Predictability of different calculators in the minimization of postoperative astigmatism after implantation of a toric intraocular lens

Abstract

Purpose

To assess the efficacy of five calculators for toric intraocular lenses (IOL).

Methods

Retrospective comparative case series in cataract patients undergoing implantation of trifocal toric IOLs (PhysIOL FineVision POD FT). Inclusion criteria were age-related cataract and a corneal astigmatism between 0.90D and 4.50D. Refractive astigmatism predictability of five different toric calculators or calculation methods were compared. Furthermore, two groups were differentiated according to the type of astigmatism. The mean absolute error and the centroid errors in the predicted residual astigmatism from each calculator were evaluated.

Results

Fifty-one eyes of 43 patients were included in the study. For the standard toric calculator using anterior keratometry values only, the centroid prediction error was 0.39D±0.41@166º, which was reduced by the application of the PhysIOL toric calculator that includes the Abulafia-Koch regression formula and adjustment for the effective lens position (0.05D±0.34@167º), and also by the application of the Barrett toric calculator (0.07D±0.28@160º). Regarding the techniques that directly evaluate posterior corneal surface, the Holladay toric calculator, using total corneal power provided by a color-LED topographer, generated better results (0.10D±0.44@156º) than those using Scheimpflug camera data (0.23D±0.56@158º). Similar results were found for both types of astigmatism.

Conclusion

The PhysIOL and the Barrett toric calculators taking into account the posterior corneal astigmatism by mathematical models, yielded lower astigmatic prediction errors compared to a standard toric calculator based on anterior keratometry data only. When total corneal power measurements were used, prediction errors were lower with color-LED than with Scheimpflug based topography.

Introduction

Recent advances in microsurgery and the latest developments in intraocular lenses (IOLs) have allowed surgeons to achieve more accurate and predictable postoperative refractive results.¹ In fact, nowadays, the main aim of cataract surgery is to obtain postoperative spectacle-independence – at least for distance – with the maximum visual quality. A recent study of 13,012 eyes of 6,506 cataract patients showed that 43.5% of eyes had a corneal astigmatism ≥1.00 diopters (D), which is enough to significantly affect postoperative vision.² In agreement with this, a safe and predictable compensation for pre-existing corneal astigmatism has become one of the main challenges of eye surgeons over the last years. Since Shimizu et al developed the first model of a toric IOL,³ the efficacy of this method in the compensation of preoperative corneal astigmatism compared to incisional techniques has been demonstrated.^4–6 Crystalline lens exchange using toric IOLs does not require significant changes in the classical phacoemulsification surgical technique. Also, it permits the compensation of high degrees of corneal astigmatism. However, several limitations still remain, specifically related to the risk of postoperative IOL rotation and intraoperative misalignment,⁷ the accurate measurement of preoperative astigmatism, and IOL power calculation to minimize postoperative refractive astigmatism.^8–10

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictability of postoperative refraction through the assessment of the prediction error in residual astigmatism after implantation of a multifocal toric IOL (PhysIOL FineVision POD FT) using five calculation methods based on different measurement strategies.

Patients and methods

Patients

This was a retrospective, non-randomized, interventional case series. Inclusion criteria comprised diagnosis of age-related cataract and a corneal astigmatism equal or higher than 0.9D and up to 4.50D. Patients were excluded if they presented a relevant ophthalmic condition that might impair the surgical procedure or negatively affect its outcome, such as pseudoexfoliation syndrome, corneal pathologies or retinal pathologies (diabetic maculopathy, myopic maculopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), etc.). Further exclusion criteria were previous ocular surgeries that could affect the capsular bag stability, irregular astigmatism, topographic abnormalities, use of contact lenses 2 weeks prior to the corneal topography assessment, systemic diseases with potential impact on visual outcomes, and an expected postoperative cylinder equal or higher than 0.50 D. All patients were informed regarding the study and signed an informed consent to undergo the clinical examinations in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol and informed consent from were approved by Hospital da Luz Clinical Investigation Ethics Committee.

Methods

Surgery

Topical anesthesia was administered in all cases. All surgeries were performed by two surgeons (F.R. and T.F.). With the patient seated to prevent cyclotorsion, the previously calculated IOL implantation axis was marked using a Robomarker device (Surgilum, Wilmington, NC, USA). A clear corneal temporal microincision of 2.2 mm was made with a disposable knife. After crystalline lens removal with microcoaxial phacoemulsification, the IOL was implanted through the main incision using the Accuject injector (Medicel AG, Altenrhein, Switzerland). The viscoelastic material was then meticulously removed, including behind the IOL, using an irrigation-aspiration system. Finally, the IOL was rotated to its final position by aligning the corneal marks with the reference marks in the IOL.

Intraocular lens

The FineVision POD FT is a single-piece trifocal, aspheric and diffractive IOL made of a hydrophilic acrylate. The diffractive pattern provides 2 effective additions for near and intermediate distance, +3.50 D in the first diffractive order and +1.75 D in the second diffractive order. The refractive index is 1.46, the total diameter of the IOL is 11.40 mm and the optical zone diameter is 6.0 mm. The IOL consists of double-C-loop haptics to reduce rotation of the lens and the cylindrical power at the IOL plane is available from +1.00 to +6.00 D. The manufacturer-labelled A-constant is 118.95.

Clinical protocol

Before surgery, all patients underwent a comprehensive preoperative ophthalmological examination that included manifest refraction, measurement of monocular uncorrected distance (UDVA) and best-corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), biometry and keratometry (Lenstar LS900, Haag-Streit AG, Koenitz, Switzerland), slit-lamp examination, Scheimpflug imaging-based topography (Pentacam HR, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany), color-LED topography (Cassini, I-optics, Den Haag, The Netherlands), Goldmann applanation tonometry, and dilated fundoscopy. The power calculation of the toric IOL to achieve emmetropia was performed using the SRK/T formula when the axial length (AL) was >22 mm and the Hoffer-Q formula when this value was ≤22 mm. The IOL cylindrical power was calculated with a standard toric calculator based on anterior keratometry values. The used toric calculator does not take into account the posterior curvature of the cornea, nor the individual anterior chamber depth or axial length. It was the standard toric calculator provided by PhysIOL until March 2017 before new regression formula (eg by Dr. Barrett or Dr. Abulafia and Dr. Koch) were integrated into the latest toric standard calculators.

Patients were evaluated at least 3 months postoperatively with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) follow-up time of 9.01 months ±7.05 (range 3–18 months). At the last follow-up visit, patients were examined using the preoperative protocol. Refraction was evaluated by the same examiner using the cross-cylinder method and pupils were dilated to assess the IOL axis and potential IOL tilt or decentration by means of slit-lamp examination and photography according to a previously published method.¹¹ Lenstar keratometry, Scheimpflug and color-LED topography were repeated. For the 3 methods, 3 consecutive readings were performed to improve repeatability and an average of the magnitude and axis of the 3 readings was used for calculations. The Pentacam values used were the total corneal refractive power (TCRP) including the anterior and posterior surfaces within the central 4 mm. Also, the Cassini device was used to assess total corneal astigmatism (TCA). The calculation of the IOL cylinder power was repeated with five different methods: 1) the standard toric calculator, 2) the latest PhysIOL calculator that includes the Abulafia-Koch formula and the adjustment of effective lens position (ELP) according to the Holladay 1 formula with the Wang-Koch correction for eyes with AL over 25 mm (https://physioltoric.eu/),¹² 3) the Barrett toric calculator (http://ascrs.org/barrett-toric-calculator), 4) the Holladay’s IOL consultant toric calculator using the TCRP-values provided by the Scheimpflug camera, and 5) the Holladay calculator using the TCA values from the color-LED topography.

To take the ELP and the spherical equivalent power of the IOL into account, as the other calculators do, the Scheimpflug camera and the color-LED topography values were used in accordance with Holladay’s IOL consultant toric calculator. To avoid any effects of surgically induced astigmatism or IOL misalignment, the postoperative keratometry readings, total corneal astigmatism values, and measured IOL alignment axis were used.

Prediction error

The prediction error was calculated for each calculation method as the difference between postoperative manifest refraction (corrected for the corneal plane) and predicted residual astigmatism as described previously.^13,14 Predicted residual astigmatism was calculated as:

Predicted residual astigmatism = Toric IOL cylindrical power (corneal plane) + Corneal astigmatism (derived from measured keratometry or total corneal astigmatism, if applicable).

The error in predicted residual astigmatism was calculated as:

$$\mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}=\mathrm{P}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\right)\text{break}-\mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{m}\left(\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\right)$$

Vector analysis was performed in all calculations and mean absolute error (MAE) and centroid error in predicted residual astigmatism (PRA) were calculated.

Eyes were further divided into three groups: a “with-the-rule” (WTR) group if the keratometric steep meridian was oriented between 60 and 120 degrees; an “against-the-rule” (ATR) group if the steep meridian was oriented between 0 and 30 degrees, or 150 and 180 degrees; and an “oblique” (OB) group if the steep meridian was between 31 and 59 degrees, or 121 and 149 degrees.

Statistical analysis

Data analysis was performed using the software SPSS for Windows version 19.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Normality of variables was evaluated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The distribution was normal for all variables. Comparisons of each method against the standard toric calculator were performed using a paired samples t-test. Centroid SDs were calculated in accordance with the method described by Holladay et al¹³. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results

The study involved a sample of 51 eyes of 43 patients with a mean age of 68.0 years ±8.0 (SD) (range 50–82 years). Nineteen patients were male (44.2%) and 24 were female (55.8%). Twenty-seven eyes had with-the-rule astigmatism (WTR) and 16 eyes against-the-rule astigmatism (ATR). Eight eyes showed oblique astigmatism. Due to the low number of eyes in this group, only eyes showing WTR or ATR group were included in the final analysis.

Biometric data and IOL power calculations

Mean AL in the overall sample was 23.40 mm ±1.54 (SD) (range 20.11–28.36 mm). Mean corneal astigmatism measured with the Lenstar device was 1.91 D ±0.76 (SD) (range 0.90–4.41 D). The mean IOL spherical power was 22.07 D ±3.91 (SD) (range 11.50–33.00 D) and the mean IOL cylinder power of the whole sample was 2.40 D ±1.11 (SD) (range 1.00–6.00 D).

Rotation/misalignment of the toric IOL

Mean rotation/misalignment of the toric IOL at the follow-up examination was 1.33° ±0.90 (SD) (range 0–4°).

MAE in the PRA compared to the original calculator

Comparison of the results of MAE in the PRA obtained by each calculator with the standard toric calculator is shown in Table 1. This calculator achieved a mean MAE in the PRA of 0.77 D ±0.40 (SD) (range 0.01–1.91 D). The PhysIOL calculator and the Barrett toric calculator provided significantly lower values (p<0.001). Specifically, the latest PhysIOL calculator showed a MAE in the PRA of 0.35 D ±0.29 (SD) (range 0.00–1.36 D) and the Barrett toric calculator achieved a value of 0.40 D ±0.29 (SD) (range 0–1.07 D). The color-LED topographer based TCA values also showed statistically significant differences compared to the standard toric calculator, with a mean value of MAE in the PRA of 0.49 D ±0.30 (SD) (range 0.00–1.07 D) (p=0.002). In contrast, the Scheimpflug camera based TCRP-values did not show any clinical or statistically significant differences compared to the original calculator, with a mean MAE of 0.72 D ±0.41 (SD) (range 0.02–1.87 D) (p=0.656).

Table 1.

Mean absolute error in predicted residual astigmatism for each calculator

Calculator	Mean ± SD (range) Diopters	95% CI for mean	p-value
Standard toric calculator based on anterior keratometry values	0.77±0.40 (0.01, 1.91)	0.65–0.86	-
PhysIOL toric calculator with Abulafia-Koch formula	0.35±0.29 (0.00, 1.36)	0.27–0.44	<0.001
Barrett calculator	0.40±0.29 (0.00, 1.07)	0.34–0.51	<0.001
Holladay calculator + Pentacam TCRP	0.72±0.41 (0.02, 1.87)	0.64–0.85	0.656
Holladay calculator + Cassini TCA	0.49±0.30 (0.00, 1.07)	0.37–0.60	0.002

Abbreviations: SD, Standard deviation; TCRP, Total Corneal Refractive power; TCA, Total corneal astigmatism.

Absolute and centroid errors in PRA

Table 2 and Figure 1 show the centroid error for each calculator for the whole sample, and Table 3 shows those values stratified for type of astigmatism, WTR or ATR. In eyes with WTR astigmatism, the PhysIOL calculator revealed the best results with a mean MAE in PRA of 0.31 D±0.23 (SD) (range 0.00–1.36 D) and a centroid of 0.08 D±0.39 (SD) @161°. The Barrett toric calculator and the Holladay calculator using color-LED TCA values achieved the best results in the MAE in PRA and a low centroid error (0.09 D±0.32 (SD) @155º and 0.12 D±0.43 (SD) @145º, respectively). The Holladay calculator using Pentacam TCRP-values showed a lower reduction in the MAE in PRA and thus the highest centroid error value (0.39 D±0.61 (SD) @177º). In eyes with ATR astigmatism, all calculators yielded lower MAEs and centroid residual astigmatism prediction errors than in eyes with WTR astigmatism. Specifically, the Barrett toric calculator and the PhysIOL calculator revealed very similar results (0.01 D±0.25 (SD) @167º and 0.01 D±0.26 (SD) @175º). The Holladay calculator using color-LED TCA values also obtained a low prediction error (0.07 D±0.39 (SD) @160º) and again the TCRP-based calculation showed only a very slight reduction of the MAE in PRA compared to the standard toric calculator. The percentage of eyes within 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 D of absolute astigmatic prediction error for each calculation method are shown in Figure 2. Both the PhysIOL calculator and the Barrett toric calculator resulted in comparable outcomes superior to all other methods.

Table 2.

Centroid error in predicted residual astigmatism for each calculator

Calculator	Centroid (diopters ± SD @ angle) 95% CI	p-value x component (comparison with standard toric calculator)	p-value y component (comparison with standard toric calculator)
Standard toric calculator based on anterior keratometry values	0.39±0.41 @ 166 0.33–0.45	-	-
PhysIOL toric calculator with Abulafia-Koch formula	0.05±0.34 @ 167 0.00–0.10	<0.001	<0.001
Barrett calculator	0.07±0.28 @ 160 0.03–0.11	<0.001	<0.001
Holladay calculator + Pentacam TCRP	0.23±0.56 @ 158 0.16–0.31	0.134	0.078
Holladay calculator + Cassini TCA	0.10±0.44 @ 156 0.04–0.16	0.009	0.042

Abbreviations: SD, Standard deviation; TCRP, Total Corneal Refractive power; TCA, Total corneal astigmatism.

Figure 1.

Double-angle plots illustrating the centroid prediction errors in residual astigmatism for each calculation method.

Table 3.

Mean absolute and centroid errors in predicted residual astigmatism for eyes with with-the-rule (WTR) and against-the-rule (ATR) corneal astigmatism

Calculator	Eyes with WTR corneal astigmatism (n=27)		Eyes with ATR corneal astigmatism (n=16)
MAE ± SD diopters (range) 95% CI	Centroid (diopters ± SD @ angle) 95% CI	MAE ± SD diopters (range) 95% CI	Centroid (diopters ± SD @ angle) 95% CI
Standard toric calculator based on anterior keratometry values	0.81±0.48 (0.25, 1.91) 0.72–0.90	0.49±0.59 @ 168 0.38–0.60	0.64±0.43 (0.01, 1.91) 0.54–0.75	0.38±0.44 @ 162 0.27–0.49
PhysIOL toric calculator with Abulafia-Koch formula	0.31±0.23 (0.00, 1.36) 0.27–0.35	0.08±0.39 @ 161 0.01–0.15	0.28±0.21 (0.00, 0.76) 0.23–0.33	0.01±0.26 @ 175 –0.05–0.07
Barrett calculator	0.35±0.25 (0.00, 1.07) 0.30–0.40	0.09±0.32 @ 155 –0.03–0.21	0.26±0.19 (0.00, 0.71) 0.21–0.31	0.01±0.25 @ 167 –0.05–0.07
Holladay calculator + Pentacam TCRP	0.73±0.42 (0.02, 1.31) 0.65–0.81	0.39±0.61 @ 177 0.28–0.51	0.54±0.54 (0.15, 1.87) 0.41–0.67	0.27±0.48 @ 179 0.15–0.39
Holladay calculator + Color-LED topography TCA	0.43±0.33 (0.01, 1.07) 0.37–0.49	0.12±0.43 @ 145 0.04–0.20	0.35±0.29 (0.00, 1.01) 0.28–0.42	0.07±0.39 @ 160 –0.03–0.17

Abbreviations: MAE, Mean absolute error; SD, Standard deviation; TCRP, Total Corneal Refractive power.

Figure 2.

Percentage of eyes within 0.25D–1.00D of absolute astigmatic prediction error with each calculation method.

Discussion

The methodological error in predicting the toricity of the IOL is a main source of residual refractive errors after cataract surgery in eyes with corneal astigmatism. Conventional keratometry, that measures anterior corneal surface, can lead to a sub-optimal refractive outcome, specifically due to overcorrection in WTR and undercorrection in ATR astigmatism.¹⁵ These devices calculate the total corneal power assuming a fixed posterior versus anterior curvature ratio and use a standard keratometric index of 1.3375 to convert anterior surface measures in total corneal power and astigmatism.¹⁶ Calculations with older toric IOL calculators assume a fixed ratio (generally 1.46) between the cylindrical power at the corneal plane and at the IOL plane. This fixed ratio results in overcorrection in short eyes and undercorrection in long eyes.¹⁷ In order to overcome this limitation, Koch et al published their results as a population based regression analysis named Baylor nomogram that predicts posterior corneal astigmatism (PCA).¹⁰ Additionally, a regression formula to estimate TCA based on standard keratometry values, named the Abulafia-Koch formula, was developed in 2016.¹⁸ PCA can also be predicted by means of a theoretical model, as in the Barrett toric calculator, included in some commercially available calculators¹⁹ and also freely available online. The application of this calculator combined with the data obtained from an optical low-coherence reflectometry biometer resulted in significant lower values of residual refractive cylinder compared to standard calculators.¹⁴ Both mathematical models resulted in an improvement of outcomes, but still with a wide distribution of errors.²⁰

It is also possible to directly evaluate anterior and posterior corneal surfaces, and thus calculate the TCP through the use of technology based on the Scheimpflug principle or color-LED topography. Both technologies have demonstrated to be more accurate in TCA measurements compared to corneal astigmatism measurements that are based only on the anterior corneal surface.²¹ The color-LED topographer has shown high rates of repeatability both in normal and post cataract surgery corneas.^22,23 Regarding astigmatism assessment, our research group demonstrated a better performance with TCA obtained by the color-LED topography device when compared to the Lenstar and the Orbscan devices.²⁴ When used to predict postoperative astigmatism, Park et al found a better performance of the vector summation using anterior and posterior corneal surface powers with the Pentacam device compared to other methods that included the application of the Baylor nomogram or the Barrett toric calculator with the IOLMaster (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) readings.²⁵ Also, Savini et al used the Pentacam HR to calculate total corneal astigmatism and found optimized outcomes in comparison to keratometric astigmatism.¹⁷ These authors concluded that the efficacy of this method was comparable to the application of the Barrett toric calculator or the Abulafia-Koch formula.²⁶ To the best of our knowledge, the TCA obtained from the color-LED topographer has not been previously evaluated to predict postoperative astigmatism after the implantation of toric IOLs. Our results suggest that this color-LED technology improves the performance of the Scheimpflug camera, although these outcomes are still slightly less accurate than the mathematical models in the Abulafia-Koch formula or the Barrett toric calculator. These findings are consistent with results from our recently published study.²⁷

In the future, and in order to improve the accuracy and personalize the measurements, the direct evaluation of the posterior corneal surface will be mandatory. The anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) could be an option. This technology has been used to evaluate the alignment of toric IOLs comparing the corneal astigmatic axis to the IOL cylinder axis shown in real time on the same screen in the topographic map to avoid any errors from head tilting.²⁸ Also, the swept-source technology implemented in the newest biometers is able to predict the postoperative tilt of the IOL and probably will measure the posterior corneal surface with higher accuracy than the methods currently available.²⁹ In fact, Hoffman et al have demonstrated the superiority of swept source Fourier domain AS-OCT in combination with autokeratometry over the Scheimpflug technology in the predictive quality after implantation of toric IOLs.³⁰ Intraoperative aberrometry (IA) also seems to be an alternative method to accurately calculate IOL power. Although there is limited research with this technology, it appears that it slightly increases the predictability of postoperative refractive astigmatism compared with standard methods.³¹ On the contrary, Davison and Potvin did not find a clear benefit of IA in the calculation of different types of IOLs, including toric and multifocals, in healthy patients.³²

In summary, the latest PhysIOL toric calculator and the Barrett toric calculator delivered the best predictive quality of postoperative refractive astigmatism in our sample, showing lower values of the centroid errors and the lowest MAE with PRA. All calculators yielded lower MAE and centroid residual astigmatism prediction errors in ATR astigmatism compared to eyes with WTR astigmatism. Regarding direct measurement of the posterior corneal surface, the color-LED topographer showed a better performance than the Scheimpflug camera.

Disclosure

The authors have no commercial or proprietary interests in any of the materials mentioned in this article. The authors have no financial interests as consultants, reviewers or evaluators.