Table 1.

Morphoconstitutional classification of urinary calculi (from [9, 10])

Morphological type	Subtype	Main components	Main morphological characteristics (for more details, see [9, 10]
			Surface	Section
I	Ia	Whewellite	Mammillary, brown	Concentric, radiating organization, brown
	Ib	Whewellite	Rough and mammillary, brown	Unorganized, brown
	Ic	Whewellite	Budding, cream to pale yellow-brown	Poorly organized, cream to pale yellow-brown
	Id	Whewellite	Smooth, beige or pale brown	Concentric, compact, beige
	Ie	Whewellite	Locally budding and mammillary, pale yellow-brown to brown	Locally unorganized, locally radiating organization, pale yellow-brown to brown
II	IIa	Weddellite	Bipyramidal crystals aggregated, with sharp angles and ridges, pale yellow	Loose radial organization, pale yellow
	IIb	Weddellite ± whewellite	Bipyramidal crystals aggregated, with blunted angles and ridges, pale yellow	Unorganized, pale yellow
	IIc	Weddellite	Rough, grey-beige	Thin layers in periphery, unorganized core, grey-beige
III	IIIa	Uric acid	Smooth, ochre to orange	Concentric, radiating organization, orange
	IIIb	Uric acid	Embossed, rough and porous, beige to orange	Unorganized or poorly organized and porous, orange
	IIIc	Various urates	Rough, locally porous, beige to greyish	Unorganized with porous areas, beige to greyish
	IIId	Ammonium urate	Embossed, rough and porous, grey-brown	Alternated layers, thick and brownish, thin and greyish
IV	IVa1	Carbapatite	Rough or slightly embossed, cream to beige	Poorly organized, whitish to cream
	IVa2	Carbapatite	Embossed, glazed with cracks, yellow-brown	Alternated layers, thick and yellow-brown, thin and cream
	IVb	Carbapatite	Heterogenous, both embossed and rough	Alternated layers, thick and cream, thin and yellow-brown
			Heterogenous color, cream to brown
	IVc	Struvite	Amalgamate crystals with blunted angles and thick ridges, whitish	Crude radial crystallization, whitish
	IVd	Brushite	Finely rough or aggregated rods, cream to beige	Concentric, radiating organization, cream to beige
V	Va	Cystine	Rough or grainy, yellowish	Poorly organized, loose radiating organization, yellowish
	Vb	Cystine	Smooth, cream to pale yellowish	Concentric in periphery, unorganized core, cream to yellow
VI	VIa	Proteins	Smooth, cream to pale brown	Unorganized, cream to pale brown
	VIb	Proteins	Rough and flaked off, dark brown to black	Crude and diffuse foliated structure, dark brown to black
	VIc	Proteins	Homogenous, smooth, dark brown	Soft concentric dark-brown shell, unorganized beige core
Main mixed types:
Ia+IIa and Ia+IIb		Whewellite+weddellite
Ila+IVal and IIb+Iva1		Weddellite+Carbapatite
Ia+IIa+Iva1		Whewellite+Weddellite+Carbapatite