Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) in the reduction of disappointment, psychological distress, and psychasthenia among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Method : This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 24 females with lupus who referred to the Rheumatoid Disease Research Center (RDRC) of Ghaem hospital in Mashhad, Iran. This study had a pretest-posttest control group design. The participants were randomly assigned into 2 groups of experimental and control. The experimental group was treated with ACT. Data were collected using the Beck’s Hopelessness Scale, Kessler’s Psychological Distress Inventory, and Krupp’s Psychasthenia Inventory.
Results: Mean age and mean duration of illness were 37.25±4.61 and 5.12±2.33 years, respectively. The mean disappointment score and psychological distress in the experimental group were lower compared to those in control group at the post experimental stage (P<0.001). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the mean scores of psychasthenia in the posttest stage (P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the obtained results of this study, the enhancement of psychological flexibility based on ACT positively affected disappointment, psychological distress, and psychasthenia among the lupus patients. Therefore, it can be concluded that this therapeutic approach could reduce psychasthenia in patients through clarification of the values.
Key Words: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Disappointment, Psychological Distress, Psychasthenia, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease affecting many body systems in different periods. This disease causes serious harm to the connective tissues, blood vessels, and serous membranes. Diagnosing this condition is hard and confusing due to the involvement of different body systems and emergence of various clinical symptoms (1). According to a comprehensive study conducted by Rheumatology Research Center on controlling rheumatic diseases, lupus affects 40 cases per 100 000 individuals in Iran (2).
This disease has an unidentified etiology. Genetic factors and environmental stressors cause imbalanced immune system, leading to the production of antibodies and development of clinical symptoms (3).
This disease, which is often disabling, emerges unexpectedly and requires the prescription of potentially toxic drugs (4).
SLE is mostly observed among females, with the female to male ratio of 8:1. SLE patients are mostly 16-55 years old, with the mean of age of 21.5 years (5). This disease causes serious harm to physical, mental, and social health by involving the vital body organs.
Living with long-term SLE symptoms, especially cutaneous manifestation of SLE and its cosmetic side effects can result in identity threat and changes in roles, mental image, or lifestyle. The side effects of treatment affecting patients' appearance, such as Cushing’s signs, overweight, and involvement of skin and joints, can influence the mental image and sexual tendencies of the affected individuals.
Accordingly, changes in mentality about the body results in social seclusion, depression, and disappointment in these patients. Moreover, patients with SLE are concerned about the effect of the prescribed drugs on fertility and pregnancy as well as the unpredictability of the disease. Therefore, these issues, along with the genetic factors, make these patients susceptible to anxiety and psychological distress (6).
Patients suffering from lupus have symptoms of psychological distress and disappointment (7). Psychasthenia is also one of the most common and disabling symptoms of SLE affecting more than 80% of the lupus patients (8). Cognitive behavioral therapies in stress management are recognized as effective approaches for the reduction of psychological consequences (9). In this regard, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is one of the mostly employed treatments. This therapeutic approach is efficient in the treatment of many disorders, such as depression, psychological distress, and psychosis (10). The effectivness of this approach on treatmenting some psychological problems and increasing mental health is confirmed by the liturature (11-14). Short-term ACT intervention was significantly more effective in the primary and secondary outcomes of depressive symptoms after six and 12 months (11). Trompetter et al assessed the effect of acceptance-based psychological interventions on the burden of chronic pain in 238 cases. In the aforementioned study, higher level of improvement of depression, pain intensity, psychological inflexibility, and pain catastrophizing was observed in intervention group compared to the control group (15). Moreover, ACT can be contributed to the psychological processes, such as anxiety, in cases suffering from cancer (16).
ACT changes the relationship between thoughts and troublesome feelings so that people do not perceive the disease symptoms and learn to accept them even if they are unpleasant and annoying. In ACT, symptom reduction is considered a by-product rather than a goal. The main advantage of ACT over other psychotherapies is that it considers both motivational and cognitive aspects for the achievement of higher efficacy and endurance.
No studies have investigated the efficacy of ACT on the reduction of disappointment, psychological distress, and psychasthenia in patients with lupus. This may be due to the fact that ACT is a new therapeutic approach (17). The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of ACT on reducing disappointment, psychological distress, and psychasthenia among females inflicted with lupus.
Materials and Methods
This quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group was conducted on 24 females with SLE at Rheumatoid Disease Research Center (RDRC) of Ghaem hospital in Mashhad, Iran, in 2016. Out of 40 females referring to the hospital, 24 were randomly selected and assigned into the experimental and control groups.
Research Instruments
Data were collected using the Beck’s Hopelessness Scale, Kessler’s Psychological Distress Inventory, and Krupp Psychasthenia Inventory.
Beck's Depression Inventory
The validity and reliability of this 20-item scale have been estimated in different studies that investigated the field of suicidal tendencies, reporting the correlation coefficients of 0.36-0.76 based on Beck’s Depression Scale and 0.56 based on the clinical scale of disappointment (18). Using internal correlation coefficient, the reliability of this scale was estimated by Dejkam to be 79.61, which is sufficient for research (19). In addition, Taheri et al confirmed the validity and reliability of the Beck's Depression Inventory-II among the Iranian population (20).
Kessler Psychological Distress Scale
This 10-item scale is intended to identify the psychological disorders in public population through checking the mental state of the patient during the past month. Andrews and Slade (2001) reported the validity of this instrument to be 0.81 (21). In addition, the reliability of this scale was confirmed in another study, rendering the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83 (22).
Fatigue Severity Scale
The Fatigue Severity Scale was designed and investigated psychometrically by Krupp et al to evaluate fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis and lupus. They investigated the validity and reliability of the Fatigue Severity Scale in patients with multiple sclerosis and lupus. The obtained Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 88, 81, and 89 in the healthy people, patients with multiple sclerosis, and lupus patients, respectively. Therefore, they reported a high internal consistency for this scale (23). Krupp et a. reported a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.81 in patients with multiple sclerosis, which is comparable to the results of Khezri Moghaddam et al, who reported the validity and reliability of 0.86 through test-retest and the internal consistency of 0.89 (24).
Study Design
A rheumatologist diagnosed lupus in these patients based on the criteria of American College of Rheumatology (25). The questionnaire about the disappointment, psychological distress, and psychasthenia was scored in the pretest and posttest stages. ACT was performed on the intervention group in the Specialized Polyclinics of Education and Psychology School of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 8 sessions for 2 months using the protocol of ACT for depression and distress (26) (Table 1).
Table 1.
Description of Eight Sessions of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Provided to Patients with Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
|
Group therapy
sessions |
Summary of treatment sessions based on admission and commitment |
|---|---|
| First session (90 Minute) |
Familiarity of the group members with each other and establishment of a therapeutic relationship, familiarity with the subject of research, the evaluation of the SLE disease, including the duration of the disease and the performed measurements, general assessment, measurement of control practices, and creative hopelessness and the practice of the hole metaphor |
| Second session (90 Minute) |
- Investigation of the treatment based on ACT: Unwillingness to withdraw the inefficient program and change and understanding that controlling is problem not the solution - Introduction of an alternative to control, the practice of the polygraph |
| Third session (90 Minute) |
- Identification of the individuals’ value, clarification of values, goals, actions, and barriers - The value as behaviors versus value as emotion: The practice of Sock - Selection of values: judgments and decisions |
| Fourth session (90 Minute) |
- Examination of individuals’ value and comprehension of the previous concepts and values as a source of commitment - Proposal of the relationship between process and results: Practicing skiing metaphors - Identification of value-based activities |
| Fifth session (90 Minute) |
Comprehension of impoundment and failure Potential Support Exercises: 1. Your mind is not our friend 2. Milk, Milk, Milk 3. Passengers in the Bus Metaphor In this parable, the client is a bus driver; a bus that is over crowded with passengers (some of them are scary and rude). Passengers are representative of clients’ thoughts, emotions, memories, senses, and stimuli of the therapist. 4. Floating leaves on a moving stream |
| Sixth session (90 Minute) |
Comprehension of self-conceptualization Potential Support Exercises: 1..Mental polarity exercise 2. Chessboard 3. Observer exercise 4. Identifying simple behavioral goals that require failure and desire |
| Seventh session (90 Minute) |
Mindfulness of consciousness and emphasis on the present, and the practice of consciousness mindfulness |
| Eighth session (90 Minute) |
- Exploration of life story and commitment: Practicing a uncalled guest (a famous idiot metaphor) - The nature of all or none: Practice jumps |
ACT was based on such concepts as mindfulness and living at the moment, cognitive fusion, acceptance of the negative inner feelings and experiences, as well as transparency of values, which make the patients psychologically flexible to accept their negative feelings. Both intervention and control groups were treated by medications, and the only treatment difference between the 2 groups was the implementation of ACT.
In the present study, the demographic variables were age, illness duration, education, marital status, and history of involved organs. Due to lack of significant relationship between these variables and the pretest scores in the Spearman's correlation coefficients, there was no need to control them. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA in SPSS software (version 22). The pretest scores were known as synchronous variables, and their effects on posttest scores were controlled by covariance analysis.
Ethical Considerations
An approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Code: 40929). Confidentiality of the data was observed and the stages and techniques of this study were clearly explained to the patients, and their informed consent was obtained. Moreover, no money was obtained from the patients and the all costs were paid by the Research Council of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.
Results
The mean age and mean duration of illness of the participants were 37.25±4.61 and 5.12±2.33 years, respectively. The investigation of distribution normality and equality of variances was accomplished using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene's tests, respectively (P>0.05). Due to having equal number of patients in both experimental and control groups (n = 12), the use of covariance analysis was permitted.
The descriptive indexes related to the pretest and posttest scores of the investigated variables (i.e., disappointment, psychological distress, psychasthenia) in both groups are presented in Table 2. Furthermore, the results of the univariate covariance analysis for disappointment, psychological distress, and psychasthenia in SLE patients at the post-intervention stage are summarized in Table 3.
Table 2.
Pretest and Posttest Scores of Disappointment, Psychological Distress, and Psychasthenia in the Intervention (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT) and Control Groups
| Variables | Group | No | Pretest (Mean±SD) | Posttest (Mean±SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disappointment | Intervention | 12 | 7.72±56.50 | 5.28±36.50 |
| Control | 12 | 4.33±53.75 | 5.33±57.83 | |
| Psychological distress | Intervention | 12 | 3.27±26.75 | 5.33±9.42 |
| Control | 12 | 2.44±29.17 | 4.33±29 | |
| Psychasthenia | Intervention | 12 | 11.27±49.17 | 8.32±19.42 |
| Control | 12 | 11.14±45.25 | 11.14±44.25 |
Table 3.
Results of Univariate Covariance Analysis for Disappointment, Psychological Distress, Psychasthenia in Patients with Systemic lupus Erythematosus at the Posttest Stage
| Variable | SS | Df | MS | F | Sig | Eta | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disappointment | Score | 148.05 | 1 | 148.05 | 6 | 0.019 | 0.23 |
| Group | 2878 | 1 | 2878 | 126 | 0.001 | 0.85 | |
| Psychological Distress | Score | 2 | 1 | 2 | |||
| Group | 2061.03 | 1 | 2061.03 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.005 | |
| Psychasthenia | Score | 106 | 1 | 106 | 2 | 0.0001 | 0.49 |
| Group | 4344 | 1 | 4344 | 83 | 0.0001 | 0.8 | |
Based on the results of the covariance analysis, a significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups in the mean disappointment score at the post experimental stage (P<0.001). The efficacy of ACT in the reduction of disappointment was 0.85 at the post intervention stage; in other words, 85% of the variance of both groups resulted from the group membership.
According to Table 3, there was a significant difference between the 2 study groups in the mean score of psychological distress at the post experimental stage (P<0.001). The efficacy of this treatment in the reduction of psychological distress at posttest stage was 0.80, indicating that 0.80 variance of the experimental group resulted from intervention and therapy. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the mean scores of psychasthenia at the posttest (P<0.001). The efficacy of this treatment in the reduction of psychasthenia at posttest was 0.79, signifying that 0.79 variance of both groups resulted from the group membership fatigue.
Discussion
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ACT on reduction of disappointment, psychological distress, and psychasthenia among the patients with SLE. The results of the study indicated that ACT led to a decrease in the scores of disappointment, psychological distress, and psychasthenia in the experimental group, compared to those in the control group. Various studies have been conducted on the psychological symptoms, such as disappointment, stress, psychological distress, and psychasthenia (27-30).
Nevertheless, limited information is available about the results of psychological therapies in such symptoms. The results of the present study are consistent with those obtained by Greco et al (31). Furthermore, Jimenez and Ramirezet et al performed Meichenbaum’s stress management techniques on 22 patients with SLE, with the aim of investigating the efficacy of these techniques in mental improvement and clinical results of patients with lupus. They demonstrated that the patients who continued the treatment process obtained significantly lower scores of chronic stress, depression, and distress (9).
The efficacy of ACT can be clarified by the processes governing this therapy. ACT has many major items, the emphasis on which in different treatment stages makes the patients accept their disease and reduce their feelings of disappointment and suffering. This method targets the improvement of psychological flexibility through enabling the individuals to make a more suitable and practical choice among different options rather than avoiding thoughts, feelings, memories, or disturbing tendencies. Moreover, this method facilitates the enhancement of psychological acceptance about the mental experiences (ie, thoughts and feelings) and reduction of inefficient control of actions (32).
In this approach, the patients are taught that performing any action toward avoiding or controlling these unwanted mental experiences is ineffective or has a reverse effect by intensifying them. On the other hand, mindfulness by breathing and focusing on the body organs, events, sensations, breath, voice, and acceptance of thoughts without judging them results in the alteration of emotional meaning (33). Thoughts, such as I failed and I won’t recover, are simple thoughts that are inaccurate and cannot reflect the situation. This method allows a person to understand his/her automatic activities and habitual behaviours and become highly aware of his/her daily activities (34).
This cognitive change allows patients to consider the psychological distress as a challenge rather than a threat. This therapeutic approach emphasizes accepting thoughts without making any judgment. Furthermore, patients are taught to accept the negative thoughts or feelings as they are, before giving any skillful responses.
moreover, in this method, the use of self-observing technique helps the person feel less distressed by paying more attention to himself/herself and controlling his/her distress. In this regard, the existence of symptoms, along with the enhancement of negative thoughts, may result in making attempts to skip these thoughts. In other words, empirical avoidance causes more distress and anxiety. ACT can prevent more distress by training the individuals to accept thoughts and making them more capable to cope with the issues (35).
The emphasis on the clarification of values makes people move toward the important values by planning. Lupus patients are psychologically involved because of having various symptoms and pains in different parts of the body, resulting in psychasthenia. Psychasthenia causes problems in concentrating, sleeping, performing daily activities, and distancing from important values and aims (15).
In this regard, ACT allows people regain their lost values for their way of life by clarification and determination of the values and planning to achieve them. Considering the effectiveness of ACT therapy on reducing disappointment, psychological distress, and psychological tiredness of patients with lupus, future therapies are suggested to assess its effectiveness in improving psychological symptoms in other clinical populations and patients suffering from other autoimmune diseases.
Limitation
This was the first attempt to assess the effectiveness of ACT in reducing disappointment, psychological distress, and psychasthenia among patients with SLE. Small sample size, selected by accessible sampling, was the main limitation of this study. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized to other populations. Also, lack of follow-up was another limitation of this study.
Conclusion
According to the obtained results of this study, the enhancement of psychological flexibility based on ACT positively affected disappointment, psychological distress, and psychasthenia among the lupus patients. This approach facilitates the retrieval of the lost life values by the illumination and determination of the values and planning to achieve them. Therefore, ACT is an applicable approach to decrease disappointment score and psychological distress in SLE patients, which could decrease psychasthenia in patients via the clarification of the values. Thus, it can be concluded that this therapeutic approach could reduce psychasthenia in the SLE patients by assisting them to clarify the values.
Acknowledgment
This study was financially supported by a grant from the Research Council of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. The authors would like to thank the deputy of Polyclinic Psychological and Counseling Services Center at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Dr. Sahhabari, the faculty member of the Department of Rheumatology, and all SLE patients participating in the present project.
Conflict of interest
None
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