Table 1:
Characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | No. (%) of participants with TMD (cases) n = 1522* |
No. (%) of participants without TMD (controls) n = 1522* |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR); yr | 27 (22–38) | 28 (23–39) | 0.06 |
| Sex | > 0.99 | ||
| Male | 474 (31.1) | 474 (31.1) | |
| Female | 1048 (68.9) | 1048 (68.9) | |
| Residence | 0.45 | ||
| Urban | 1192 (78.3) | 1209 (79.4) | |
| Rural | 330 (21.7) | 313 (20.6) | |
| BMI, median (IQR); kg/m2 | 20.8 (18.8–22.9) | 21.4 (19.2–23.7) | < 0.001 |
| BMI; kg/m2 | < 0.001 | ||
| Underweight or normal weight (< 25) | 1358 (89.9) | 1283 (85.1) | |
| Overweight (25 to < 30) | 138 (9.1) | 207 (13.7) | |
| Obese (≥ 30) | 15 (1.0) | 18 (1.2) | |
| Marital status | 0.1 | ||
| Never married | 785 (51.6) | 745 (48.9) | |
| Married | 709 (46.6) | 757 (49.7) | |
| Divorced or widowed | 28 (1.8) | 20 (1.3) | |
| Education level (yr) | 0.4 | ||
| ≤ 9 | 140 (9.2) | 158 (10.4) | |
| > 9–12 | 257 (16.9) | 271 (17.8) | |
| > 12 | 1125 (73.9) | 1093 (71.8) | |
| Smoking status | 0.7 | ||
| Never | 1291 (84.8) | 1303 (85.6) | |
| Former | 61 (4.0) | 64 (4.2) | |
| Current | 170 (11.2) | 155 (10.2) | |
| Cigarettes smoked, median (IQR); no. cigarettes/d† | 10 (5–20) | 10 (6–20) | 0.9 |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.7 | ||
| None or moderate | 1320 (86.7) | 1327 (87.2) | |
| Heavy | 202 (13.3) | 195 (12.8) | |
| Tea consumption | < 0.001 | ||
| None or less than weekly | 983 (64.6) | 849 (55.8) | |
| Weekly | 367 (24.1) | 472 (31.0) | |
| Daily | 172 (11.3) | 201 (13.2) | |
| Coffee consumption | 0.003 | ||
| None or less than weekly | 1311 (86.1) | 1243 (81.7) | |
| Weekly | 179 (11.8) | 241 (15.8) | |
| Daily | 32 (2.1) | 38 (2.5) |
Note: BMI = body mass index, IQR = interquartile range, TMD = temporomandibular disorder.
*
Unless stated otherwise.
†
Consumption by current smokers.