In Table 1, the headings Mean (SD) H5 negative and Mean (SD) H5 positive do not appear in the correct columns. The publisher apologizes for the error. Please see the correct Table 1 here.
Table 1. Final multivariable model results for risk factors associated with HPAI H5 virus prevalence at live bird markets in the Greater Jakarta Region, Indonesia, between March 2009 and July 2014.
RISK FACTORS | Level | N Observations (percent) | Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H5 negative | H5 positive | OR | P-value | Wald test P-value |
OR | P-value | Wald test P-value |
||
MARKET CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||||
Market layout1 | A | 934 (64.3%) | 518 (35.7%) | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 | ||
B | 537 (58.3%) | 384 (35.7%) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.3) | 0.322 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.786 | |||
C | 169 (56.1%) | 132 (43.9%) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) | 0.268 | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | 0.060 | |||
D | 33 (34.4%) | 63 (65.6%) | 3.3 (2.3, 4.9) | <0.001 | 1.4 (0.8, 2.3) | 0.229 | |||
E | 58 (57.4%) | 43 (42.6%) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) | 0.358 | 1.1 (0.5, 2.2) | 0.829 | |||
F | 120 (79.5%) | 31 (20.5%) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.9) | 0.03 | 0.4 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.071 | |||
SALE only 1 | 159 (56.0%) | 125 (44.0%) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.8) | 0.377 | 1.3 (0.7, 2.1) | 0.417 | |||
SALE only 2 | 254 (93.0%) | 19 (7.0%) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.3) | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.002 | |||
Most dominant poultry species on the market | Broilers | 1,592 (66.4%) | 807 (33.6%) | 1 | <0.001 | 1 | <0.001 | ||
Layers | 92 (66.2%) | 47 (33.8%) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.849 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.054 | |||
Kampung Chickens | 435 (56.3%) | 337 (43.7%) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.9) | 0.243 | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 0.355 | |||
Ducks | 120 (54.5%) | 100 (45.5%) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.0) | 0.149 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.868 | |||
Parent stock | 25 (51.0%) | 24 (49.0%) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.7) | <0.001 | 5.7 (3.6, 9.2) | <0.001 | |||
POULTRY MANAGEMENT ON MARKET | |||||||||
Display tables made from wood | No | 1,032 (58.3%) | 739 (41.7%) | 1 | |||||
Yes | 1,232 (68.1%) | 576 (31.9%) | 0.6 (9.3, 0.9) | 0.018 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.047 | |||
SAMPLING CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||||
Samples obtained from at least one duck | No | 2,083 (65.8%) | 1,083 (34.2%) | 1 | |||||
Yes | 181 (43.8%) | 232 (56.2%) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) | 0.019 | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) | 0.009 | |||
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS | Mean (SD) | ||||||||
H5 negative | H5 positive | ||||||||
Human population density in the district (N people/square kilometre) | 9,018.3 (5,023.0) | 11,958.9 (4,379.6) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.7)2 | <0.001 | 1.6 (1.3, 1.9)2 | <0.001 | |||
Average distance between market and origin of poultry sold at the market (kilometre) | 16.8 (35.7) | 35.9 (47.8) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.0)2 | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)2 | 0.011 | |||
Total rainfall per month (mm) | 94.2 (87.1) | 113.3 (94.4) | 1.2 (1.2, 1.3)2 | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4)2 | <0.001 |
1 Live Bird Market layouts: A = Slaughter, sale of live birds and carcass sales in same area, B = Slaughter and live bird sales conducted outside and carcass sales inside, C = Slaughter, sale of live birds and carcass sales in same areas, but separated by individual partitions, D = Slaughter and live bird sales in same areas inside, and separated from carcass sales by screens, E = Slaughter, live bird and carcass sales inside in separate areas, but no protective screens, F = Live birds sale outside and slaughter and carcass sales inside and in separate areas, Sale 1 only = No slaughtering at the market, but slaughter facility in vicinity of the market, Sale 2 only = No slaughtering at the market, and slaughter facility far away from the market
2 Odds ratios and confidence intervals are displayed for standardized values
Reference
- 1.Henning J, Hesterberg UW, Zenal F, Schoonman L, Brum E, McGrane J (2019) Risk factors for H5 avian influenza virus prevalence on urban live bird markets in Jakarta, Indonesia—Evaluation of long-term environmental surveillance data. PLoS ONE 14(5): e0216984 10.1371/journal.pone.0216984 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]