Table 1.
Comparison of immunopathological changes in HIV and inflammatory bowel disease.
| Marker | HIV | IBD |
|---|---|---|
| Disruption of tight junctions, Villous atrophy | YES [76,77] | YES [78,79] |
| Microbial translocation | ↑LBP, ↑LPS, ↓EndoCAb [[80], [81], [82]] | ↑LBP, ↑EndoCAb, ʘ LPS [83,84] |
| Inflammasome activation | YES [85,86] | YES [87,88] |
| Increased Monocyte/Macrophage infiltration in gut | YES [82,89,90] | YES [72,91,92] |
| Increase in CD38+ HLA-DR+ CD4+ T cells | YES [93,94] | YES [83] |
| Immunometabolic disturbances in T cells | ↑Glut1, ↑HIF-1α, ↑glycolysis in CD4 T cells ↓Mitochondrial respiration in T cells ↑Glycolysis in HIV-infected CD4 cells [[95], [96], [97], [98], [99]] |
No data |
| Immunometabolic disturbances in monocytes/macrophages | ↑Glut1 on monocytes [73] ↑Oxphos and glutaminolysis [100] |
No data |
| Increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF. IFN-γ) | YES [76] | Yes [61,69] |
| Th17/Tregs | ↓Th17 cells, ↓IL-17a [64,101] | ↑Th17 cells, IL-17a, IL-21, IL-22 ↓Tregs [[102], [103], [104]] |
| Alteration in the microbiome community | ↑Proteobacteria, Prevotella ↓Firmicutes, Bacteroides [18,105] | ↑Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria ↓Firmicutes [26,106] |
| Probiotics improve gut function | ↓ Microbial translocation, ↑CD4 + cells [40] | Improve gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation [39] |
YES indicates that the change is uniformly observed, ↑, ↓ indicates upregulation or downregulation of a particular factor only, ʘ indicates levels unchanged compared to control population.