Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide.1 Lifestyle modifications are important factors in the treatment, prevention, and rehabilitation of CVDs.2 Yoga is an important lifestyle modification consist of specific postures (asanas), regulated breathings (pranayamas) etc.3 Though yoga has shown to improve cardiovascular4 and respiratory functions3 in healthy individuals,3, 4 there is a lack of studies in reporting the difference that exist in cardiovascular and respiratory functions between yoga group (YG) and normal healthy group (NHG).
Thirteen healthy yoga practitioner (over 1 year practice) and 13 age-matched normal healthy individuals were recruited on the volutary basis from a residential university, South India (aged between 18 and 40 years). Subject with the history of any systemic and mental illness, chronic smoking/alcoholism were excluded. Study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee and a written informed consent was obtained from each subject.
Breath holding time (BHT) and cardiovascular functions were assessed at one point in time as follows: All the subjects were asked to take a deep inhalation through both nostrils and hold their breath as long as possible, while the nose clipped. BHT was assessed using a stop watch.5 Cardiovascular functions were assessed in sitting position using a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system (Finapres Continuous Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Systems, Netherlands). Statistical analysis was performed using independent samples-t-test with the use of SPSS (Ver.16.0).
YG showed a significantly higher BHT (p < 0.01), lower systolic blood pressure (p < 0.01), pulse pressure (p < 0.01), and mean arterial pressure (p < 0.05) compared to NHG (Table 1). Yoga may improve the strength of expiratory and inspiratory muscles and regular inspiration and expiration for longer duration may increase in the voluntary BHT. This results may suggest that the potential usage of yoga to prevent cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. However, the limitations including small sample size and non-randomized study prevent the firm conclusion. More rigorous study should be done to confirm this result.
Table 1.
Demographic and Cardio-respiratory Outcomes of Yoga and Normal Healthy Groups
| Variables | Yoga group (n = 13) | Normal healthy group (n = 13) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 23.6 ± 3.6 | 22.7 ± 4.1 |
| Gender (M/F) | 12/1 | 13/0 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 20.9 ± 2.3 | 21.3 ± 3.3 |
| Breath holding time (s) | 84.1 ± 17.3 | 41.4 ± 18.4** |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 113.7± 10.1 | 129.7 ± 14.7** |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.7 ± 7.7 | 77.0 ± 11.0 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 43.1 ± 6.9 | 52.7 ± 8.5** |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 87.7 ± 8.5 | 97.2± 11.6* |
| Heart rate (beats/mint) | 80.9 ± 7.9 | 77.4 ± 8.5 |
| Stoke volume (mL) | 69.6 ± 14.3 | 79.7 ± 16.0 |
| Cardiac output (L/mint) | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 1.0 |
| Pulse Interval (ms) | 755.6 ± 83.1 | 801.3 ± 86.2 |
| Total peripheral resistant (mmHg min/L) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 |
Note: All values are in mean ± standard deviation.
p < 0.05.
p < 0.01.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding
None.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
Ethical statement
The study protocol is approved by the institutional ethics committee, S-VYASA a Deemed to be University, Bengaluru (IEC approval no.: RES/IEC-SVYASA/76/2015).
References
- 1.Chaddha A. Slow breathing and cardiovascular disease. Int J Yoga. 2015;8:142–143. doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.158484. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Muralikrishnan K., Balakrishnan B., Balasubramanian K., Visnegarawla F. Measurement of the effect of Isha Yoga on cardiac autonomic nervous system using short-term heart rate variability. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2012;3:91–96. doi: 10.4103/0975-9476.96528. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Mooventhan A., Khode V. Effect of Bhramari Pranayama and OM chanting on pulmonary function in healthy individuals: a prospective randomized control trial. Int J Yoga. 2014;7:104–110. doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.133875. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Ankad R.B., Herur A., Patil S., Shashikala G.V., Chinagudi S. Effect of short-term pranayama and meditation on cardiovascular functions in healthy individuals. Heart Views. 2011;12:58–62. doi: 10.4103/1995-705X.86016. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Pal R., Saha M., Chatterjee A., Halder K., Tomer O.M., Pathak A. Anaerobic power, muscle strength and physiological changes in physically active men following yogic practice. Biomed Hum Kinet. 2013;5:113–120. [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data will be made available on request.