process can induce tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy in human gastric cancer (20), and ZEB1 has been suggested to be an important inducer of the EMT and a promoter of tumor metastasis (21). Therefore, the effects of lncRNA-MEG3 on EMT processes in gastric cancer cells were analyzed. The role of lncRNA-MEG3 on the apoptotic resistance of gastric cancer cells induced by the chemotherapy drug cisplatin was also investigated.

Materials and methods

Cell lines and cell culture

Gastric cancer cell lines HGC-27 (catalog no. BNCC338546) and BGC-823 (catalog no. BNCC337689), as well as the normal gastric cell line GES-1 (catalog no. BNCC337970), were all purchased from BeNa Culture Collection (Beijing, China; http://www.bncc.org.cn). All cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37°C in a humidified chamber with 5% CO2.

lncRNA-MEG3 transfection

HGC-27 cells (1×106 cells/well) were seeded on 6-well plates and were incubated at 37°C for a 24 h prior to transfection. Cells were subsequently transfected at 37°C for 30 min with 100 µM pcDNA3.1-MEG3 overexpression vector (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) or pcDNA3.1 empty vector control using Lipofectamine® 2000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's instructions. At 48 h post-transfection, efficiency was validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

ZEB1 transfection

The human ZEB gene (GenBank: BC107781.1) was synthesized by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Primers were synthesized by Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and had the following sequences: ZEB, forward, 5′-GGGGACAAGCGAGAGGATCAT-3′ and reverse, 5′-TTTGAGGAACAACTTGAATAA-3′; β-actin, forward, 5′-CGGAGTCAACGGATTTGGTC-3′ and reverse, 5′-AGCCTTCTCCATGGTCGTGA-3′. The thermocycling conditions were as follows: Initial denaturation 94°C for 30 sec; followed by followed by 25 cycles of 94°C for 30 sec, 59°C for 30 sec, 72°C for 2 min and a final elongation step at 72°C for 10 min. HGC-27 cells (1×105 cells/well in a 6-well plate) were transfected at 37°C for 30 min, following construction of a ZEB1 pcDNA3.1 overexpression plasmid (pZEB; 100 nM; Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's instructions was used as the transfection reagent. The pcDNA3.1 empty vector was used as a transfection negative control group. HGC-27 cells that were stably infected with pZEB were selected using 2 µg/µl puromycin (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) 48 h post-infection and subsequently transfected with lncRNA-MEG3, as aforementioned.

RT-qPCR

Total RNA was extracted from tumor cells (1×105 cells/well) by using RNAeasy Mini kit (Qiagen Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA). cDNA was synthesized at 42°C for 50 min using High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (cat. no. 4368814; Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to manufacturer's instrument. lncRNA-MEG3 expression was detected by qPCR using an ABI7300 Thermocycler (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), with β-actin as an endogenous control (Life Technologies; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) (22). Primers were synthesized by Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and the sequences were as follows: lncRNA-MEG3, forward, 5′-ACATGAGGATCACCCATGT-3′ and reverse, 5′-CATGGGTGATCCTCATGT-3′; β-actin, 5′-CGGAGTCAACGGATTTGGTC-3′ and reverse, 5′-AGCCTTCTCCATGGTCGTGA-3′. Initial denaturation was performed at 94°C for 2 min, which was followed by 45 cycles at 95°C for 30 sec, 57.2°C for 30 sec and 72°C for 10 min. The reaction mixture (20 µl) contained 50 ng of genomic DNA, 200 µM dNTPs, 2.5 units TaqDNA polymerase (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China), 200 µM primer sequences and SYBR-Green qPCR Master Mix (5 µl; Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Relative mRNA expression was calculated using 2−ΔΔCq (23); relative gene expression levels were normalized to β-actin.

MTT assay

The lncRNA-MEG3-transfected HGC-27 cells (1×103) were seeded into 96-well plates for 48 h at 37°C in triplicate for each condition. Following incubation, 20 µl MTT (5 mg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) in PBS solution was added to each well and the plate was incubated for 4 h. The medium was subsequently removed and 100 µl of dimethyl sulfoxide was added into the wells to dissolve the purple formazan crystals. Cell proliferation was determined by optical density using a microplate reader (Molecular Devices, LLC, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) at wavelength of 490 nm.

Cell growth assay

The lncRNA-MEG3-transfected HGC-27 (1×104) were seeded in six-well plates and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium at 37°C for 14 days. Medium was subsequently removed and the cells were fixed with 100% methanol for 20 min at 37°C and stained with 0.1% (w/v) crystal violet for 5 min at 37°C (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). Cell colonies (>500 cells) were counted in at least three fields under an Olympus BX51 light microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and counted with Image-Pro Plus 5.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA).

Apoptosis assay

The transfected HGC-27 cells (1×106) were seeded into 6-well plates for 12 h at 37°C in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2. Cells were subsequently incubated with cisplatin (5.0 mg/ml) for 24 h at 37°C. Cells were removed, collected and washed with PBS three times. Subsequently, cells were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated Annexin V and propidium iodide using the Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection kit (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA), according to manufacturer's instructions. A flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) was used to analyze the percentage of apoptotic HGC-27 cells.

Western blot analysis

HGC-27, BGC-823 GES-1 and lncRNA-MEG3 transfected cells were homogenized in radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer containing protease inhibitor (both from Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) and centrifuged at 8,000 × g for 10 min at 4°C. A BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to measure protein concentration. A total of 30 µg protein was separated by 12% SDS-PAGE, as described previously (24). Proteins were transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), blocked in 5% skimmed milk for 1 h at 37°C and were subsequently incubated with the following primary antibodies for 12 h at 4°C: Anti-B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2; 1:1,000; cat. no. ab32124; Abcam, Cambridge, UK), Bcl-2-like protein 2 (Bcl-w; 1:1,000; cat. ab38629; Abcam), Bcl-associated X protein (Bax; 1:1,000; cat. no. ab182733); Abcam), Bcl-2 associated agonist of cell death (Bad; 1:1,000; cat. no. ab90435; Abcam), E-cadherin (1:1,000; cat. no. ab1416; Abcam), vimentin (1:1,000; cat. no. ab92547; Abcam), fibronectin (1:1,000; cat. no. ab2413; Abcam) and β-actin (1:1,000; cat. no. ab8227; Abcam). Membranes were then incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG monoclonal secondary antibody (1:2,000; cat. no. 6721; Abcam) or rabbit anti-mouse IgG monoclonal secondary antibody (1:2,000; cat. no. 6728; Abcam) for 2 h at 37°C. Protein were visualized using the SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate Trial kit (Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Images were obtained using the ChemiDoc XRS system with Quantity One software (version 4.0; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA), and protein expression was analyzed using BandScan 5.0 software (Glyko, Inc., Novato, CA, USA).

Cell migration and invasion assay

The lncRNA-MEG3-transfected HGC-27 cells were cultured in Matrigel-coated and -uncoated Transwell inserts (8 µm pore size; Merck KGaA) for the invasion and migration assays, respectively. HGC-27 cells (1×104 cells/well) with 150 µl serum free DMEM (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was placed into the upper chamber and DMEM with 5% fetal calf serum (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was placed in the lower chamber. Following 24 h incubation at 37°C, HGC-27 cells in the upper chamber were removed with a cotton swab and those in the lower chamber were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at 37°C, stained with 0.1% crystal violet dye (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for 20 min at 37°C and counted at three randomly selected views using an Olympus BX51 light microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).

Animal study

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xi'an Jiao Tong University. A total of 40, 6–8-week-old female C57BL/6 mice (30–35 g) were used (Shanghai SLAC Laboratory Animals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). All mice were housed in a temperature-controlled environment (23±2°C), 50±5% humidity, normal atmosphere with a 12-h light/dark cycle and provided free access to food and water. The lncRNA-MEG3- or lncRNA-vector control transfected HGC-27 cells (1×107) were inoculated one time on a single side of the posterior flank (n=10/group). The tumor volumes were calculated according to the following formula: Length × width2 × 0.52. On day 28, mice were euthanized with diethyl ether and 1.5% pentobarbital sodium (100 mg/kg) tail vein injection, and the tumors were isolated. The largest tumor size was ~2,000 mm3. Mice were sacrificed when tumor diameter reached 16 mm.

Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis

Gastric tumor xenografts were fixed using 10% formaldehyde for 2 h at room temperature, embedded in paraffin and sectioned (4 µm). The sections were deparaffinized in xylene for 15 min at room temperature, rehydrated through graded ethanol concentrations and endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min at room temperature, as previously described (25). Tumor sections were incubated with specific primary antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; 1:1,000; cat. no. ab69479; Abcam) and Bcl-2 (1:1,000; cat. no. ab32124; Abcam) for 12 h at 4°C. Tumor tissues were then incubated with HRP-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG monoclonal secondary antibody (1:10,000; cat. no. 6278; Abcam). A Ventana Benchmark Automated Staining system (Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., Tucson, AZ, USA) was used to analyze protein expression in tumor tissues. The staining results were semi-quantified by the percentage of positively stained cells as examined using an Olympus BX51 light microscope (magnification, ×400; Olympus Corporation).

Statistical analysis

Data was expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, and each experiment was performed at least three times. All data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and GraphPad Prism 5.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc. La Jolla, CA, USA) using Student's t-tests or one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's multiple comparison post-hoc test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

lncRNA-MEG3 expression levels are decreased in gastric cancer cell lines

To identify the role of lncRNA-MEG3 in gastric cancer, the expression of lncRNA-MEG3 in gastric cancer cells was detected by RT-qPCR. lncRNA-MEG3 expression levels were significantly lower in gastric cancer cell lines HGC-27 and BGC-823 compared with expression in the GES-1 normal gastric cell line (Fig. 1A). E-cadherin expression levels were significantly decreased in gastric cancer cell lines HGC-27 and BGC-823 compared to the normal gastric cell line GES-1 (Fig. 1B and C), which suggested that lncRNA-MEG3 may be associated with gastric cancer progression.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Open in a new tab

lncRNA-MEG3 and E-cadherin expression is downregulated in gastric cancer cell lines. (A) lncRNA-MEG3 expression levels in gastric cancer cell lines HGC-27 and BGC-823 compared to the normal gastric cell line GES-1. (B and C) E-cadherin (B) protein and (C) mRNA expression levels in gastric cancer cell lines HGC-27 and BGC-823 compared to the normal gastric cell line GES-1. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; each experiment was performed in triplicate; **P<0.01. lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; MEG3, maternally expressed gene 3.

lncRNA-MEG3 transfection upregulates E-cadherin expression in gastric cancer cells

To investigate the role of lncRNA-MEG3 on E-cadherin expression, E-cadherin gene and protein expression in HGC-27 cells was detected following lncRNA-MEG3 transfection. lncRNA-MEG3 expression was significantly increased in HGC-27 cells following overexpression vector transfection, compared with cells transfected with empty vector (Fig. 2A). Further, E-cadherin expression levels were significantly increased in HGC-27 gastric cancer cells following transfection of lncRNA-MEG3 (Fig. 2B), which indicated that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection may upregulate E-cadherin expression in gastric cancer cells.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Open in a new tab

lncRNA-MEG3 transfection upregulates E-cadherin expression in gastric cancer cells. (A) lncRNA-MEG3 transfection increases the expression of lncRNA-MEG3 mRNA. (B) E-cadherin protein expression in transfected HGC-27 cells. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; each experiment was performed in triplicate; **P<0.01. lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; MEG3, maternally expressed gene 3.

lncRNA-MEG3 inhibits gastric cancer cell growth, migration and invasion

To investigate the role of lncRNA-MEG3 in gastric cancer progression, the growth, proliferation, invasion and migration of HGC-27 cells were measured. The results revealed that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection decreased HGC-27 cell growth and proliferation compared to the control group (Fig. 3A and B, respectively). Results from the migration and invasion assays demonstrated that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection significantly inhibited the migratory and invasive ability of HGC-27 cells compared with the control group(Fig. 3C and D, respectively). These results indicated that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection may inhibit gastric cancer cell growth, proliferation, migration and invasion.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Open in a new tab

lncRNA-MEG3 inhibits gastric cancer cell growth, proliferation, migration and invasion of. (A and B) lncRNA-MEG3 transfection inhibits HGC-27 cell (A) proliferation and (B) growth. (C and D) lncRNA-MEG3 transfection inhibits the (C) migratory and (D) invasive ability of HGC-27 cells. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; each experiment was performed in triplicate; **P<0.01. lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; MEG3, maternally expressed gene 3.

lncRNA-MEG3 promotes apoptosis of gastric cancer cells

The role of lncRNA-MEG3 in apoptosis of gastric cancer cells was subsequently investigated. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection further promoted the apoptotic rates (early + late stage apoptosis) of gastric cancer compared with the control group (Fig. 4A). Western blot analysis demonstrated that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection downregulated the expression anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-w (Fig. 4B) and upregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins caspase-3 and caspase-9 in gastric cancer cells (Fig. 4C). These results suggested that lncRNA-MEG3 may promote the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells.

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Open in a new tab

lncRNA-MEG3 transfection increases the apoptotic rate of gastric carcinoma cells. (A) HGC-27 cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. (B and C) lncRNA-MEG3 transfection (B) inhibits the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-w and (C) increases the expression pro-apoptotic proteins caspase-3 and caspase-9 in HGC-27 cells. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; each experiment was performed in triplicate; **P<0.01. Bcl-2, B cell lymphoma-2; Bcl-w, Bcl-2-like protein 2; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; MEG3, maternally expressed gene 3.

lncRNA-MEG3 inhibits gastric cancer cells growth via EMT regulation

EMT is involved in the progression of cancer metastasis (26). To understand the molecular mechanism by which lncRNA-MEG3 suppressed gastric cancer growth, EMT marker expression was detected in HGC-27 cells following lncRNA-MEG3 transfection. lncRNA-MEG3 transfection significantly increased epithelial marker E-cadherin expression and significantly inhibited mesenchymal marker vimentin and fibronectin expression in HGC-27 cells (Fig. 5A). Successful establishment of stable ZEB overexpression cells was verified by RT-PCR (Fig. 5B). In addition, co-transfection of lncRNA-MEG3 into the ZEB overexpressing cells upregulated epithelial marker E-cadherin expression levels and downregulated mesenchymal markers Vimentin and Fibronectin expression levels and inhibited gastric cancer cell proliferation compared with ZEB-only transfection group (Fig. 5C and D). These results indicate that lncRNA-MEG3 may inhibit gastric cancer cell growth via regulation of EMT.

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Open in a new tab

lncRNA-MEG3 inhibits gastric cancer cells growth through EMT regulation. (A) lncRNA-MEG3 transfection upregulates epithelial marker E-cadherin expression and downregulates mesenchymal markers vimentin and fibronectin expression in HGC-27 cells. (B) Successful ZEB-overexpression vector transfection was verified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (C) ZEB transfection downregulates epithelial marker E-cadherin expression and upregulates mesenchymal markers vimentin and fibronectin expression in HGC-27 cells, and co-transfection with lncRNA-MEG3 reverses these results (D) ZEB-overexpression vector transfection promoted proliferation of HGC-27 cells, and co-transfection with lncRNA-MEG3 reverses these results. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; MEG3, maternally expressed gene 3; ZEB, zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 1; ZEB-lnc-MEG3, cells co-transfected with ZEB and lncRNA-MEG3 overexpression vectors.

lncRNA-MEG3 inhibits gastric tumor growth in vivo

To determine whether endogenous expression of lncRNA-MEG3 was able to affect gastric tumor growth in vivo, HGC-27 cells stably transfected with lncRNA-MEG3 or empty vectors were subcutaneously injected into female mice. Transfection with lncRNA-MEG3 markedly inhibited tumor growth compared to empty vector group mice following a 28-day inoculation (Fig. 6A). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection suppressed tumor growth in vivo, predominantly by decreasing VEGF and Bcl-2 expression (Fig. 6B). These results suggested that lncRNA-MEG3 expression may inhibit gastric tumor growth in vivo.

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Open in a new tab

lncRNA-MEG3 inhibits the gastric tumor growth in vivo. (A) lncRNA-MEG3 transfection significantly reduced tumor growth following a 28-day inoculation period. (B) lncRNA-MEG3 transfection suppressed VEGF and increased Bcl-2 protein expression in tumor tissues, as determined by immunohistochemical staining. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; each experiment was performed in triplicate; **P<0.01. Bcl-2, B cell lymphoma-2 lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; MEG3, maternally expressed gene 3; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

Discussion

Emerging evidence has demonstrated that lncRNAs are involved in various biological processes, including cell differentiation, growth, apoptosis and cancer metastasis (27–29). In recent years, several lncRNAs have been demonstrated to be associated with gastric tumor growth and metastasis (30,31). Additionally, lncRNA-MEG3 may act as an inhibitor to regulate gastric cancer progression (32,33). In the present study, the role of lncRNA-MEG3 in gastric cancer cells was analyzed. The results demonstrated that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection promoted the apoptosis and markedly inhibited the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. lncRNA-MEG3 may also inhibit gastric cancer cell growth through the regulation of EMT.

Numerous studies have revealed the emerging significance of lncRNAs in various human tumors. lncRNAs serves crucial roles in tumor invasion and metastasis through the regulation of tumor suppressor and oncogenic pathways. The link between lncRNAs and tumors is gaining increasing attention in oncology. A previous study reported that lncRNA-MEG3 upregulation and downregulation of antisense non-coding RNA at the INK4 locus may be a clinically relevant strategy in the treatment of gallbladder cancer (34). The present study demonstrated that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection significantly inhibited gastric cancer cell growth, migration and invasion.

Tumor resistance to apoptosis in human cancer has a crucial role in metastasis. A previous study indicated that lncRNA-MEG3 upregulation induced renal cell carcinoma cell apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial pathway (35). In the present study, lncRNA-MEG3 promoted the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. lncRNA-MEG3 can also inhibit the proliferation of cervical carcinoma cells through the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (36). It may also inhibit non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and promote apoptosis through the regulation of p53 expression (37). The present study demonstrated that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection increased the expression pro-apoptotic proteins caspase-3 and caspase-9 in gastric carcinoma cells. Additionally, lncRNA-MEG3 transfection inhibited the expression anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-w. Thus, the results indicated that lncRNA-MEG3 transfection reduced the apoptotic resistance of gastric carcinoma cells.

Several reports have demonstrated that EMT has an essential role in the regulation of gastric carcinoma cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis (38,39). A previous report indicated that EMT in gastric cancer cells can be induced through the activation of the interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway (40). In the current study, lncRNA-MEG3 transfection upregulated the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and downregulated the expression of mesenchymal markers vimentin and fibronectin in gastric cancer cells. EMT induction prevented the lncRNA-MEG3 transfection-inhibited growth of gastric cancer cells. The role of lncRNA-MEG3 in suppressing gastric carcinoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion was primarily investigated; however, the present study did not analyze EMT-associated signaling pathways.

In conclusion, the potential involvement of lncRNA-MEG3 in gastric cancer was explored. The results suggest that lncRNA-MEG3 may inhibit the growth of gastric cancer cells through the regulation of EMT. However, further study is required to identify other potential mechanisms of lncRNA-MEG3 involvement in gastric cancer progression.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to further research being performed, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

JJ and SZ designed the study. JJ and SZ performed the experiments. SZ analyzed the data.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The protocol was approved by The Ethics Committee of Xi'an Jiao Tong University.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

  • 1.Leake PA, Cardoso R, Seevaratnam R, Lourenco L, Helyer L, Mahar A, Law C, Coburn NG. A systematic review of the accuracy and indications for diagnostic laparoscopy prior to curative-intent resection of gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2012;15(Suppl 1):S38–S47. doi: 10.1007/s10120-011-0047-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Afuwape OO, Irabor DO, Ladipo JK, Ayandipo B. A review of the current profile of gastric cancer presentation in the university college hospital Ibadan, a tertiary health care institution in the tropics. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2012;43:177–180. doi: 10.1007/s12029-011-9259-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Pimenta-Melo AR, Monteiro-Soares M, Libânio D, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Missing rate for gastric cancer during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;28:1041–1049. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Veisani Y, Delpisheh A. Survival rate of gastric cancer in Iran; A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2016;9:78–86. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Xia JT, Chen LZ, Jian WH, Wang KB, Yang YZ, He WL, He YL, Chen D, Li W. MicroRNA-362 induces cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance in gastric cancer by activation of NF-κB signaling. J Transl Med. 2014;12:33. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-33. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Zhang Y, Shi Y, Li X, Du R, Luo G, Xia L, Du W, Chen B, Zhai H, Wu K, Fan D. Proteasome inhibitor MG132 reverses multidrug resistance of gastric cancer through enhancing apoptosis and inhibiting P-gp. Cancer Biol Ther. 2008;7:540–546. doi: 10.4161/cbt.7.4.5483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Dittmar Y, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Rauchfuss F, Götz M, Scheuerlein H, Jandt K, Settmacher U. Resection of liver metastases is beneficial in patients with gastric cancer: Report on 15 cases and review of literature. Gastric Cancer. 2012;15:131–136. doi: 10.1007/s10120-011-0080-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Roberts P, Seevaratnam R, Cardoso R, Law C, Helyer L, Coburn N. Systematic review of pancreaticoduodenectomy for locally advanced gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2012;15(Suppl 1):S108–S115. doi: 10.1007/s10120-011-0086-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Li K, Li J. Current molecular targeted therapy in advanced gastric cancer: A comprehensive review of therapeutic mechanism, clinical trials, and practical application. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:4105615. doi: 10.1155/2016/4105615. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Xiong XD, Ren X, Cai MY, Yang JW, Liu X, Yang JM. Long non-coding RNAs: An emerging powerhouse in the battle between life and death of tumor cells. Drug Resist Updat. 2016;26:28–42. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.04.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Liu M, Sun W, Liu Y, Dong X. The role of lncRNA MALAT1 in bone metastasis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep. 2016;36:1679–1685. doi: 10.3892/or.2016.4909. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Yang Z, Wang R, Zhang T, Dong X. Hypoxia/lncRNA-AK123072/EGFR pathway induced metastasis and invasion in gastric cancer. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:19954–19968. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Li J, Zhou D, Wang Z, Tan L, Zhou Y, Li J, Sheng X. Reversal effect of 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine on the maternally expressed gene 3 promoter hypermethylation and its inhibitory effect on the proliferation of epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2015;37:324–329. (In Chinese) [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Kruer TL, Dougherty SM, Reynolds L, Long E, de Silva T, Lockwood WW, Clem BF. Expression of the lncRNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) contributes to the control of lung cancer cell proliferation by the Rb pathway. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0166363. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166363. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Lv D, Sun R, Yu Q, Zhang X. The long non-coding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 activates p53 and is downregulated in esophageal squamous cell cancer. Tumour Biol. 2016 Oct 24; doi: 10.1007/s13277-016-5426-y. (Epub ahead of print) [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Yan-Hua L, Xiang-Lei L, Hong L, Jian-Jun W. Long noncoding ribonucleic acids maternally expressed gene 3 inhibits lung cancer tumor progression through downregulation of MYC. Indian J Cancer. 2015;52(Suppl 3):E190–E193. doi: 10.4103/0019-509X.186579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Matsuoka J, Yashiro M, Doi Y, Fuyuhiro Y, Kato Y, Shinto O, Noda S, Kashiwagi S, Aomatsu N, Hirakawa T, et al. Hypoxia stimulates the EMT of gastric cancer cells through autocrine TGFβ signaling. PLoS One. 2013;8:e62310. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062310. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Zhang H, Liu L, Wang Y, Zhao G, Xie R, Liu C, Xiao X, Wu K, Nie Y, Zhang H, Fan D. KLF8 involves in TGF-beta-induced EMT and promotes invasion and migration in gastric cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2013;139:1033–1042. doi: 10.1007/s00432-012-1363-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Zha L, Zhang J, Tang W, Zhang N, He M, Guo Y, Wang Z. HMGA2 elicits EMT by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58:724–733. doi: 10.1007/s10620-012-2399-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Weng J, Xiao J, Mi Y, Fang X, Sun Y, Li S, Qin Z, Li X, Liu T, Zhao S, et al. PCDHGA9 acts as a tumor suppressor to induce tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy and inhibit the EMT process in human gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9:27. doi: 10.1038/s41419-017-0189-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Liu Y, Zhang N, Wang Y, Xu M, Liu N, Pang X, Cao J, Ma N, Pang H, Liu L, Zhang H. Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 promotes invasion and bone metastasis of small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Sci. 2012;103:1420–1428. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02347.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Xiao S, Wang J, Xiao N. MicroRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers in bladder cancer detection: A diagnostic meta-analysis based on qRT-PCR data. Int J Biol Markers. 2016;31:e276–e285. doi: 10.5301/jbm.5000199. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 2001;25:402–408. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Wai-Hoe L, Wing-Seng L, Ismail Z, Lay-Harn G. SDS-PAGE-based quantitative assay for screening of Kidney stone disease. Biol Proced Online. 2009;11:145–160. doi: 10.1007/s12575-009-9007-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Fernandez-Pol S, Ma L, Ohgami RS, Arber DA. Immunohistochemistry for p53 is a useful tool to identify cases of acute myeloid leukemia with myelodysplasia-related changes that are TP53 mutated, have complex karyotype, and have poor prognosis. Mod Pathol. 2017;30:382–392. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Loboda A, Nebozhyn MV, Watters JW, Buser CA, Shaw PM, Huang PS, Van't Veer L, Tollenaar RA, Jackson DB, Agrawal D, et al. EMT is the dominant program in human colon cancer. BMC Med Genomics. 2011;4:9. doi: 10.1186/1755-8794-4-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Pei Z, Du X, Song Y, Fan L, Li F, Gao Y, Wu R, Chen Y, Li W, Zhou H, et al. Down-regulation of lncRNA CASC2 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis of bladder cancer by activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncotarget. 2017;8:18145–18153. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.15210. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Cao MX, Jiang YP, Tang YL, Liang XH. The crosstalk between lncRNA and microRNA in cancer metastasis: Orchestrating the epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity. Oncotarget. 2017;8:12472–12483. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13957. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Zheng Y, Song D, Xiao K, Yang C, Ding Y, Deng W, Tong S. LncRNA GAS5 contributes to lymphatic metastasis in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7:83727–83734. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13384. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Li L, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhou F. Increased expression of LncRNA BANCR is associated with clinical progression and poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2015;72:109–112. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.04.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Hang Q, Sun R, Jiang C, Li Y. Notch 1 promotes cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer formation by upregulating lncRNA AK022798 expression. Anticancer Drugs. 2015;26:632–640. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0000000000000227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Zamani M, Sadeghizadeh M, Behmanesh M, Najafi F. Dendrosomal curcumin increases expression of the long non-coding RNA gene MEG3 via up-regulation of epi-miRs in hepatocellular cancer. Phytomedicine. 2015;22:961–967. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.05.071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Peng W, Si S, Zhang Q, Li C, Zhao F, Wang F, Yu J, Ma R. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate gastric cancer progression. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2015;34:79. doi: 10.1186/s13046-015-0197-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Liu B, Shen ED, Liao MM, Hu YB, Wu K, Yang P, Zhou L, Chen WD. Expression and mechanisms of long non-coding RNA genes MEG3 and ANRIL in gallbladder cancer. Tumour Biol. 2016;37:9875–9886. doi: 10.1007/s13277-016-4863-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Wang M, Huang T, Luo G, Huang C, Xiao XY, Wang L, Jiang GS, Zeng FQ. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 induces renal cell carcinoma cells apoptosis by activating the mitochondrial pathway. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2015;35:541–545. doi: 10.1007/s11596-015-1467-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Qin R, Chen Z, Ding Y, Hao J, Hu J, Guo F. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 inhibits the proliferation of cervical carcinoma cells through the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Neoplasma. 2013;60:486–492. doi: 10.4149/neo_2013_063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Lu KH, Li W, Liu XH, Sun M, Zhang ML, Wu WQ, Xie WP, Hou YY. Long non-coding RNA MEG3 inhibits NSCLC cells proliferation and induces apoptosis by affecting p53 expression. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:461. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-461. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Wei S, Wang L, Zhang L, Li B, Li Z, Zhang Q, Wang J, Chen L, Sun G, Li Q, et al. ZNF143 enhances metastasis of gastric cancer by promoting the process of EMT through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Tumour Biol. 2016;37:12813–12821. doi: 10.1007/s13277-016-5239-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Feng S, Zheng Z, Feng L, Yang L, Chen Z, Lin Y, Gao Y, Chen Y. Proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole inhibits the proliferation, self-renewal and chemoresistance of gastric cancer stem cells via the EMT/β-catenin pathways. Oncology Rep. 2016;36:3207–3214. doi: 10.3892/or.2016.5154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Chen G, Tang N, Wang C, Xiao L, Yu M, Zhao L, Cai H, Han L, Xie C, Zhang Y. TNF-α-inducing protein ofi induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in gastric cancer cells through activation of IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;484:311–317. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to further research being performed, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Articles from Molecular Medicine Reports are provided here courtesy of Spandidos Publications

RESOURCES