Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential associations of the sites and the number of specific metastases with survival in patients newly diagnosed with cervical cancer.
Methods
Medical records of patients with organ metastases of newly diagnosed cervical cancer at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from October 2006 to December 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. Survival times were compared using the Kaplan-Meier method. Variables associated with survival were identified using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.
Results
A total of 99 patients with newly diagnosed organ metastatic cervical cancer were identified. Median follow-up was 11.6 months (range, 0.5–114.7 months). Median overall survival (OS) time was 11.7 months from diagnosis, with 1, 2, and 5-year OS rates of 48.2%, 22.8%, and 12.6%, respectively. The most common site of organ metastasis was bone (36.8%), followed by lung (32.8%) and liver (24%). In univariate analysis, OS rates were better for bone metastasis than visceral metastasis (P=0.013), oligometastasis than non-oligometastasis (P=0.003) and single organ metastasis than multiple organ metastases (P=0.016), while that for liver metastasis was poorer than non-liver metastases (P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, liver metastasis (hazard ratio [HR] =4.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-14.05, P=0.029) was significantly and independently related to poor overall survival.
Conclusion
Our data revealed the site of metastasis is associated with overall survival of patients with newly diagnosed organ metastatic cervical cancer, with liver metastasis signifying particularly poor overall survival. Individualized treatments should be administered to patients depending on the specific metastatic sites.
Keywords: uterine cervical neoplasm, survival, organ metastasis, metastatic site, number of metastases
Introduction
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common female malignancy in terms of both incidence and mortality, with an estimated 569,847 new cases and 311,365 deaths worldwide recorded in 2018.1 Two types of metastasis, specifically, lymph node and organ, have been identified to date. Metastatic cervical cancer has a poor prognosis with a median survival time of only 8 to 13 months.2 Prognosis of patients with organ metastasis is weaker than that of patients with lymph node metastasis. Notably, organ metastasis is associated with a 5.3-fold higher risk of death, compared to lymphatic metastasis.3–5 To date, limited advances have been made in the understanding of cervical cancer with organ metastasis due to small sample sizes.6
Around 3% of patients have stage IVB uterine cervical cancer, with lymph nodal metastasis accounting for the majority and organ metastasis for a small proportion of cases.7 The most common metastatic sites of cervical cancer are lung, bone, liver, and brain, with possible involvement of other places.8 The majority of studies to date have focused on a single metastasis site or mixed nodal and organ metastasis.4,5 However, reports on newly diagnosed organ metastatic cervical cancer are rare, and these cases require further investigation.
The primary objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of different metastatic organs and assess the relationships between specific sites of metastasis (bone, lung, and liver) and the number of metastatic lesions (oligometastasis and single organ metastasis) and survival in cases of newly diagnosed cervical cancer with organ metastasis.
Materials and methods
Patients
Patients diagnosed with primary organ metastatic cervical cancer treated at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital from October 2006 to December 2016 were included. Primary uterine cervical cancer was confirmed in all patients via pathological biopsy. Metastatic lesions were confirmed firstly through imaging techniques (47, 47.5%), such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and emission computed tomography (ECT), secondly via positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) (31, 31.3%), and finally via histopathological or cytopathological examination (21, 12.2%) for metastatic lesions that could not be confirmed by imaging. All examinations were based on the opinions of the physician team. For some complicated cases, decisions are made through multidisciplinary discussions. Lymph node metastasis was defined based on CT showing >10 mm enlargement in the short axis. All patients were clinically diagnosed as primary cervical cancer with organ metastasis. We excluded four patients for whom cervical cancer was not the first malignancy or information on variables was unavailable.
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital (IRB-2017-94). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent for the collection of medical information was obtained from all participants. All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee.
Variables
The medical records of all patients were reviewed retrospectively, and variables analyzed at the time of initial diagnosis (age, size of cervical tumor, histological subtype, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), site of metastasis (bone, lung and liver), number of metastatic sites (oligometastasis, non-oligometastasis, single organ or multiple organ metastasis), distant lymph node metastases, initial treatment modalities and survival data were collected. The primary endpoint of the current study was overall survival (OS). Progression-free survival (PFS) and OS times were defined from the date of diagnosis.
In total, data on 11 variables were obtained for survival analysis. Ten variables had binary classification while therapeutic variables were divided into four categories (chemotherapy combined with local treatment (radiotherapy or operation for the local pelvic tumor or metastatic lesions), chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and supportive care). Chemotherapeutic regimens mainly involved cisplatin (60–70 mg/m2) plus paclitaxel (135–150 mg/m2) (TP) and carboplatin (AUC =5) plus paclitaxel (135–150 mg/m2) (TC). Organ metastasis was defined as the metastasis from cervical cancer involving one or more distant organs, such as bone, lung or liver. Oligometastasis was defined as limited a single organ with ≤ three metastatic lesions. Single organ metastasis was defined in cases where all metastases were confined to an only organ and multiorgan metastasis defined as ≥2 organs. Lymph node metastasis beyond the pelvic space was classified as distant lymph node metastasis.
Statistical analysis
Survival times between groups were compared based on the log-rank test of Kaplan-Meier analysis. Prognostic factors for PFS and OS were identified using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. All survival data were analyzed with SPSS version 22 statistical software (IBM Corp., version 22.0; Armonk, NY, USA). P-values<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
Patients and tumor characteristics
In total, 99 women with organ metastatic cervical cancer were reviewed. Clinicopathological characteristics of patients are summarized in Table 1. The median age was 53 years (range, 29–90 years). A total of 75 patients (75.8%) received treatment, among these patients, 64 (85.3%) received systemic chemotherapy, and 60 (80%) received radiotherapy for pelvic local and/or metastatic lesions. Twenty-four patients (24.2%) received supportive care, 16 (16.2%) had poor performance status or reduced organ function, with no tolerance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and 8 (8.1%) refused both chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Table 1.
Patient baseline characteristics at the time of initial diagnosis and treatment types (n=99)
| Characteristics | No.% |
|---|---|
| Age (yr), median (range) | 53 (29–90) |
| ECOG PS | |
| 0 | 35 (35.4) |
| 1 | 16 (16.2) |
| 2 | 22 (22.2) |
| 3 | 20 (20.2) |
| 4 | 6 (6.1) |
| Histological subtype | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 80 (80.8) |
| Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma | 7 (7.1) |
| Adenocarcinoma | 6 (6.1) |
| Adeno-squamous cell carcinoma | 3 (3) |
| Undifferentiated carcinoma | 2 (2) |
| Sarcoma | 1 (1) |
| Primary tumor size (cm) | |
| ≥4-cm | 72 |
| <4-cm | 27 |
| Initial treatment | |
| Chemotherapy + local treatment | 49 (49.5) |
| Chemotherapy | 15 (15.2) |
| Radiotherapy | 11 (11.1) |
| Supportive care | 24 (24.2) |
| Diagnostic methods of metastatic lesions | |
| CT/MRI/ECT | 47 (47.5) |
| PET-CT | 31 (31.3) |
| Biopsy | 21 (21.2) |
| Single organ metastasis | |
| Bone | 24 (24.2) |
| Lung | 16 (16.2) |
| Liver | 3 (3) |
| Brain | 1 (1) |
| Spleen | 1 (1) |
| Single organ + distant lymph node metastasis | |
| Bone + distant lymph node | 12 (21.1) |
| Lung + distant lymph node | 10 (10.1) |
| Liver + distant lymph node | 10 (10.1) |
| Two organ metastasis | |
| Liver + lung | 3 (3) |
| Lung + spleen | 2 (2) |
| Liver + bone | 1 (1) |
| Liver + kidney | 1 (1) |
| Two organ metastasis + distant lymph node metastasis | |
| Liver + lung + distant lymph node | 6 (6.1) |
| Bone + lung + distant lymph node | 4 (4) |
| Liver + bone + distant lymph node | 2 (2) |
| Liver + adrenal gland + distant lymph node | 1 (1) |
| Multiorgan metastasis | |
| Liver + lung + bone + breast | 1 (1) |
| Multiorgan + distant lymph node metastasis | |
| Liver + lung + bone + adrenal gland + distant lymph node | 1 (1) |
Abbreviations: ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CT, computed tomography; ECT, emission computed tomography; PET-CT, positron emission tomography-computed tomography.
Characteristics of organ metastasis
Distribution of metastatic sites is shown in Table 1. Within the 99 patients, a total of 125 metastatic organ sites were identified, the most common being bone (46, 36.8%), followed by lung (41, 32.8%) and liver (30, 24%). The numbers of organ metastatic lesions were classified as follows: oligometastasis (37, 37.3%), non-oligometastasis (62, 62.6%), single organ metastasis (77, 77.8%) and multiorgan metastasis (22, 22.2%). In patients with bone, lung and liver metastasis, the incidence of oligometastasis was 58.7%, 9.8%, and 13.3%, and the incidence of single organ metastasis was 80.4%, 63.4%, and 50%, respectively.
Survival analysis
Overall survival curves for all patients are presented (Figure 1A). The median follow-up period for the whole group was 11.6 months (range, 0.5–114.7 months) after clinical diagnosis. Median OS was 11.7 months, with 1-, 2-, and 5-year rates of 48.2%, 22.8%, and 12.6%, respectively. Median PFS was 5.6 months, with 1-, 2-, and 5-year rates of 26.3%, 16.7%, and 10.6%, respectively. Table 2 shows median survival time, 1- and 2-year overall survival rates for all variables. Median OS, median PFS, 1- and 2-year OS rates showed a gradually decreasing trend for patients with oligometastasis, bone, single organ, lung and liver metastasis.
Figure 1.
Overall survival among patients with organ metastatic cervical cancer at diagnosis.
Notes: Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival for (A) patients in the whole group, (B) liver metastasis vs non-liver metastasis.
Table 2.
Median survival time and survival rates according to clinicopathologic factors (n=99)
| Variable | No. | Median OS | Median PFS | 1-year OS rates | 2-year OS rates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Months) | (Months) | (%) | (%) | ||
| Age | |||||
| ≥50 years | 65 | 11.7 | 6.4 | 47.1 | 24.5 |
| <50 years | 34 | 10.7 | 4.6 | 50 | 19.3 |
| Size of the cervical tumor | |||||
| ≥4-cm | 72 | 11.7 | 5.2 | 48.6 | 21.7 |
| < 4-cm | 27 | 11.6 | 8.1 | 46.9 | 25.8 |
| Histological subtype | |||||
| SCC | 80 | 13.0 | 5.7 | 52.5 | 25.9 |
| Non-SCC | 19 | 8.3 | 3.9 | 29.2 | 8.8 |
| ECOG PS | |||||
| 0-2 | 73 | 14.8 | 7.5 | 59.9 | 29.6 |
| 3-4 | 26 | 5.8 | 1.9 | 15.4 | 3.8 |
| Oligometastasis | |||||
| Yes | 36 | 16.6 | 9.3 | 66.7 | 41.2 |
| No | 63 | 10.1 | 4.3 | 37.5 | 12 |
| Bone metastasis | |||||
| Yes | 46 | 14.8 | 7.1 | 65.2 | 31.1 |
| No | 53 | 9.7 | 4.3 | 33.1 | 15.6 |
| Number of organ metastasis | |||||
| Single | 77 | 13.4 | 6.9 | 55.5 | 27.4 |
| Multiple | 22 | 10.0 | 4.3 | 22.7 | 5.7 |
| Lung metastasis | |||||
| Yes | 41 | 10.8 | 4.6 | 35.4 | 12.6 |
| No | 58 | 14.0 | 6.5 | 56.9 | 30 |
| Liver metastasis | |||||
| Yes | 30 | 6.8 | 3.7 | 20 | 8 |
| No | 69 | 14.2 | 7.5 | 60.5 | 29.1 |
| Distant lymph node metastasis | |||||
| Yes | 46 | 10.9 | 4.7 | 43.5 | 15.6 |
| No | 53 | 13.1 | 6.0 | 52.2 | 29 |
| Initial treatment | |||||
| Chemotherapy+local treatment | 49 | 17.3 | 9.4 | 64.8 | 37 |
| Chemotherapy | 15 | 10.7 | 5.9 | 40 | 8.9 |
| Radiotherapy | 11 | 5.9 | 2.4 | 27.3 | 9.1 |
| Supportive care | 24 | 7.3 | 1.8 | 29.2 | 8.3 |
Abbreviations: SCC, Squamous cell carcinoma; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival.
The results of univariate analyses are summarized in Table 3. Overall survival rates of patients with non-liver metastasis were better than those with liver metastasis (P<0.001) (Figure 1B), as were those with bone metastasis compared to those with visceral metastasis (P=0.013), those with oligometastasis compared to those with non-oligometastasis (P=0.003) and those with single organ metastasis compared to those with multiple organ metastases (P=0.016).
Table 3.
Univariate analysis of prognostic factors for progression-free survival and overall survival (n=99)
| Variable | PFS | OS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age | ||||
| ≥50 years | 1 | 1 | ||
| <50 years | 1.34 (0.86–2.09) | 0.198 | 1.26 (0.81–1.96) | 0.310 |
| Size of the cervical tumor | ||||
| ≥4-cm | 1 | 1 | ||
| <4-cm | 0.86 (0.52–1.42) | 0.541 | 0.86 (0.52–1.43) | 0.554 |
| Histological subtype | ||||
| SCC | 1 | 1 | ||
| Non-SCC | 1.39 (0.81–2.38) | 0.234 | 1.86 (1.08–3.21) | 0.026 |
| ECOG PS | ||||
| 0–2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3–4 | 4.14 (2.52–6.79) | <0.001 | 3.29 (2.04–5.32) | <0.001 |
| Oligometastasis | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 2.10 (1.32–3.35) | 0.002 | 2.04 (1.28–3.24) | 0.003 |
| Bone metastasis | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 1.72 (1.10–2.67) | 0.017 | 1.74 (1.13–2.70) | 0.013 |
| Number of organ metastasis | ||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | ||
| Multiple | 1.58 (0.95–2.62) | 0.08 | 1.89 (1.13–3.17) | 0.016 |
| Lung metastasis | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 0.62 (0.40–0.96) | 0.033 | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) | 0.060 |
| Liver metastasis | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 0.48 (0.30–0.76) | 0.002 | 0.39 (0.24–0.62) | <0.001 |
| Distant lymph node metastasis | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) | 0.061 | 0.65 (0.42–1.01) | 0.050 |
| Initial treatment | ||||
| Supportive care | 1 | 1 | ||
| Chemotherapy + local treatment | 0.27 (0.16–0.45) | <0.001 | 0.31 (0.18–0.53) | <0.001 |
| Chemotherapy | 0.52 (0.27–1.02) | 0.056 | 0.74 (0.38–1.44) | 0.378 |
| Radiotherapy | 1.29 (0.62–2.68) | 0.499 | 0.98 (0.48–2.03) | 0.973 |
Abbreviations: SCC, Squamous cell carcinoma; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival.
The results of multivariate analyses are shown in Table 4. Liver metastasis was an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR] =4.02, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-14.05, P=0.029) and PFS (HR =3.77, 95% CI, 1.22-11.69, P=0.021). Moreover, chemotherapy combined with local treatment (HR =0.40, 95% CI, 0.19–0.82, P=0.012) was associated with better OS and chemotherapy combined with local treatment (HR =0.42, 95% CI, 0.20–0.91, P=0.027) positively affected the PFS.
Table 4.
Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors for progression-free survival and overall survival (n=99)
| Variable | PFS | OS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Histological subtype | ||||
| SCC | 1 | 1 | ||
| Non-SCC | 1.30 (0.70-2.41) | 0.404 | 1.78 (0.94-3.37) | 0.077 |
| ECOG PS | ||||
| 0-2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3-4 | 1.91 (0.88-4.14) | 0.102 | 1.48(0.70-3.13) | 0.300 |
| Oligometastasis | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 1.39 (0.75-2.56) | 0.292 | 1.27(0.69-2.37) | 0.446 |
| Bone metastasis | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 2.32 (0.85-6.38) | 0.101 | 1.88(0.62-5.76) | 0.268 |
| Number of organ metastasis | ||||
| Single | 1 | 1 | ||
| Multiple | 2.70 (0.86-8.43) | 0.088 | 2.01(0.57-7.03) | 0.275 |
| Lung metastasis | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 0.41 (0.15-1.12) | 0.082 | 0.61(0.20-1.83) | 0.375 |
| Liver metastasis | ||||
| Yes | 3.77 (1.22-11.69) | 0.021 | 4.02(1.15-14.05) | 0.029 |
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Distant lymph node metastasis | ||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 0.97 (0.60-1.56) | 0.892 | 0.87(0.53-1.43) | 0.575 |
| Initial treatment | ||||
| Supportive care | 1 | 1 | ||
| Chemotherapy+ local treatment | 0.42 (0.20-0.91) | 0.027 | 0.40 (0.19-0.82) | 0.012 |
| Chemotherapy | 0.67 (0.28-1.58) | 0.353 | 0.74(0.33-1.67) | 0.467 |
| Radiotherapy | 1.45 (0.68-3.10) | 0.341 | 1.21(0.54-2.72) | 0.637 |
Abbreviations: SCC, Squamous cell carcinoma; ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival.
Discussion
Data from the current study revealed distinct prognosis of cervical cancer patients with different organ metastatic sites. Liver metastasis was identified as an independent prognostic factor affecting overall survival. Furthermore, longer OS and PFS were associated with bone metastasis compared with visceral metastases, oligometastasis compared with non-oligometastasis, and single organ metastasis compared with multiple organ metastases.
Cervical cancer with organ metastasis at the time of diagnosis is relatively rare. In our experiments, bone (36.8%) was the most common metastatic site, followed by lung (32.8%) and liver (24%). An earlier retrospective study on 316 patients with organ metastatic cervical cancer, including metastases at initial diagnoses and after treatment, showed that the most common sites are lung (126, 39.9%), bone (85, 26.9%), and liver (48, 15.2%).8 Another investigation demonstrated that lung is the most common site of metastasis, followed by bone and liver.9,10 However, we observed a higher incidence of bone metastasis than lung metastasis, inconsistent with previous reports. This discrepancy may be attributable to two reasons: firstly, previous reports included organ metastasis at initial diagnosis and after treatment, whereas our study included organ metastases at initial diagnosis only; and secondly, advanced image diagnosis technologies, such as PET-CT, used in this study are more sensitive in the detection of early bone metastases than traditional imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI used in previous studies.8,11
Limited studies to date have focused on the potential association between the sites or the number of organ metastases and prognosis in newly diagnosed cervical cancer although this issue is currently under exploration in other solid tumors. A retrospective study with a large sample size performed to assess the relationship between sites and number of metastases and overall survival in primary ovarian cancer showed that the locations of distant metastases rather than number of metastases affect overall survival of patients.12 Another retrospective study on stage IV non-small cell lung cancer proposed that the number rather than sites of extra-pulmonary metastases is closely associated with prognosis of patients.13 Accordingly, we investigated the relationship between locations or the number of metastases and survival in cervical cancer in the current study. Here, we mainly focused on the effects of three main metastatic organs (bone, lung, and liver) and two paired metastatic site number-related variables (oligometastasis vs non-oligometastasis and single organ metastasis vs multiple organ metastases) on overall patient survival.
Numerous studies have confirmed that the number of metastatic lesions and metastatic organ sites affects prognosis.13–15 However, the impact of these factors on the prognosis of patients with primary cervical cancer has not been documented as yet. In the current investigation, patients with oligometastasis showed a survival advantage over the non-oligometastasis group in terms of OS and PFS. Furthermore, patients with single organ metastasis had a survival benefit over those with multiple organ metastases in terms of OS. Although these were not independent prognostic factors for OS, our results suggest that cervical cancer involving fewer metastatic lesions or organs is associated with better prognosis and these patients are thus more likely to benefit from aggressive treatment.
Since liver metastases are rare (1.2–2.2%), limited reports to date have focused on liver metastases from cervical cancer.16 In an earlier investigation, primary liver metastasis accounted for 10% and recurrent liver metastasis for 90% cases, only one case (5%) was an isolated liver metastasis, the prognosis was inferior, median survival time was ten months, and no patients lived beyond two years.17 In our study, the incidence of multiple organ metastasis for patients with bone, lung, liver metastases was 19.6%, 36.6%, and 50%, respectively. Median OS and median PFS for patients with liver metastasis were 6.8 and 3.7 months, respectively, which were shorter than those for patients with lung or bone metastasis. In a comparative analysis, patients with liver metastasis showed the highest incidence of multiple organ metastasis and shortest survival time among the three groups (bone, lung, and liver). The characteristics of disseminated metastasis may be the cause of poor prognosis, supporting liver metastasis as an independent prognostic factor for OS and PFS.
A recent study compared the survival of 12 cervical cancer patients with bone metastasis only to 43 cases of visceral metastasis (liver and lung). The results showed that prognosis of bone metastasis was better than that of visceral metastasis with median OS times of 14 and 9 months (p=0.014), respectively.18 Consistent with previous findings, in our study, the prognosis of patients with bone metastasis was better than that of patients with visceral metastasis, with median OS times of 14.8 and 9.7 months, respectively (p=0.012). We infer that better prognosis of patients with bone metastasis is attributable to the higher proportion of oligometastasis (58.7%) and single organ metastasis (80.4%) in this patient group relative to those with visceral metastases.
It is essential to acknowledge that our study has some limitations. First, the study design was a retrospective review of a small sample size at a single cancer center, and thus potential bias could not be avoided. Second, the heterogeneity of patient characteristics and treatments might be a confounding factor. Finally, owing to the long period of the study, potential bias due to differences in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques could not be excluded. Further prospective multicenter studies are necessary to reduce bias.
Despite the above drawbacks, our results support the association of specific metastasis organ sites with prognosis. Liver metastasis was identified as an independent prognostic factor related to poor overall survival. Moreover, the involvement of a lower number of metastatic lesions or organs was indicative of better prognosis. Cervical cancer patients with organ metastasis characteristics associated with good prognosis might benefit more from individualized treatment modalities, leading to higher survival benefits.
Acknowledgment
The study was supported by a grant from the Zhejiang Medical Science and Technology Foundation (No. 2018RC022, Y. Z.).
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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