Abstract
Introduction
Echocardiography is an important component of perioperative cardiac risk stratification in patients with neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS). However, there are little data regarding the relationship between preoperative echocardiographic findings and spinal deformity. We retrospectively reviewed preoperative echocardiographic data to investigate the relationship between echocardiographic evaluation and spinal deformity in NMS.
Methods
We reviewed 73 NMS patients (mean age: 13.3 years, male 66%) who underwent spinal correction surgery between 2008 and 2016. Echocardiographic data including ejection fraction (EF), valvar disease, and inferior vena cava diameter were collected from the preoperative exam. Demographic and radiographic data were also collected.
Results
Preoperative diagnoses included Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, other dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, and congenital myopathies. Mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was 15.6 kg/m2. Mean major Cobb angle before surgery was 86.6 ± 28.2°. Because of technical difficulty, complete echocardiographic data could only be collected and evaluated in 49.3% of patients. Neither right nor left sided cardiac evaluation could be completed in 20.5%. Patients in whom complete echocardiographic data could not be collected had significantly more extensive thoracic scoliosis with a more rigid curve and hypokyphosis, and were of lower weight and BMI than patients in whom complete data could be collected. Ten cases (13.7%) were diagnosed as having minor heart-related complications immediately after surgery, and they had higher right atrial pressures preoperatively.
Conclusions
Echocardiography can be technically difficult in NMS patients with extensive spinal deformities. We found that perioperative cardiac function could only be evaluated by echocardiogram in about half of NMS patients undergoing spinal correction surgery. The absence of an adequate preoperative cardiac evaluation could render these patients more susceptible to perioperative heart-related complications. Echocardiography may not be sufficient to evaluate cardiac conditions in children with extensive NMS.
Keywords: neuromuscular scoliosis, echocardiography, perioperative complication, spinal correction
Introduction
Spinal deformity in neuromuscular patients tends to be progressive, leading to deterioration in sitting-balance, general health, and quality of life1). Progressive disease in patients with neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) can be difficult to manage with traditional braces and the majority of patients require surgical spinal correction2). Unfortunately, spinal fusion and correction in NMS has a high rate of perioperative complications3,4). Pulmonary complications are one of the most frequently reported complications5). NMS patients with compromised pulmonary function prior to surgery have a risk of pneumonia, atelectasis, and other respiratory complications in the post-operative setting6,7). Perioperative cardiac complications such as heart failure and cardiac arrest have also been reported8,9). Megna et al. reviewed over 2,000 cases of scoliosis and reported a three-fold higher risk of intraoperative cardiopulmonary arrest in patients with NMS10). Cardiac arrest was generally due to a cardiovascular cause in this patient population, making echocardiographic risk stratification an important part of the preoperative evaluation. However, there are no published studies examining the relationship between preoperative echocardiographic data and spine deformity in NMS patients. We retrospectively investigated echocardiographic data in NMS children just before surgery. This is the first cohort study to report a relationship between preoperative echocardiographic evaluation and spine deformity in NMS patients.
Materials and Methods
This was a retrospective single center study. We analyzed 73 NMS patients (mean age: 13.3 years, male 66%) who underwent spinal correction surgery between 2008 and 2016. Preoperative echocardiography was routinely performed by qualified examiners to evaluate perioperative cardiac risk. Echocardiographic data including ejection fraction (EF), valvar disease, and inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter were collected from patients' records. Left heart function was evaluated by EF, and by aortic and mitral valve abnormalities. Right heart function was evaluated by IVC diameter at baseline and with respiration, and by pulmonary and tricuspid valve abnormalities. Based on the guidelines reported by Rudski et al., we defined normal right atrial (RA) pressure as IVC diameter ≤2.1 cm with >50% collapse with sniff, and elevated RA pressure as IVC diameter >2.1cm with <50% collapse with sniff. IVC diameter and collapse that did not fit these parameters was considered to represent intermediate RA pressure11). We divided patients as follows: Group A: Transthoracic echocardiogram was adequately performed and all of the right and left heart parameters could be evaluated, Group B: Some of the left or right heart parameters could not be evaluated, indicating that the left or right echocardiographic assessment was not adequate, Group C: Neither left nor right heart parameters could be evaluated, indicating that the echocardiographic assessment was inadequate or failed. Demographic data including diagnosis, age, gender, height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI) were collected. The major curve Cobb angle and thoracic Cobb angle were measured using anterior-posterior radiographic imaging, and thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK), and lumbar lordosis (LL) were measured using whole spine radiography in the sitting position. Bending Cobb angle, TK, TLK, and LL were also measured in the supine position. We performed posterior instrumentation in all cases and collected clinical data for perioperative heart-related complications diagnosed by chest x-ray or unstable low blood pressure. We compared preoperative parameters, including age, height, body weight, BMI, preoperative major Cobb angle, EF, the rate of Groups A, B, and C in patients who did or did not have perioperative heart-related complications; furthermore, we compared the presence or absence of valvular disease.
Statistical analysis
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSSⓇ) software, version 19.0 (IBM Japan Business Services Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used for statistical analysis. Group comparisons were analyzed using independent-samples t test or a Chi-squared test. Significance was established at a value of P < 0.05.
Results
Patient Characteristics
Preoperative diagnoses included Duchenne muscular scoliosis (DMD) (29 patients), Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) (11 patients), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) (1 patient), Ullrich muscular dystrophy (UMD) (4 patients), Non-FCMD (4 patients), Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) (17 patients), Congenital myopathy (4 patients), Noonan syndrome (1 patient), Spinocerebellar Degeneration (1 patient), and Multicore disease (1 patient). The mean age at the time of surgery was 13.3 years old (standard deviation (SD) 2.5 years). Forty-six patients (66%) were male and 27 (34%) were female. The mean height and weight were 144.7 cm (SD 13.4 cm) and 33.4 kg (SD 14.8 kg), respectively. The mean BMI was 15.6 kg/m2 (SD 5.4 kg/m2). Patient demographic data are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.
Patients’ Demographic Data.
| Patients [number] | 73 |
| Age [years] (mean±SD) | 13.3±2.5 |
| Gender | Male 48, Female 25 |
| Diagnosis (number) | DMD (29) |
| FCMD (11) | |
| BMD (1) | |
| UMD (4) | |
| Non-FCMD (4) | |
| SMA (17) | |
| Congenital myopathy (4) | |
| Noonan syndrome (1) | |
| Spinocerebellar degeneration (1) | |
| Multicore disease (1) | |
| Height [cm] (mean±SD) | 144.7±13.4 |
| Weight [kg] (mean±SD) | 33.6±14.8 |
| BMI [kg/m2] (mean±SD) | 15.6±5.4 |
DMD: Duchenne muscular dystrophy
FCMD: Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy
BMD: Becker muscular dystrophy
UMD: Ullrich muscular dystrophy
SMA: Spinal muscular dystrophy
Echocardiography
Complete right and left heart examination could be completed (Group A) in 49.3% of patients (36/73 cases). Because of technical difficulty, left heart exam alone could be evaluated (Group B) in 30% (22/73 cases). Neither right nor left heart exam could be completed (Group C) in 20.5% (15/73 cases) (Table 2). EF was evaluated in 95.9% (70/73) and EF ≤50% was detected in 8.6% (6/70). The aortic valve could be evaluated in 80.8% (59/73 cases) and no abnormalities were observed. The mitral valve could be evaluated in 84.9% (62/73 cases) and mitral regurgitation (MR), including trivial valve regurgitation, was observed in 15.9% (11/62 cases). The IVC could be evaluated in 69.9% (51/73 cases). Based on IVC diameter and collapse with sniff, 54.9% (28/51 cases) were estimated to have normal right atrium (RA) pressure and 45.1% (23/51 cases) were estimated to have intermediate RA pressure. The tricuspid valve could be evaluated in 78.1% (57/73) and valve abnormality was detected in 47.4% (27/57). The pulmonary valve could be evaluated in 63.0% (46/73) and valve abnormality was detected in 28.3% (13/46) (Table 3).
Table 2.
Patient Groups Based on Echocardiography Evaluation.
| Group | Percentage (number) |
|---|---|
| A | 48.3% (36/73) |
| B | 30.0% (22/73) |
| C | 20.5% (15/73) |
Table 3.
Echocardiography Findings.
| Evaluation Rate | Findings | Percent (number) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| EF | 95.9% (70/73) | ≤50% | 8.6% (6/70) |
| Aortic Valve | 80.8% (59/73) | no abnormalities | |
| Mitral Valve | 84.9% (62/73) | MR | 15.9% (11/62) |
| Tricuspid Valve | 78.1% (57/73) | TR | 47.4% (27/57) |
| Pulmonary Valve | 63.0% (46/73) | PR | 28.3% (13/46) |
| Estimated RA Pressure | |||
| normal | 54.9% (28/51) | ||
| IVC diameter | 69.9% (51/73) | intermediate | 45.1% (23/51) |
| high | 0.0% (0/51) | ||
EF: Ejection fraction
IVC: Inferior vena cava
MR: Mitral valve regurgitation
TR: Tricuspid valve regurgitation
PR: Pulmonary valve regurgitation
RA: Right atrium
Radiographic Measurements
The mean preoperative major Cobb angle and thoracic Cobb angle in the sitting position were 86.6° (SD 28.2°) and 39.4° (SD 30.3°), respectively. TK, TLK, and LL were 16.2° (SD 29.9°), 18.9° (SD 20.6°), and -8.3° (SD 47.7°), respectively. Bending Cobb angle, TK, TLK, and LL in the supine position were 57.1° (SD 27.4°), 13.1° (SD 16.6°), 3.4° (SD 18.9°), and 24.8° (SD 24.7°), respectively (Table 4).
Table 4.
Radiographic Data.
| mean±SD | |
|---|---|
| Major Cobb [°] | 86.6±28.2 |
| Bending Cobb [°] | 57.1±27.4 |
| Thoracic Cobb [°] | 39.4±30.3 |
| TK [°] | 16.2±29.9 |
| TLK [°] | 18.9±20.6 |
| LL [°] | -8.3±47.7 |
| Su TK [°] | 13.1±16.6 |
| Su TLK [°] | 3.4±18.9 |
| Su LL [°] | 24.8±24.7 |
TK: Thoracic kyphosis
TLK: Thoracolumbar kyphosis
LL: Lumbar lordosis
Su: in supine position
Group Comparisons
We compared radiographic data, age, height, body weight, and BMI between Group A (N = 36) and Group C (N = 15). Compared to Group A, Group C had significantly larger thoracic Cobb angles and bending Cobb angles, less flexibility of the major Cobb angle, and less thoracic kyphosis (p = 0.01, 0.011, 0.037, and 0.045). Weight and BMI were lower in Group C than Group A (p = 0.049 and 0.014) (Table 5).
Table 5.
Comparison of Demographic and Radiographic Data between Group A and Group C.
| Variable | Group A | Group C | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients [number] | 36 | 15 | |
| Age [years] (mean±SD) | 13±1.9 | 14.1±2.9 | 0.095 |
| Height [cm] (mean±SD) | 146.6±13.3 | 146.2±14.8 | 0.931 |
| Weight [kg] (mean±SD) | 37.4±15.0 | 28.7±11.5 | 0.049* |
| BMI [kg/m2] (mean±SD) | 17±5.5 | 13±3.7 | 0.014* |
| Cobb [°] (mean±SD) | 79.1±24.6 | 95.5±33.1 | 0.057 |
| Bending Cobb [°] (mean±SD) | 49.2±22.9 | 69.5±29.5 | 0.011* |
| Flexibility [%] | 39.2±16.7 | 28.4±15.6 | 0.037* |
| Thoracic Cobb [°] (mean±SD) | 29.4±21.0 | 50.5±34.5 | 0.010* |
| TK [°] (mean±SD) | 18.6±25.9 | 1.7±28.2 | 0.045* |
| TLK [°] (mean±SD) | -19.4±23.1 | -16.8±19.2 | 0.707 |
| LL [°] (mean±SD) | -4.3±41.6 | -13.7±55.0 | 0.510 |
| Su TK [°] (mean±SD) | 14.3±14.7 | 7.4±9.1 | 0.103 |
| Su TLK [°] (mean±SD) | -4.4±18.9 | -0.3±22.3 | 0.506 |
| Su LL [°] (mean±SD) | 24±25.0 | 25.1±21.0 | 0.885 |
TK: Thoracic kyphosis
TLK: Thoracolumbar kyphosis
LL: Lumbar lordosis
Su: in supine position
* p<0.05
Heart-related complications
Although we did not experience any cases of severe heart-related complications such as cardiac arrest or acute heart failure perioperatively, ten cases (13.7%) were diagnosed as having minor heart-related complications immediately after surgery. Three cases were diagnosed by increased cardiothoracic ratios measured on chest x-rays and seven other cases by unstable blood pressure. They were successfully treated with vasopressor and/or diuretic drugs. We could not find any statistical difference in preoperative clinical and echocardiographic parameters between patients who did and did not have perioperative heart-related complications, except for the existence of a difference in intermediate estimated RA pressure (p = 0.02).
Discussion
This study revealed that, because of technical difficulties, a complete right and left heart echocardiographic evaluation could be completed in only 49.3% of NMS patients before spinal surgery. In NMS patients, a large and rigid thoracic Cobb angle with hypokyphosis and lower weight and BMI correlated with technically difficult echocardiographic exams, resulting in a poor preoperative cardiac evaluation.
van Bockel et al. commented that scoliosis and poor echocardiographic acoustic widows in patients with DMD hamper accurate cardiac assessment12). Chuah et al. reported a case in which transthoracic echocardiographic images were distorted due to the effect of kyphoscoliosis on cardiac orientation13). However, ours is the first study to demonstrate a correlation between spinal deformity and difficulty of echocardiography. Our study showed that only 49.3% of NMS patients could undergo adequately bilateral cardiac evaluation prior to surgery. We also found that echocardiography can be difficult in patients with larger and more rigid thoracic scoliosis and hypokyphosis. Yamamoto et al. have pointed out that adequate echocardiographic examination is often difficult in patients with scoliosis because of posture limitations resulting from physical deformities14). Progressed rigid spinal deformities with limb contractures make it more difficult for patients to remain appropriately positioned for echocardiographic examination, leading to poor echocardiographic acoustic windows and a low yield echocardiographic evaluation. Additionally, our results suggested that patients with lower weight and BMI had more difficulty with echocardiographic evaluation. It is possible that the uneven chest surface in these patients made it difficult to fit the echocardiography probe on the chest wall, leading to poor acoustic windows and difficult evaluation.
Several cases of cardiac arrest and acute heart failure have been reported during neuromuscular scoliosis surgery. The authors of these reports indicate that accurate prediction of perioperative cardiac risk was difficult8,9,15). Our results imply that a higher RA pressure could be a risk factor for perioperative heart-related complications. However, because of the limited sample size in the current study, it is hard to conclude that a higher RA pressure can clearly predict the perioperative heart-related complications. So, as the previous authors indicated, we think detection of obvious perioperative heart-related events is still difficult. In addition, based on our findings, we hypothesize that a difficult and inaccurate preoperative echocardiographic evaluation of NMS patients is one reason for unexpected severe perioperative cardiac complications. In patients with advanced NMS, particularly in those with large and rigid thoracic deformities and low BMI, we would recommend that clinicians evaluate the risk of perioperative heart-related events with additional cardiac assessments, such as brain natriuretic peptide, creatine kinase16), multigated cardiac radionuclide ventriculography17), and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging18,19).
In this study, several valvular abnormalities (including trivial valve regurgitation) were detected. The prevalence of MR was 15.9%, TR 47.4%, and PR 28.3%. In adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the prevalence of cardiac valve abnormalities has been reported as 13% to 28%20,21). Our study suggests that NMS patients have a higher prevalence of valvular abnormalities than AIS patients. It has been reported that DMD and BMD patients have high rates of echocardiographic abnormalities due to degenerative changes of the papillary muscles or the ventricular myocardium22-24). Our study included 49 patients (67.1%) with muscular dystrophy, which may have biased our findings. Furthermore, it has been reported that patients with severe scoliosis have compromised right ventricular function25). In the current study, RA pressure was estimated by IVC diameter and we did not detect any signs of right heart dysfunction. Given the high prevalence of heart abnormalities in NMS patients, accurate preoperative cardiac evaluation is an important component of risk stratification prior to spinal correction surgery.
One limitation of this study is that the results of echocardiography could be influenced by the experience or technique of the examiners. In the future, a study using the results of standardized echocardiographic examinations may be needed.
Echocardiography can be technically difficult in children with advanced spinal deformities. We found that only about half of NMS patients could be adequately evaluated by preoperative echocardiography. The lack of adequate cardiac evaluation prior to surgery could lead to unexpected and serious heart-related perioperative complications. Echocardiography could be insufficient to evaluate cardiac conditions in children with advanced NMS and additional examinations may be needed.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
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