Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical quality of root canal treatment (RCT) performed by preclinical undergraduate dental students at the Dental College of Taibah University KSA.
Methods
In this study, 259 extracted teeth were treated endodontically by preclinical students of the College of Dentistry, Taibah University, KSA, from 2013 to 2015. The evaluation criteria were root canal obturation length, root canal obturation density (homogeneity), and root canal obturation taper. A specific score (0, 1, or 2) was assigned to each parameter.
Results
Of 259 endodontically extracted teeth, 138 (53.3%) had RCT of unacceptable technical quality, 42 (16.2%) had treatment of slightly acceptable technical quality, 50 (19.3%) had treatment of acceptable technical quality, and 29 (11.2%) teeth had RCT of perfectly acceptable technical quality. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the technical quality of root canal obturation among types of teeth.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that there were varied levels of technical quality of root canal treatment performed by preclinical undergraduate dental students, and the outcome varied between unacceptable, slightly acceptable, acceptable, and perfectly acceptable. The unacceptable cases were the most common, representing more than half of all cases, and the perfectly acceptable cases were the least common. There is an urgent need to improve the endodontics teaching programmes in the College of Dentistry of Taibah University. This research should be repeated in the future to evaluate improvement in the performance of RCT by undergraduate dental students in Taibah University.
Keywords: Dental students, Education, Endodontics, KSA, Technical aspects
الملخص
أهداف البحث
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم الجودة التقنية لنتائج معالجة قناة الجذر التي قام بها طلاب طب الأسنان في المرحلة قبل السريرية في كلية طب الأسنان بجامعة طيبة بالمملكة العربية السعودية.
طرق البحث
تم في هذه الدراسة معالجة قناة جذور ٢٥٩ سنا مخلوعا من قِبل طلبة كلية طب الأسنان بجامعة طيبة، في المملكة العربية السعودية، في مرحلتهم الدراسية قبل السريرية من عام ٢٠١٣ إلى عام ٢٠١٥. كانت معايير التقييم؛ طول حشوة قناة الجذر، وكثافة حشوة قناة الجذر (التجانس)، وتدبب حشوة قناة الجذر. وأُعطي كل معيار درجة محددة (٠ أو ١ أو ٢).
النتائج
من بين ٢٥٩ سنا تم علاجها، كانت الجودة التقنية لعلاج الجذور لـ ١٣٨سنا (٥٣.٣٪) غير مرضية، والجودة التقنية لعلاج الجذورلـ٤٢ سنا (١٦.٢٪) كانت مقبولة نوعا ما، والجودة التقنية لعلاج الجذور لـ ٥٠ سنا (١٩.٣٪) كانت مقبولة، والجودة التقنية لعلاج الجذور لـ ٢٩ سنا (١١.٢٪) كانت مقبولة تماما. لم تكن هناك فوارق ذات قيمة في الجودة التقنية لحشو جذر القناة بين أنواع الأسنان.
الاستنتاجات
أوضحت نتائج هذه الدراسة بأن الجودة التقنية لعلاج جذور الأسنان التي قام بها طلبة الأسنان في مرحلتهم الدراسية قبل السريرية تراوحت بين غير مقبولة، ومقبولة نوعا ما، ومقبولة ومقبولة تماما. شكلت فئة غير المقبولة الجودة أكبر نسبة من الحالات، وتمثل أكثر من نصف الحالات، بينما شكلت الحالات مقبولة الجودة تماما أقل نسبة. هناك حاجة ملحة لتحسين برامج تدريس علم علاج جذور الأسنان في كلية الطب بجامعة طيبة. ينبغي إعادة هذا البحث مستقبلا لتقييم تحسن الأداء في ما يتعلق بعلاج جذور الأسنان، الذي يقوم به طلبة كلية طب الأسنان في جامعة طيبة.
الكلمات المفتاحية: طلبة الأسنان, التعليم, علم علاج جذور الأسنان, المملكة العربية السعودية, النواحي التقنية
Introduction
According to the Association for Dental Education in Europe, all dental students should be qualified to perform root canal treatment efficiently after graduation.1 The teaching of endodontics is considered a major challenge for those academics responsible for this task more than any other subject in the undergraduate curriculum.2 Recent years have seen a marked increase in the demand of patients for root canal treatment due to the increased age of the population, so dental students should possess the knowledge and skills in this discipline before the need increases even more.3 The assessment of dental student performance in endodontics will help to improve dental education.3 Therefore, undergraduate training should promote the comprehension of root canal treatment outcome and related factors.4
Contemporary endodontic curricula focus on optimizing the technical quality of root canal procedures. An association between root-canal-specific training as an undergraduate and improved quality of root canal obturation by dental graduates has been reported.5, 6, 7, 8 Evaluation of root canal treatment quality has been shown to assist in planning future endodontic educational programmes.9 The quality of root canal filling is an important component of endodontic treatment.10 To improve clinical performance, knowledge, training, ability, and utilization of technology are necessary.11, 12, 13 Studies of the quality of root canal treatments (RCTs) and prevalence of endodontic procedural accidents can improve educational programmes, leading to improvement in the oral-health-related quality of life.14 Evaluation of the technical quality of root canal obturation is based on the limit and density of the obturation material.11, 15, 16 The length of root canal obturation from the radiographic apex and its density and taper have also been used to evaluate RCT.17, 18 Canals with a 0- to 1-mm distance between the radiographic apex and the end of the obturation material were more successful than were canals in which the obturation material ended more than 1–3 mm from the radiographic apex. However, both are preferable to obturation materials that extrude through the apex.19 Although practical exercises by preclinical undergraduates improved the technical quality of RCTs performed by dental students at the clinical stage,20 few studies of the performance of preclinical undergraduate students have been performed. Dental students at Taibah University take a preclinical annual endodontic course in the third year of their 6-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery degree. The course consists of a 1-credit theoretical hour and 2 practical credit hours per week for 28 weeks, during which they perform the technical aspects of root canal treatment on extracted teeth. A recent study revealed the importance of improving RCT in Almadinah Almunawwarah by emphasizing the training of undergraduate students.21 The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical quality of RCT performed by preclinical undergraduate dental students in the Dental College at Taibah University, KSA.
Materials and Methods
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the College of Dentistry, Taibah University (reference number: TUCDREC/20160308/ALRAHABI).
In this study, we evaluated the technical aspects of root canal treatment of 259 extracted teeth performed by preclinical students of the College of Dentistry at Taibah University, KSA, during 2013–2015.
Tooth instrumentation
In this study, 259 extracted teeth were treated endodontically by preclinical students of the College of Dentistry at Taibah University, KSA, during 2013–2015. Sample distribution according to tooth type is shown in Table 1. All students underwent comprehensive training on the technical aspects of RCT of all types of teeth (one single canal tooth, one premolar, and one molar), and then the samples of the study were collected. The teeth had been prepared using stainless steel K-files (Dentsply Maillefer) with the step-back technique. All root canals were obturated using the lateral compaction technique using the 0.02 taper gutta-percha points (DENTSPLY DeTrey GmbH) and AH-26 sealer (DENTSPLY DeTrey GmbH).
Table 1.
Sample distribution according to tooth type.
| Tooth type and location | No. of teeth | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Upper incisor | 27 | 10.4 |
| Lower incisor | 44 | 17.0 |
| Upper premolar | 57 | 22.0 |
| Lower premolar | 45 | 17.4 |
| Upper molar | 41 | 15.8 |
| Lower molar | 45 | 17.4 |
| Total | 259 | 100 |
Radiographic procedures
The radiographic procedure was performed using a dental X-ray unit (Gendex Expert DC KaVo, Germany) at 70 kVp, 10 mA, and 0.25 s exposure time and a digital sensor (Gendex GXS-700, USA). Buccolingual radiographs of extracted teeth were obtained using the paralleling technique. A 20° horizontal mesial angulation of the X-ray tube was used for the mandibular molars and upper premolars to prevent superimposition of root canals. The images were evaluated by two endodontists with more than 7 years of experience in endodontics. In case of disagreement, a third observer from the Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, was asked to make a final decision. The images were evaluated using the Vixwin™ Imaging Software, USA.
Radiographic evaluation
The evaluation criteria were root canal obturation length, root canal obturation density (homogeneity), and root canal obturation taper. A specific score (0, 1, or 2) was assigned to each parameter, as shown in Table 2. After evaluation of the root canal obturation parameters, each root canal obturation was assigned a score of 0–6 points. Based on this score, the supervisor determined the quality of root canal obturation and assigned a suitable mark to the student. Table 3 shows the points of technical quality of these RCTs.
Table 2.
Parameters used to evaluate root canal obturation.
| Parameter | Definition | Score |
|---|---|---|
| Length of root canal obturation | Root filling ending >2 mm short of the radiographic apex (under-filling) Root filling limited to the pulp chamber |
0 |
| Root filling ending beyond the radiographic apex (over-filling) | 0 (unacceptable) | |
| Root filling ending at the radiographic apex (tip-to-tip) or 1–2 mm shorter than the radiographic apex | 1 (acceptable) | |
| Root filling ending 0.5–1 mm short of the radiographic apex (adequate) | 2 (perfect) | |
| Density of root canal obturation | Inhomogeneous root canal obturation with several visible voids | 0 (unacceptable) |
| Root canal obturation with only one visible void | 1 (acceptable) | |
| No void present in the root canal obturation (adequate) | 2 (perfect) | |
| Taper of root canal obturation | Not consistently tapered from the apex to the coronal part (over- or under-shaped) | 0 (unacceptable) |
| Not enough taper | 1 (acceptable) | |
| Consistently tapered from the apex to the coronal part (adequate) | 2 (perfect) |
Table 3.
Quality categories of root canal treatment.
| Evaluation points | Quality of case | Student mark |
|---|---|---|
| Cases with 0–2 points | Totally unacceptable | 0% |
| Cases with 3 points with a length score of 0 | Unacceptable | 20% |
| Cases with 3–4 points with a length score of 1 | Slightly unacceptable | 40% |
| Cases with 3 points with a length score of 1 or 2 | Neutral | 50% |
| Cases with 4 points with a length score of 1 or 2 | Slightly acceptable | 60% |
| Cases with 5 points | Acceptable | 80% |
| Cases with 6 points | Perfectly Acceptable | 100% |
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 20.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive analysis was performed separately for each type of root canal. Wilcoxon signed-ranks and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to compare the quality of root canal obturation between tooth types. Table 4, Table 5 show the results of the tests. The tests were performed at a 0.05 significance level.
Table 4.
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test to compare accepted and not accepted endodontically treated teeth according to tooth type (significance level p < 0.05).
| Type of tooth | Length of root canal filling |
Taper of root canal filling |
Density of root canal filling |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean rank |
p-Value | Mean rank |
p-Value | Mean rank |
p-Value | |||||
| Accepted | Not accepted | Accepted | Not accepted | Accepted | Not accepted | |||||
| Upper incisor | 6.50 | 6.50 | 1.000 | 6.00 | 6.00 | 0.007 | 9.00 | 9.00 | 0.000 | |
| Lower incisor | 13.50 | 13.50 | 0.019 | 13.50 | 13.50 | 0.000 | 11.50 | 11.50 | 0.000 | |
| Upper premolar | 18.50 | 18.50 | 0.001 | 11.50 | 11.50 | 0.000 | 12.50 | 12.50 | 0.004 | |
| Lower premolar | 15.00 | 15.00 | 0.041 | 16.50 | 16.50 | 0.000 | 13.50 | 13.50 | 0.006 | |
| Upper molar | 17.00 | 17.00 | 0.223 | 12.00 | 12.00 | 0.061 | 13.50 | 13.50 | 0.019 | |
| Lower molar | 14.00 | 14.00 | 0.034 | 18.50 | 18.50 | 0.000 | 16.00 | 16.00 | 0.007 | |
Table 5.
Kruskal–Wallis Test results to assess the relationship between type of tooth and quality of root canal filling parameters (significance level p < 0.05).
| Type of tooth | Length of root canal filling |
Taper of root canal filling |
Density of root canal filling |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean rank | Chi-square | p-Value | N | Mean rank | Chi-square | p-Value | N | Mean rank | Chi-square | p-Value | |
| Upper incisor | 27 | 148.28 | 12.723 | 0.026 | 27 | 119.26 | 12.966 | 0.024 | 27 | 150.83 | 5.451 | 0.363 |
| Lower incisor | 44 | 122.35 | 44 | 131.00 | 44 | 138.52 | ||||||
| Upper premolar | 57 | 114.94 | 57 | 117.09 | 57 | 117.32 | ||||||
| Lower premolar | 45 | 124.23 | 45 | 153.73 | 45 | 126.93 | ||||||
| Upper molar | 41 | 159.20 | 41 | 112.78 | 41 | 126.49 | ||||||
| Lower molar | 45 | 124.76 | 45 | 143.78 | 45 | 131.50 | ||||||
Results
Technical aspects of root canal treatment
Of 259 extracted teeth treated endodontically, 138 (53.3%) had RCT of unacceptable technical quality, 42 (16.2%) had treatment of slightly acceptable technical quality, 50 (19.3%) had treatment of acceptable technical quality, and 29 (11.2%) teeth had RCT of perfectly acceptable technical quality. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the technical quality of root canal obturation among types of teeth.
Effect of tooth type on the technical quality of root canal treatment
In this study, the highest rate of RCTs of perfectly acceptable technical quality was for the upper premolars (24.4%), and the lowest rate was for the lower incisors (4.5%). The highest rate of RCTs of acceptable technical quality was for the lower incisors (25%), and the lowest rate was for the upper premolars (12.3%). The highest rate of RCTs of slightly acceptable technical quality was for the upper incisors (33.3%), and the lowest rate was for the upper molars (7.3%). The highest rate of RCTs of unacceptable technical quality was for the upper premolars (70.2%), and the lowest rate was for the upper incisors (37%). The number of cases with slightly acceptable technical quality treatment of the lower incisors, upper premolars, lower premolars, and lower molars decreased significantly when compared with whole the sample and with upper incisors and upper molars. Figure 1 shows the technical quality of treatments of extracted teeth.
Figure 1.
The percent of technical quality of RCT in different types of extracted teeth.
Relationships between tooth type and the length, density, and taper of root canal obturation
The numbers of cases of unacceptable length root canal obturation were significantly greater in the lower incisors, upper premolars, lower premolars, and lower molars compared with all teeth (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the number of perfect cases regarding the taper parameter was significantly greater in the upper incisors, lower incisors, upper premolars, lower premolars, and lower molars compared with all teeth (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the density parameter among tooth types (p > 0.05). Table 6 shows the relationships between evaluation criteria and tooth type.
Table 6.
Relationship between evaluation criteria and tooth type.
| Tooth type | Length of root canal filling |
Taper of root canal filling |
Density of root canal filling |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unacceptable | Acceptable | Perfectly acceptable | Unacceptable | Acceptable | Perfectly acceptable | Unacceptable | Acceptable | Perfectly acceptable | |
| Upper incisor | 22.2% | 55.6% | 22.2% | 3.7% | 59.3% | 37.0% | 3.7% | 37.0% | 59.3% |
| Lower incisor | 43.2% | 40.9% | 15.9% | 9.1% | 40.9% | 50.0% | 2.3% | 50.0% | 47.7% |
| Upper premolar | 49.1% | 36.8% | 14.0% | 3.5% | 61.4% | 35.1% | 8.8% | 57.9% | 33.3% |
| Lower premolar | 44.4% | 35.6% | 20.0% | 4.4% | 28.9% | 66.7% | 13.3% | 42.2% | 44.4% |
| Upper molar | 31.7% | 19.5% | 48.8% | 17.1% | 43.9% | 39.0% | 17.1% | 36.6% | 46.3% |
| Lower molar | 42.2% | 40.0% | 17.8% | 15.6% | 20.0% | 64.4% | 17.8% | 31.1% | 51.1% |
| All teeth | 40.5% | 37.1% | 22.4% | 8.9% | 42.1% | 49.0% | 10.8% | 43.6% | 45.6% |
Discussion
This study evaluated the technical aspects of RCT performed by preclinical undergraduate dental students on extracted teeth at the College of Dentistry, Taibah University, KSA, between 2013 and 2015. Evaluations were performed using X-rays. The radiographic criteria used to evaluate the technical aspects of root canal obturation were based on current European guidelines and previous clinical studies of RCT by dental undergraduates.22, 23 Few studies of the technical quality of RCT by preclinical students have been performed.7, 24 In this study, of 259 extracted teeth treated endodontically, 138 (53.3%) had unacceptable quality of root canal obturation. This is in agreement with the results of clinical studies of the technical quality of root canal obturation by undergraduate dental students, which have reported rates of 13–60.4%.22, 25, 26 In another study, the technical quality of RCT of molars extracted by undergraduate dental students was considered acceptable in 35.6% of the cases.14 However, it is difficult to compare the results of the present work with the results of other studies because of differences in design, evaluation criteria, sample size, and type of study (clinical or preclinical). In the present study, 42 (16.2%) teeth had root canal obturation of slightly acceptable technical quality, 50 (19.3%) were of acceptable technical quality, and 29 (11.2%) teeth had RCT of perfectly acceptable technical quality. Classification of students' work based on these categories (slightly acceptable, acceptable, perfectly acceptable) will help in making continuous assessment of students during practical training more reasonable and accurate. At a 95% confidence level, there were no significant differences in the technical quality of root canal obturation among all types of treated teeth, although clinical studies have reported a difference in quality between anterior and posterior teeth.25, 26 This is may be because working on extracted teeth is easier than working on patients. This highlights the need to intensify training on molars at the preclinical stage. There was no significant difference in the density of root canal obturation among all tooth types, as had been reported previously.17 The step-back technique of root canal instrumentation using stainless steel K-files is used for teaching endodontics to undergraduate dental students. However, the sequential apical-to-coronal steps of this technique can cause procedural accidents (ledges, canal transportation, perforation), resulting in ineffective root canal obturation.27, 28 The introduction of NiTi rotary instruments to endodontic practice revolutionized the cleaning and shaping of the root canal system.29 Due to their flexibility, NiTi rotary systems cause less canal transportation and alteration of working length (WL) than do stainless steel instruments.30, 31 The endodontics curriculum should thus be modified to cover advances in instruments and materials. Indeed, the dental curriculum should include teaching NiTi rotary instrumentation to undergraduate students,32 as this technique facilitates more rapid and accurate root canal preparation than is possible with stainless steel hand instruments.33 Additionally, improving preclinical training by adding new techniques to determine WL will improve dental students' clinical performance.20 Moreover, root canal filling using the vertical compaction method rather than lateral compaction and preventing extrusion of the obturation material will produce more homogeneous root canal obturation.34 Furthermore, an increase in the number of specialized staff members and in preclinical and clinical endodontic training time would improve the endodontics competency of students. A re-evaluation of the technical quality of root canal treatment performed by undergraduate dental students is warranted to assess the efficiency of modifications to educational programmes.
Conclusions
The results of this study showed the low level of technical quality of root canal treatment performed by preclinical undergraduate dental students, with the technical quality varying between unacceptable, slightly acceptable, acceptable, and perfectly acceptable. The unacceptable cases were the most common and accounted for more than half of all cases, and the perfectly acceptable cases were the least common. There is an urgent need to improve the endodontics teaching programmes in the College of Dentistry of Taibah University. This research should be repeated in the future to evaluate improvement in the performance of undergraduate dental students in root canal treatment.
Conflict of interest
The author has no conflict of interest to declare.
Author's contribution
MAR confirms that this article with title “Technical quality assessment of root canal treatment performed by preclinical dental students at Taibah University, Saudi Arabia. ” is original work and not plagiarize from any other work. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the College of Dentistry, Taibah University (reference number: TUCDREC/20160308/ALRAHABI). In this study, MAR and ALM evaluated the technical aspects of root canal treatment of 259 extracted teeth performed by preclinical students of the College of Dentistry at Taibah University, KSA, during 2013–2015. The evaluation criteria were root canal obturation length, root canal obturation density (homogeneity), and root canal obturation taper. MAR has been reviewed and approved the final draft and MAR is responsible for the content and similarity index of the manuscript.
Grant support and financial disclosures
None.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Department of Restorative Dentistry Science, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, KSA. The author thanks Drs. Ayman Alkady and Sohail Zafar for their assistance with evaluation of X-rays.
Footnotes
Peer review under responsibility of Taibah University.
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