Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Molecules logoLink to Molecules
. 2019 Aug 14;24(16):2948. doi: 10.3390/molecules24162948

Chemical Constituent Profiling of Paecilomyces cicadae Liquid Fermentation for Astragli Radix

Yuqi Wang 1, Xiaodan Mei 1, Zihan Liu 1, Jie Li 1, Xiaoxin Zhang 1, Shaoping Wang 2, Zikai Geng 2, Long Dai 2,*, Jiayu Zhang 1,2,*
PMCID: PMC6721272  PMID: 31416254

Abstract

Astragli Radix (AR) is one of the most popular traditional Chinese medicines with chemical constituents including flavonoids and saponins. As recently evidenced, some fungi or their fermentation liquid may have the potential to affect the bioactive constituents and different pharmacological effects of AR. Thus, the composition of fermented AR (FAR) produced by Paecilomyces cicadae (Miquel) Samson in liquid-state fermentation was investigated using a UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer in both positive and negative ion modes. Firstly, the MSn data sets were obtained based on a data-dependent acquisition method and a full scan–parent ions list–dynamic exclusion (FS-PIL-DE) strategy. Then, diagnostic product ions (DPIs) and neutral loss fragments (NLFs) were proposed for better constituent detection and structural characterization. Consequently, 107 constituents in total, particularly microconstituents in FAR and AR, were characterized and compared in parallel on the same LTQ–Orbitrap instrument. Our results indicated that AR fermentation with Paecilomyces significantly influenced the production of saponins and flavonoids, especially increasing the content of astragaloside IV. In conclusion, this research was not only the first to show changes in the chemical components of unfermented AR and FAR, but it also provides a foundation for further studies on the chemical interaction between microbiota and AR.

Keywords: Astragli Radix, Paecilomyces cicadae, liquid fermentation, chemical constituents, UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS

1. Introduction

Over the past several decades, accompanied by growing demand for traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and a gradual reduction of wild resources, improving the content of active ingredients and cultivating new varieties with high quality have become the most urgent tasks in the development of herbal resources. Recently, the application of TCMs by submerged fermentation of edible and pharmaceutical fungi has become a hot issue which opens up broad prospects for TCMs. Previous studies have shown that medicinal fungi can secrete important secondary metabolic products which degrade macromolecular material into small molecules [1,2]. By means of fermentation, TCMs can improve intrinsic conversion efficiency and new compound growth rates for increased therapeutic effect. Besides this, fermentation can also reduce the toxicity of TCMs containing typical compounds such as alkaloids, lactones, toxic glycosides, toxic proteins, anthraquinones, tannins, and heavy metals [3,4].

Paecilomyces cicadae (Miquel) Samson, as an entomogenous and medicinal fungus, is thought to be the anamorph stage of Cordyceps cicadae Shing. It is widely used as a tonic for nourishment as well as a functional food, and it has attracted considerable attention due to its wide range of nutritional and pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory [5], antioxidation, anti-aging, anti-tumor [6], and anti-inflammation activity and ameliorating renal function [7].

Astragli Radix (AR), known as Huangqi in Chinese, is one of the most widely used traditional herbal medicines. It is the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao or Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. AR contains relatively high quantities of saponins, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and some trace elements, which are known for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and other pharmacological effects [8,9,10,11]. However, different processing methods (such as fermentation) may change the properties of this material.

Many studies have reported that natural macromolecular compounds exist in herbal medicines, including polysaccharides, flavonoid glycosides, and saponins, which promote pharmacological anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, most herbal macromolecular compounds cannot be digested and used by the human being in the absence of microbial fermentation [12]. For example, polysaccharides fermented by microbiota can be converted into short-chain fatty acids, which are easily digested and absorbed by the human body [13]. In addition, when red ginseng is fermented by Bifidobacterium H-1, Rg3 is transformed to Rh2, which has exhibited potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells [14]. Therefore, the aim of our present study was to develop liquid-state fermentation for AR by Paecilomyces cicadae (Miquel) Samson and to investigate whether this method leads to changes in the components contained in AR.

In order to obtain comprehensive knowledge of the compounds in the fermented AR (FAR), we further characterized its chemical constituents by way of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Moreover, the application of a full scan–parent ions list–dynamic exclusion (FS-PIL-DE) strategy coupled with diagnostic product ions (DPIs) and neutral loss fragments (NLFs) is proposed for better constituent detection and structural characterization [15,16]. Finally, the constituents, particularly microconstituents in FAR and AR, were characterized and compared in parallel on the same LTQ-Orbitrap instrument.

2. Results

2.1. Establishment of the Analytical Strategy

In this study, a comprehensive and effective strategy is proposed to systematically screen and identify compounds on a UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS instrument. The analytic strategy roughly consisted of three steps. The first step was online data acquisition. A full mass scan was performed with a resolution of 30,000. Meanwhile, high-resolution extracted ion chromatography (HREIC) was adopted to extract the candidates from the high-quality, accurate raw mass data both in negative and positive ion modes. Secondly, PIL-DE and data-dependent acquisition methods were employed to obtain specific ESI-MS/MS datasets based on those screened candidates. Then, DPI and NLF techniques were used as supplementary tools for the selective detection of constituents that possess similar mass fragmentation behaviors to those of reference standards. Finally, the structures of the compounds were elucidated according to the accurate mass measurement, fragmentation patterns, diagnostic product ions, and literature reports. The general procedures of our strategy and approach are summarized in the diagram shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Summary diagram of the presently developed strategy and methodology.

2.2. Establishment of the Data Acquisition Methods

By employing the full scan method, abundant data were generated with large amounts of invalid data. Thus, to reduce potential disturbances by irrelevant substances and avoid missing target drug compounds (especially trace compounds), HREIC was developed for compound detection [17]. The application of HREIC could intelligently filter the background and matrix-related ions from drug-related ions according to the accurate mass of [M-H]− or [M+H]+ ions. The molecular weights and elemental compositions of compounds derived from the accurate mass measurements can also be readily predicted. As a result, the lower level of target compounds can be captured clearly. For a complicated system, FS was not an appropriate approach to obtain the entire MS/MS dataset due to the numerous potential candidates. Therefore, the PIL-DE method served as a supplementary method to obtain the MS/MS fragmentation of the microconstituents [15]. By means of the PIL-DE method, MS/MS acquisition of predictable constituents that have the same molecular weights could be triggered due to its superior sensitivity and selectivity.

2.3. Fragmentation Pattern Analysis and DPI Determination

To facilitate the structural elucidation of constituents in AR and FAR, sixteen standards, including eight astragalus saponins and eight flavonoids, were subsequently analyzed by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS. All the standards exhibited [M-H]− or [M+H]+ ions of sufficient intensity that could be isolated automatically and subjected to collision induced dissociation (CID)-MS/MS analysis. Mass Frontier v7.0 software (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and manual elucidation were used to acquire comprehensive structural identification of these reference compounds.

In CID mode, compounds are often divided into two parts, such as product ions (emerge in ESI-MS/MS spectra due to their property of being easily ionized) and neutral fragments (observed in ESI-MS/MS spectra due to their mass difference and neutral characteristics) [18,19], which are complementary in structure. It is well documented that compounds with similar backbone structure exhibit comparable fragmentation patterns, resulting in certain diagnostic product ions (DPIs) and regular neutral loss fragments (NLFs). Consequently, the combination of DPIs and NLFs was helpful to rapidly performing the structural elucidation [20,21].

Eight astragalus saponin standards were subsequently analyzed firstly in the CID-MS/MS experiment. For instance, astragaloside I, isoastragaloside I, astragaloside II, isoastragaloside II, and astragaloside IV possess the same backbone structure, and their differences are limited to the quantity and position of acetyl groups connected to xylose. For instance, there are two acetyl groups on the 2 and 3 positions of xylose in astragaloside I, one acetyl group on the 2 position of xylose in astragaloside II, and zero acetyl groups in astragaloside IV. By comparing the MS/MS spectra of their product ions, some characteristic dissociation pathways of astragalus saponins could be summarized, which provided a basis for further characterization of the other candidates. Taking the negative ion mode as an example, all of the deprotonated ions could lose one glucosyl (C6H10O5∙) or xylose (C5H8O4∙) or even both of them in their ESI-MS spectra. Then, the base peak ions of [M-H-162]−, [M-H-132]−, and [M-H-294]− could be formed. Owing to the special structure of the acetyl group (Ac), other characteristic fragment ions were also generated by the loss of 42 (Ac), 60 (Ac+H2O), and 84 (2Ac). These diagnostic product ions could be employed to ascertain the structural skeletons of astragalus saponins and simplify the following structural elucidation.

In addition, we also selected eight flavonoids as subjects to determine their DPIs. Owing to the special structures of flavonoid glycosides, the base peak ion of [M-H-162]− was usually produced via the loss of the glucose moiety in their ESI-MS2 spectra. Meanwhile, the other characteristic ions at [M-H-15]−, [M-H-18]−, [M-H-28]−, [M-H-29]−, [M-H-31]−, [M-H-43]−, [M-H-44]−, and [M-H-61]− were yielded by losing CH3, H2O, CO, HCO, OCH3, CH3+CO, HCO + CH3, and H2O+CO+CH3 in negative mode. Therefore, the DPIs mentioned above could be utilized for deducing the structures of related compounds from abundant complex constituents.

2.4. Structural Assignment of Chemical Constituents in AR and FAR

Saponins and flavonoids are the major chemical constituents in AR. As a result, 107 compounds in total were detected and characterized from AR and FAR by way of UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS with the established strategy. Among these compounds, 42 were attributed to saponins while the remaining 65 were identified as flavonoids. The correlative data are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2, and the HREIC spectra of detected constituents are illustrated in Figure 2. The fragmentation patterns of representative saponins and flavonoids are shown in Figures S1 and S2.

Table 1.

Summary of identified saponins in Astragli Radix (AR) and fermented AR (FAR).

Peak tR
/min		 Ion Mode Formula Theoretical Mass m/z Experimental Mass m/z Error (ppm) MS2/MS3 Fragment Ions Identification FAR AR
A1 7.57 P C48H79O18 943.52664 943.52582 −0.288 MS2[943]:925(100),927(76),486(30),859(13),927(13),845(10),827(6) Soyasaponin I/isomer - +
A2 9.32 P C43H71O15 827.47875 827.47443 −3.218 MS2[827]:709(100),809(10),691(9),768(4),737(2),695(2),577(2),335(2),467(1) Acetylastragaloside II isomer + ++
A3 10.43 P C38H63O11 695.43704 695.43274 −3.391 MS2[695]:577(100),677(12),559(9),583(5),576(2) Mongholicoside II + ++
A4 10.76 N C47H77O19 945.50700 945.50916 4.023 MS2[945]:783(100),489(3),621(2),765(1),651(1)
MS3[783]:489(100),621(53),383(35),651(26)		 Agroastragaloside V + ++
P C47H79O19 947.52155 947.52026 −0.788 MS2[947]:437(100),455(52),419(42),473(22),587(21),569(16),599(12),605(11),617(7)
MS3[437]:419(100),401(18)
A5 11.61 N C41H69O14 785.46983 785.47198 4.834 MS2[785]:491(100),623(26),489(15),435(6),649(6),717(4),741(1) Cyclocanthoside E/isomer + ++
A6* 11.79 N C41H67O14 783.45363 783.45612 4.578 MS2[783]:489(100),621(46),651(36),383(15),453(11),515(8),471(6) Isoastragaloside IV ++ +
A7 11.82 N C42H69O15 813.46474 813.46747 3.375 MS2[813]:745(100),767(67),771(63),607(37),651(20),387(25) Astramembranoside A/isomer + ++
A8 11.89 N C41H69O14 785.46983 785.46277 −4.892 MS2[785]:491(100),623(58),489(44),653(30),717(21),737(20) Cyclocanthoside E/isomer + ++
A9 12.42 N C42H69O15 813.46474 813.46729 3.154 MS2[813]:651(100),687(64),745(47),767(44),473(26),707(23) Astramembranoside A/isomer + ++
P C42H71O15 815.47930 815.47729 −1.788 MS2[815]:437(100),455(48),419(41),473(29),599(20),653(7),278(6),437(6),467(6),745(5)
MS3[437]:419(100),351(26),175(22),215(16),253(16),167(10)
A10 12.55 N C41H69O14 785.46983 785.47180 4.605 MS2[785]:491(100),623(24),717(13),747(4),629(4),701(3) Cyclocanthoside E/isomer - ++
A11 12.59 N C43H69O15 825.46419 825.46735 3.151 MS2[825]:765(100),783(45),757(17),787(12),779(11),673(5),401(4) Astragaloside II isomer + ++
A12 13.32 N C36H61O11 669.42248 669.42383 4.468 MS2[669]:623(100),533(46),465(39),367(29),651(18) Mongholicoside A /isomer + ++
A13 13.79 N C43H71O15 827.48039 827.48138 3.181 MS2[827]:759(100),767(39),784(36),357(34),781(33),616(24)785(22),770(20) Agroastragaloside II + ++
A14 14.00 N C43H69O15 825.46419 825.46710 4.849 MS2[825]:633(100),763(38),765(34),645(27),486(17),643(15),783(15) Astragaloside II isomer - +
A15 14.07 N C36H61O11 669.42248 669.42377 4.378 MS2[669]:623(100),601(57),397(26),533(21),601(20),625(19),641(17),651(15) Mongholicoside A /isomer + ++
A16* 14.27 N C41H67O14 783.45363 783.45813 4.144 MS2[783]:489(100),621(14),383(11),453(4) Astragaloside IV ++ +
A17 14.55 N C41H69O14 785.46983 785.46313 −4.433 MS2[785]:490(100),489(79),491(28),623(16),383(13),621(11) Cyclocanthoside E/isomer + ++
A18* 14.59 N C41H67O14 783.45363 783.45654 3.115 MS2[783]:489(100),383(13),621(12),453(4),401(2),472(2),381(2) Astragaloside III ++ +
A19 16.10 N C51H81O21 1029.52758 1029.52173 −4.619 MS2[1029]:985(100),984(18),967(2) Agroastragaloside III + ++
P C51H83O21 1031.54214 1031.54199 −0.141 MS2[1031]:984(100),494(57),558(52),331(50),667(49),936(48),323(47),482(46),300(45)
A20 16.29 N C48H77O18 941.51209 941.50549 −5.259 MS2[941]:923(100),524(56),873(36),923(32),615(27),523(26),879(20),456(18), Soyasaponin I/isomer + ++
A21 16.31 N C47H73O17 909.48532 909.48804 4.192 MS2[909]:891(100),523(50),569(49),613(49),455(35),701(31),435(18),757(16) Acetylastragaloside I /isomer + ++
A22* 16.67 N C43H69O15 825.46419 825.46796 3.890 MS2[825]:765(100),633(17),621(11),461(10),489(8) Astragaloside II ++ +
P C43H71O15 827.47875 827.47729 −1.762 MS2[827]:269(100),592(67),629(66),351(64),296(63),633(60),709(60),247(59),277(57)
A23 16.74 N C36H59O11 667.40683 667.40820 4.512 MS2[667]:649(100),449(82),621(81),299(80),450(74),485(54) Mongholicoside B + ++
A24 16.85 N C48H77O18 941.51209 941.51392 3.694 MS2[941]:923(100),525(73),615(51),744(49),879(41),457(40),795(37),437(35),597(16)
MS3[923]:525(100),733(55),879(47),437(44),597(28),457(21)		 Soyasaponin I/isomer + ++
P C48H79O18 943.52664 943.52496 −1.200 MS2[943]:599(100),797(88),441(79),423(48),617(28),581(23),520(10),269(8),454(8),867(8),448(8)
A25 16.91 N C43H69O15 825.46419 825.46631 3.892 MS2[825]:783(100),607(32),765(30),735(16),795(10),697(9),758(7) Astragaloside II isomer - +
A26 17.53 N C42H69O15 813.46474 813.46686 4.625 MS2[813]:767(100),274(73),677(18) Astramembranoside A/isomer + ++
A27* 18.12 N C43H69O15 825.46419 825.46643 4.037 MS2[825]:765(100),633(19),717(24),495(20),351(5) Isoastragaloside II - +
A28 18.80 N C42H65O14 793.43853 793.44080 4.937 MS2[793]:631(100),725(24),657(8),724(7),747(5),718(5),697(4) Huangqiyenin E/isomer - +
A29 18.83 N C42H69O15 813.46474 813.46692 4.699 MS2[813]:767(100),677(11),795(1) Astramembranoside A/isomer + ++
A30 18.94 N C45H71O16 867.47476 867.47766 4.608 MS2[867]:807(100),765(61),821(24),731(24),821(23) Astragaloside I isomer + ++
A31 19.16 N C47H73O17 909.48532 909.48846 4.654 MS2[909]:891(100),455(86),569(33),523(29),613(28),407(28),763(26),773(22) Acetylastragaloside I/isomer + ++
A32 19.21 N C48H77O18 941.51209 941.50427 −4.555 MS2[941]:923(100),523(44),879(37),614(36),523(36),613(32),732(31) Soyasaponin I + ++
A33 19.34 N C45H71O16 867.47476 867.47766 4.608 MS2[867]:821(100),799(34),731(23),343(16),787(11) Astragaloside I isomer - +
A34 19.44 P C48H79O18 943.52664 943.52161 −4.750 MS2[943]:796(100),598(88),439(30),597(27),795(13) Soyasaponin I/isomer - +
A35 20.25 N C42H65O14 793.43853 793.44073 4.849 MS2[793]:455(100),613(86),435(85),391(45) Huangqiyenin E/isomer - +
A36 20.34 N C45H71O16 867.47476 867.47662 3.410 MS2[867]:807(100),799(52),765(51),731(44),825(43),731(29) Astragaloside I isomer - +
A37* 20.95 N C45H71O16 867.47476 867.47943 4.649 MS2[867]:781(100),807(55),821(51),765(18),747(16) Astragaloside I ++ +
A38 22.12 N C45H73O16 869.49096 869.49335 4.644 MS2[869]:823(100),801(46),599(18),785(15),536(11),731(10),741(8),705(8) Agroastragaloside I - +
A39* 22.72 N C45H71O16 867.47476 867.47711 3.974 MS2[867]:807(100),747(38),685(29),717(19),765(16),749(10) Isoastragaloside I - +
A40 22.77 N C48H73O19 953.47570 953.47968 3.898 MS2[953]:909(100),849(3),867(2),807(1)
MS3[909]:849(100),807(87),765(80),867(56),747(42)		 Malonylastragaloside I + ++
A41 22.87 N C47H73O17 909.48532 909.48846 4.654 MS2[909]:849(100),867(27),765(24),801(14),807(12),747(11),867(10) Acetylastragaloside I/isomer + ++
A42* 23.79 N C45H71O16 867.47476 867.47754 4.470 MS2[867]:807(100),287(75),765(73),645(65),799(63),723(34),850(31) β-D-glucopyranoside,(3β,6α,16β,20R,24s)-3-[(3,4-di-O-acetyl-β-D-xylopyranosyl)oxy]-20,24-epoxy-16,25-dihydroxy-9,19-cyclolanostan-6-yl - +
Open in a new tab

Table 2.

Summary of identified flavonoids in AR and FAR.

Peak tR
/min		 Ion mode Formula Theoretical Mass m/z Experimental Mass m/z Error (ppm) MS2/MS3 fragment ions Identification FAR AR
B1 4.37 N C29H37O16 641.20926 641.21063 4.708 MS2[641]:479(100),317(75),595(35),611(30),623(26),379(24),610(22) 5′-hydroxy-isomucronulatol-2′,5′-di-o-glucoside + ++
B2 4.47 P C24H25O12 505.13460 505.13318 −1.727 MS2[505]:333(100),335(41),373(26),438(21),281(21),343(13),282(11),317(9),181(7),487(6) Neocomplanoside/isomer + ++
B3 4.76 N C28H31O16 623.16231 623.16388 3.165 MS2[623]:299(100),284(31),604(7),283(6),456(6),605(5),443(5),255(4) Complanatuside isomer - +
B4 5.23 N C28H31O16 623.16231 623.16364 4.780 MS2[623]:299(100),284(32),443(10),240(4),461(3),577(2),605(2),211(2),239(2) Complanatuside isomer - +
B5 5.35 N C22H21O11 461.10948 461.11050 3.773 MS2[461]:299(100),284(9)
MS3[299]:284(100)		 Kaempferol-4′-methylether-3-D-glucoside + ++
P C22H23O11 463.12404 463.12265 −1.809 MS2[463]:445(100),401(4),344(4),234(3),431(1),301(1)
B6 5.53 P C16H17O5 289.10760 289.10645 −2.076 MS2[289]:271(100),270(91),221(78),205(76),233(32),261(17) (3R)-7,2′,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxy isoflavonone/isomer + -
B7 5.99 N C16H11O5 283.06175 283.06198 3.642 MS2[283]:268(100),269(3)
MS3[268]:240(100),239(49),334(46),211(44),195(23)		 Calycosin isomer - +
P C16H13O5 285.07630 285.07529 −1.614 MS2[285]:270(100),253(44),225(18),137(7),271(5),257(3)
B8 6.19 N C24H23O12 503.12005 503.12112 4.401 MS2[503]:299(100),284(23),443(4),461(2),484(1),240(1) Neocomplanoside/isomer - +
B9 * 6.20 N C22H21O10 445.11457 445.11481 4.239 MS2[445]:283(100),268(17) Calycosin-7-glucoside + ++
P C22H23O10 447.12912 447.12695 −3.630 MS2[447]:285(100),334(8),403(2),306(1),241(1)
MS3[285]:270(100),253(41),225(17),137(7),229(5),211(5)
B10 6.26 P C16H13O5 285.07630 285.07678 3.613 MS2[285]:270(100),253(43),225(19),137(9)
MS3[270]:137(100),253(57),214(31),242(13),134(12),213(12)		 Calycosin isomer - +
B11 6.34 P C17H15O6 315.08686 315.08603 −0.903 MS2[315]:300(100),283(20),255(8),167(5),259(4),301(2),287(2),175(2) 7,3′-dihydroxy-8,4-dimethoxyisoflavone/isomer - +
B12 6.22 N C22H21O12 477.10440 477.10532 4.382 MS2[477]:315(100),301(18),300(14),347(13),313(11),458(5),278(4) isorhamnetin-3-D- glucoside + ++
B13 6.35 N C17H13O6 313.07231 313.07236 4.415 MS2[313]:298(100),285(2),295(1),287(1),283(1) 7,3′-dihydroxy-8,4-dimethoxyisoflavone/isomer + ++
B14 6.49 N C22H21O9 429.11965 429.12024 4.200 MS2[429]:252(100),253(25),295(7),267(3),411(2),361(2),383(2),231(2) Ononin isomer + -
B15 6.56 N C23H23O11 475.12513 475.12579 4.845 MS2[475]:298(100),283(50),299(14),297(5),255(4),443(4),194(4),277(3) Odoratin-7-O-β-D-glucoside/isomer + -
B16 * 6.72 N C21H19O10 431.09727 431.09955 3.281 MS2[431]:268(100),269(62),311(7),341(2),283(2) Genistin + ++
B17 6.82 N C23H23O11 475.12513 475.12619 3.687 MS2[475]:299(100),284(13),298(7),460(5),283(2),297(2),431(1)
MS3[299]:284(100),240(1)		 Odoratin-7-O-β-D-
glucoside/isomer		 + -
P C23H25O11 477.13969 477.13742 −3.601 MS2[477]:301(100),345(10),199(10),183(8),453(7)
MS3[301]:286(100),269(33),153(29),245(15),241(14),152(6),223(5),175(2),273(2),123(1)
B18 6.99 N C16H11O5 283.06175 283.06192 4.430 MS2[283]:268(100),269(4)
MS3[268]:240(100),239(63),211(55),224(40),184(28),195(27)		 Calycosin isomer ++ +
P C16H13O5 285.07630 285.07529 −1.614 MS2[285]:270(100),253(43),225(20),285(17),137(9),229(7),286(4),257(3),181(2)
B19 7.02 N C16H15O5 287.09305 287.09225 2.961 MS2[287]:243(100),203(53),201(19),219(11),259(9),173(7),157(5) (3R)-7,2′,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxy isoflavonone/isomer + -
P C16H17O5 289.10760 289.10651 −1.868 MS2[289]:271(100),184(8),252(8),166(7),205(4),182(2)
B20 7.10 N C22H21O10 445.11457 445.11575 4.351 MS2[445]:283(100),268(17)
MS3[283]:268(100)		 Calycosin-7-glucoside isomer - +
B21 7.16 N C17H13O6 313.07231 313.07230 3.224 MS2[313]:298(100),181(17),245(8),137(6),295(6),269(5),139(5),131(3),194(3) 7,3′-dihydroxy-8,4-dimethoxyisoflavone/isomer + ++
B22 7.25 N C21H19O10 431.09892 431.09961 3.421 MS2[431]:268(100),269(48),311(8),413(6),341(4),323(2),412(2) genistin isomer - +
B23 7.28 P C17H15O6 315.08686 315.08575 −1.792 MS2[315]:300(100),283(19),255(9),269(8),297(5),167(5),259(4),138(3) 7,3′-dihydroxy-8,4-dimethoxyisoflavone/isomer + -
B24 7.36 N C15H9O5 269.04610 269.04352 −3.456 MS2[269]:241(100),240(58),225(48),197(25),185(20),213(15) 5,7,4′-trihydroxy- isoflavonone/isomer - +
B25 7.38 N C16H11O5 283.06175 283.06189 4.324 MS2[283]:268(100),269(1)
MS3[268]:240(100),211(58),239(55),224(40),195(25)		 Calycosin isomer + ++
P C16H13O5 285.07630 285.07571 −0.140 MS2[285]:270(100),253(43),225(20),285(14),137(8),229(7),286(5),257(3),181(2),197(1)
MS3[270]:137(100),253(54),214(33),213(14),134(13),242(12)
B26 * 7.52 N C28H31O16 623.16231 623.16339 4.379 MS2[623]:461(100),299(68),443(3) Complanaruside - +
B27 7.56 N C16H11O5 283.06175 283.06158 3.229 MS2[283]:268(100),254(7),269(3),253(1),255(1),239(1),265(1) Calycosin isomer + -
B28 7.69 P C16H13O5 285.07630 285.07550 −0.877 MS2[285]:270(100),253(43),225(19),137(9),229(7),257(3),181(2)
MS3[270]:137(100),253(58),214(29),213(15),134(11),242(11)		 Calycosin isomer + -
B29 7.70 N C24H23O11 487.12513 487.12631 3.793 MS2[487]:283(100),268(50),427(14),193(11),419(10),253(3) Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-o-acetate - +
B30 7.80 P C17H15O6 315.08686 315.08594 −1.189 MS2[315]:300(100),283(19),255(7),167(5),301(5),259(4),138(3),269(3),168(2),297(1) 7,3′-dihydroxy-8,4-dimethoxyisoflavone/isomer + ++
B31 7.87 N C16H11O4 267.06683 267.06693 4.533 MS2[267]:252(100),253(5),249(2) Formononetin isomer + ++
P C16H13O4 269.08138 269.08215 4.886 MS2[269]:254(100),237(51),213(35),253(13),107(9),118(6),241(6),136(5)
B32 7.89 P C26H27O11 515.15534 515.15131 −3.751 MS2[515]:500(100),485(76),339(75),484(56),338(31),324(30),497(27),337(19),323(18) Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-o-butylene ester/isomer + -
B33 7.93 N C29H37O15 625.21434 625.21527 4.116 MS2[625]:301(100),463(9),286(4),445(3),607(2),271(2),473(1) Isomucronulatol-7,2′-di-o-glucoside/isomer + ++
B34 8.12 N C16H11O5 283.06175 283.06168 3.582 MS2[283]:268(100),269(3),255(1) Calycosin isomer - +
B35 8.15 N C23H23O11 475.12513 475.12598 3.245 MS2[475]:298(100),297(48),299(30),283(23),269(12),284(10),457(10),277(6) 7,3′-dihydroxy-8,4-dimethoxyisoflavone/isomer + -
B36 8.24 N C16H11O4 267.06683 267.06702 4.870 MS2[267]:252(100),253(1)
MS3[252]:223(100),208(65),224(54),132(21),195(15),196(5)		 Formononetin isomer + ++
B37 * 8.26 P C22H23O9 431.13421 431.13263 −2.386 MS2[431]:269(100),343(0.3),413(0.2) Ononin - +
B38 8.41 N C17H15O5 299.09305 299.09293 3.115 MS2[299]:284(100),269(1),255(1) Pratensein/ isomer ++ +
P C17H17O5 301.10760 301.10641 −2.126 MS2[301]:167(100),269(26),191(21),147(19),163(12),273(11),207(9),286(6),241(6),270(3)
B39 8.53 P C26H27O11 515.15534 515.15076 −4.819 MS2[515]:339(100),321(3),199(1) Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-O-butylene ester + -
B40 8.54 N C16H15O5 287.09305 287.09183 1.498 MS2[287]:272(100),135(93),165(46),177(29),121(22),147(19) (3R)-7,2′,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxy isoflavonone/isomer - +
B41 8.70 N C29H37O15 625.21434 625.21558 −4.782 MS2[625]:323(100),301(30),245(5),263(3),268(3),283(3),341(2),607(2) Isomucronulatol-7,2′-di-o-glucoside/isomer - +
B42 8.73 N C23H23O11 475.12513 475.12601 3.308 MS2[475]:299(100),284(62),298(18),297(17),283(9),285(9),269(9),151(1) Odoratin-7-O-β-D-glucoside/isomer + -
B43 8.78 N C16H11O4 267.06683 267.06696 4.158 MS2[267]:252(100),253(3),249(2),223(1) Formononetin isomer - +
B44 8.96 N C17H15O5 299.09305 299.09314 3.817 MS2[299]:284(100),269(4) Pratensein/ isomer + ++
9.00 P C17H17O5 301.10760 301.10641 −2.126 MS2[301]:167(100),269(22),191(20),147(15),163(10),273(9),207(7),241(6),286(2),270(2)
B45 9.03 N C17H17O5 301.10870 301.10770 3.479 MS2[301]:286(100),109(14),135(12),147(10),283(8),271(6),179(3),153(2),257(2) (3R)-8,2′-Dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxy-isoflavan/isomer ++ +
9.08 P C17H19O5 303.12325 303.12225 −1.485 MS2[303]:167(100),149(32),123(19),284(16),181(14),168(7),219(6),270(5),193(5)
B46 9.17 N C16H11O4 267.06683 267.06689 3.046 MS2[267]:252(100),253(5)
MS3[252]:223(100),208(70),224(46),132(16),195(15),196(7),179(3),225(2)		 Formononetin isomer + -
P C16H13O4 269.08138 269.08182 3.659 MS2[269]:269(100),254(72),237(40),213(29),270(18),253(10),107(7),118(4),136(3)
MS3[269]:254(100),253(32),214(11),163(7)
B47 9.23 N C17H17O5 301.10870 301.10880 3.811 MS2[301]:286(100),135(19),109(15),147(10),121(8),283(6),271(6),179(6)
MS3[286]:271(100),242(8),268(5)		 (3R)-8,2′-dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxy-isoflavan/isomer - +
9.24 P C17H19O5 303.12325 303.12219 −1.683 MS2[303]:167(100),149(29),123(22),181(16),193(6),285(2),219(1),168(1)
B48 * 9.25 N C23H27O10 463.16152 463.16254 3.757 MS2[463]:301(100),299(1)
MS3[301]:286(100)		 Astraisoflavan-7-O-β-D-
glucoside		 + ++
B49 N C17H13O5 297.07740 297.07748 3.823 MS2[297]:282(100),283(4),279(3),267(2),253(2),254(1),167(1) Afromosin ++ +
9.40 P C17H15O5 299.09195 299.09119 −0.702 MS2[299]:284(100),166(23),243(21),239(11),267(11),285(10),137(4)
MS3[284]:256(100),267(27),166(16),253(10),255(8),227(8),254(6),241(5)
B50 9.42 N C23H27O10 463.16152 463.16241 3.477 MS2[463]:287(100),272(3),395(3),213(1) Astraisoflavan-7-O-β-D-
glucoside isomer		 + -
B51 9.45 N C16H11O4 267.06683 267.06699 4.757 MS2[267]:252(100),253(1)
MS3[252]:223(100),208(73),224(49),132(21),195(13),196(4)		 Formononetin isomer - +
P C16H13O4 269.08138 269.08035 −1.804 MS2[269]:269(100),254(63),237(33),213(25),270(20),253(11),107(7),118(5),136(5),241(3)
MS3[269]:213(100),175(80),254(65),237(38),253(29),238(25)
B52 * 9.58 N C16H11O5 283.06175 283.06183 4.112 MS2[283]:268(100),269(1)
MS3[268]:240(100),211(64),239(62),224(45),195(30),184(26)		 Calycosin ++ +
P C16H13O5 285.07630 285.07520 −1.929 MS2[285]:270(100),253(43),225(20),137(9),229(7),257(3),181(2),175(1)
MS3[270]:137(100),253(50),214(35),134(13),213(13),242(10)
B53 9.61 P C26H27O11 515.15534 515.15076 −4.819 MS2[515]:339(100),500(7),199(7),353(1) Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-O-butylene ester/isomer + -
B54 9.83 N C17H17O5 301.10870 301.10886 4.011 MS2[301]:286(100),109(17),135(12),147(8),271(7),283(7),259(3),121(3) (3R)-8,2′-Dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxy-isoflavan/isomer + -
P C17H19O5 303.12325 303.12247 −0.759 MS2[303]:167(100),149(30),123(23),181(19),193(6)
MS3[267]:152(100),134(29),139(11),167(9),124(8),167(2),106(2)
B55 9.94 P C26H27O11 515.15534 515.15472 −0.132 MS2[515]:500(100),339(59),215(21),501(18),324(10),357(8),340(7)
MS3[500]:324(100),342(75),425(68),383(44),485(17),		 Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-O-butylene ester/isomer + -
B56 10.00 P C17H15O6 315.08686 315.08588 −1.379 MS2[315]:300(100),271(49),283(21),287(13),138(12),259(11),199(9),255(7) 7,3′-dihydroxy-8,4-dimethoxyisoflavone/isomer ++ +
B57 10.04 N C17H15O5 299.09305 299.09329 4.319 MS2[299]:284(100),269(4)
MS3[284]:269(100)		 Pratensein/ isomer - +
B58 10.25 N C17H15O5 299.09305 299.09323 4.118 MS2[299]:284(100),269(6),255(6),165(4),271(4) Pratensein/ isomer + ++
B59 10.29 N C23H23O11 475.12513 475.12598 5.245 MS2[475]:299(100),341(5),323(4),165(3),429(2),397(2),271(2) Odoratin-7-O--D-glucoside + -
P C23H25O11 477.13969 477.13809 −2.196 MS2[477]:301(100),401(46),199(26),269(18),458(15),405(14)
B60 10.40 N C17H17O5 301.10870 301.10886 4.011 MS2[301]:286(100),135(38),121(17),109(13),147(10),283(8),179(7),271(6)
MS3[286]:271(100),242(10),268(7),269(6)		 (3R)-8,2′-dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxy-isoflavan/ isomer - +
P C17H19O5 303.12325 303.12247 −0.759 MS2[303]:167(100),149(29),123(23),181(16),193(7),285(2),261(1),167(1)
B61 10.99 N C16H11O4 267.06683 267.06693 4.533 MS2[267]:252(100),253(5),249(2) Formononetin isomer - +
P C16H13O4 269.08138 269.08191 3.994 MS2[269]:254(100),237(42),213(35),66(13),253(12),107(10),118(5)
B62 11.75 P C17H17O5 301.10760 301.10690 −0.499 MS2[301]:167(100),269(22),191(20),147(16),163(10),273(10),207(7),241(6),207(4) Pratensein/ isomer - +
B63 * 12.20 N C16H11O7 315.04992 315.05081 2.796 MS2[315]:300(100),301(3) Isorhamnetin ++ +
B64 * 13.99 N C16H11O4 267.06683 267.06699 4.757 MS2[267]:252(100),253(3) Formononetin ++ +
P C16H13O4 269.08138 269.08041 −1.581 MS2[269]:254(100),251(65),237(47),213(32),253(12),107(8)
B65 14.79 P C17H17O5 301.10760 301.10666 −1.296 MS2[301]:269(100),167(98),147(61),191(56),273(36),163(32),241(26),207(22),270(10) Pratensein/ isomer ++ +
Open in a new tab

Note: *: Compared with the reference standards; +: detected; -: undetected; ++: more abundant.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

High-resolution extracted ion chromatograms for 107 compounds in AR and FAR. (A) Results of negative ion mode; (B) results of positive ion mode.

2.4.1. Structural Assignment of Saponins in AR and FAR

Most of the saponins in AR possess the same aglycone of cycloastragenol with different substituent groups, such as xylose, glucose, acetyl groups, and so on. They can be divided into type cyclolanostane cycloastragenol (1–11) or cyclolanostane cyclocanthogenin (12–18). Only a minority of saponins belonged to oleanane-type triterpenoids (19), the aglycones of which are attributed to soybean saponin B. There were 29 and 42 saponins screened and identified in FAR and AR, respectively, and their molecular formulae and chemical structures are shown in Table 3.

Table 3.

Chemical information of identified saponins in AR and FAR.

No Name Formula Core structure Substituent group
1 Astragaloside I C45H72O16 graphic file with name molecules-24-02948-i001.jpg R1=glu R2=R5=H R3=R4=Ac
2 Isoastragaloside I C45H72O16 R1=glu R2=R4=H R3=R5=Ac
3 Astragaloside II C43H70O15 R1=glu R2=R4=R5=H R3=Ac
4 Isoastragaloside II C43H70O15 R1=glu R2=R3=R5=H R4=Ac
5 Astragaloside III C41H68O14 R1=R2=glu R5=H R3=R4=Ac
6 Astragaloside IV C41H68O14 R1=glu R2=R3=R4=R5=H
7 Isoastragaloside IV C41H68O14 R1=R3=R4=R5=H R2=glu
8 Acetylastragaloside I C47H74O17 R1=glu R2=H R3=R4=R5=Ac
9 Agroastragaloside III C51H82O21 R1=R2=glu R5=H R3=R4=Ac
10 Malonylastragaloside I C48H74O19 R1=glu R2=H R3=R4=Ac
R5=malonyl
11 Astramembranoside A C42H70O15 graphic file with name molecules-24-02948-i002.jpg R1=H R2=α-O-glu β-H R3=glu
12 MongHolicoside A C36H62O11 graphic file with name molecules-24-02948-i003.jpg R1=glu R2=α-OH β-H R3=OH
13 MongHolicoside B C36H60O11 R1=glu R2=O R3=OH
14 Agroastragaloside I C45H74O16 graphic file with name molecules-24-02948-i004.jpg R1=R2=Ac R3=H R4=glu
15 Agroastragaloside II C43H72O15 R1=Ac R2=R3=H R4=glu
16 CyclocantHoside E C41H70O14 R1=R2=R3=H R4=glu
17 Mongholicoside II C38H62O11 graphic file with name molecules-24-02948-i005.jpg R1= COCH3 R2=OH R3=glu
18 Huangqiyenin E C42H66O14 graphic file with name molecules-24-02948-i006.jpg R=OAc
19 Soyasaponin I C48H78O18 graphic file with name molecules-24-02948-i007.jpg R1=R4=H R2=OH R3=CH2OH
Open in a new tab

With retention times of 11.79 and 14.27 min, A6 and A16 afforded [M-H]− ions at m/z 783.45612 and 783.45813 (C41H67O14, mass error within 5 ppm) in negative ion mode. Both of them produced the base peak ions at m/z 489 by neutral loss of the glucose and xylose moiety. Then, the product ion at m/z 489 further generated the predominant ion at m/z 453 by loss of 2H2O. Meanwhile, several important fragment ions at m/z 651 and m/z 621 were also observed due to the respective losses of xylose and glucose. Combined with standard substances, A6 was positively characterized as isoastragaloside IV, while A16 was speculated to be astragaloside IV.

A18 produced its [M-H]− ion at m/z 783.45654 (C41H67O14) with a mass error of 3.11 ppm. In the ESI-MS2 spectrum, further mass fragmentation resulted in m/z 489 [M-H-Glu-Xyl]−, m/z 621 [M-H-Glu]−, and m/z 453 [M-H-Xyl-Glu-2H2O]−, consistent with the characteristic fragmentation pathways of astragalus saponins. By comparing with the reference standard, A18 was unambiguously identified as astragaloside III.

A2, A11, A14, A22, A25, and A27, which possessed a theoretical [M-H]− ion at m/z 825.46419 (C43H69O15, mass error within 5 ppm), were eluted at 9.32, 12.59, 14.00, 16.67, 16.91, and 18.12 min, in order. In their ESI-MS2 spectra, the [M-H]− ion at m/z 825 generated product ions at m/z 783, m/z 765, and m/z 633 by losing acetyl, acetyl+H2O, and xylose moieties. Among them, A22 was positively identified as astragaloside II, and A27 was unambiguously characterized as isoastragaloside II based on comparison of the MS/MS spectra and retention times with reference standards. The accurate mass weight and major product ions of A2, A11, A14, and A25 were coincident with those of A22, indicating that they could be astragaloside II isomers.

A30, A33, A36, A37, and A39 generated an identical [M-H]− ion at m/z 867.47476 (C45H71O16) with mass errors within 5 ppm. All of their deprotonated molecular ions generated a series of fragment ions at m/z 807, m/z 765, and m/z 747, corresponding to [M-H-Ac-H2O]−, [M-H-2Ac-H2O]−, and [M-H-2Ac-2H2O]−. With the supplements of standard substances, A37 was unambiguously characterized as astragaloside I, while A39 was positively identified as isoastragaloside I. Therefore, A30, A33, and A36 were determined to be astragaloside I isomers.

The ESI-MSn spectra of A16, A18, A22, and A37 are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

The ESI-MSn spectra of A16, A18, A22, and A37.

2.4.2. Structural Assignment of Flavonoids in AR

AR contains a large number of flavonoids and glycosides, which can be divided into flavones (1–5), isoflavans (6–10), and isoflavones (11–21). Among these, the isoflavones are the most important group. Their molecular formulae and chemical structures are summarized in Table 4. In this work, 43 flavonoids in FAR and 47 flavonoids in AR were detected and characterized.

Table 4.

Chemical information of identified flavonoids in AR and FAR.

No Name Formula Core structure Substituent group
1 Isorhamnetin C16H12O7 graphic file with name molecules-24-02948-i008.jpg R1=OH R2=R3=OH R4=H R5=OCH3 R6=OH
2 Kaempferol-4′-methylether-3-β-D-glucoside C22H22O11 R1=O-glu R2=R3=OH R4=R5=H R6=OCH3
3 Isorhamnetin-3-β-D-
glucoside 		C22H22O12 R1=O-glu R2=R3=R6=OH R4=H R5=OCH3
4 Neocomplanoside C24H24O12 R1=O-(6-O-acetyl)-glu R4=R5=H R3=OCH3R2=R6=OH
5 Complanaruside C28H32O16 R1=R6=O-glu R2=OH R3=OCH3 R4=R5=H
6 (3R)-7,2′,3′-trihydroxy-
4′-methoxy isoflavonone		 C16H16O5 graphic file with name molecules-24-02948-i009.jpg R1=R3=R7=H R2=R4=R5=OH R6=OCH3
7 (3R)-8,2′-dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxy-isoflavan C17H18O5 R1=R5=R7=H R2=R6=OCH3 R3=R4=OH
8 Astraisoflavan-7-O-β-D-
glucoside isomer		 C23H28O10 R1=R3=R7=H R2=O-glu R4=OH R5=R6=OCH3
9 5′-hydroxy isomucronulatol 2′,5′-di-O-glucoside C29H38O16 R1=R3=H R2=OH R4=R7=O-glu R5=R6=OCH3
10 Isomucronulatol-7,2′-di-O-
glucoside		 C29H38O15 R1=R3=R7=H R2=R4=O-glu R5=R6=OCH3
11 Formononetin C10H12O4 graphic file with name molecules-24-02948-i010.jpg R1=R2=R3=R4=R5=R7=H R6=OCH3
12 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-
isoflavonone 		C15H10O5 R1=R6=OH R2=R3=R4=R5=R7=H
13 Calycosin C16H12O5 R1=R2=R3=R4=R7=H R5=OH R6=OCH3
14 Afromosin C17H14O5 R1=R3=R4=R5=R7=H R2=R6=OCH3
15 7,3′-dihydroxy-8,4′-
dimethoxyisoflavone		 C17H14O6 R1=R2=R3=R7=H R4=R6=OCH3 R5=OH
16 Ononin C22H22O9 R1=R2=R4=R5=R7=H R3=glu R6=OCH3
17 Genistin C21H20O10 R1=R6=OH R2=R4=R5=R7=H R3=glu
18 Calycosin-7-O-β-D-
glucoside		 C22H22O10 R1=R2=R4=R7=H R3=glu R5=OH R6=OCH3
19 Calycosin-7-O-β-D-
glucoside-6″-O-acetate		 C24H24O11 R1=R2=R4=R7=H R3=6″-acetate-O-glu R5=OH
R6=OCH3
20 Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside-6″-O-butylene ester C26H26O11 R1=R2=R4=R7=H R3=6″-butylene ester-O-glu
R5=OH R6=OCH3
21 Odoratin-7-O-β-D-
glucoside 		C23H24O11 R1=R4=R7=H R2=R6=OCH3 R3=glu R5=OH
Open in a new tab

B9 and B20 possessed [M-H]− ions at m/z 445.11481 and m/z 445.11575 (C22H21O10, mass errors 4.23 ppm and 4.35 ppm) in negative ion mode. DPIs, including [M-H-Glu]− at m/z 283 and [M-H-Glu-CH3]− at m/z 268, were also generated in their ESI-MS/MS spectra. By comparison with reference standards, B9 was positively determined to be calycosin-7-glucoside, while B20 was speculated to be a calycosin-7-glucoside isomer.

Two isomers, B16 and B22, which displayed [M-H]− ions at m/z 431.09955 and m/z 431.09961 (C21H19O10, mass error 3.28 ppm and 3.42 ppm), were eluted at 6.72 and 7.25 min, respectively. They yielded ESI-MS2 product ions at m/z 269 [M-H-Glu]− and m/z 268 [M-2H-Glu]−. B16 was positively identified as genistin based on the comparison of the ESI-MS/MS spectra and retention time with reference standards. Meanwhile, B22 was predicted to be a genistin isomer.

B26 was eluted at 7.52 min with an [M-H]− ion at m/z 623.16339 (C28H31O16, mass error 4.379 ppm). The [M-H]− ion at m/z 623 generated characteristic fragment ions at m/z 461, m/z 443, and m/z 299. The former was generated from the neutral loss of glucose (162 Da) from the [M-H]− ion. The ion at m/z 461 was further fragmented to yield fragment ions at m/z 443 and m/z 299 by neutral loss of H2O (18 Da) and glucose (162 Da). Hence, B26 was tentatively characterized as complanaruside.

In positive ion mode, B37 gave rise to [M+H]+ ions at m/z 431.13263 with a retention time of 8.26 min. Its formula was speculated as C22H23O9 with a mass error of −2.38 ppm. DPIs at m/z 269 [M+H-Glu]+ and m/z 413 [M+H-Glu-H2O]+ were observed. With the addition of standard substances, B37 was tentatively identified as ononin.

In negative ion mode, B26, which displayed [M-H]− ions at m/z 429.11868 (C22H21O9, mass error 1.565 ppm), was eluted at 13.38 min. In the ESI-MS2 spectrum, it yielded product ions at m/z 411 [M-H-H2O]− and m/z 267 [M-H-Glc]−. According to the retention times of reference substances, B26 was unambiguously identified as ononin. Besides this, B63 was eluted at 12.20 min with [M-H]− ions at m/z 315.05081 (C16H11O7, mass error 2.79 ppm). On account of the neutral losses of CH2 and CH3, DPIs at m/z 301 and m/z 300 were respectively generated in its ESI-MS2 spectrum, which suggested the presence of a methoxy group. From the abovementioned analysis, B63 could be deduced as isorhamnetin.

B31, B36, B43, B46, B51, B61, and B64 were all observed with the same [M-H]− ions at m/z 267.06683 (C16H11O4) with mass errors within 5 ppm. They all produced DPIs at m/z 252 [M-H-CH3]− and m/z 253 [M-H-CH2]− in the ESI-MS2 spectra, corresponding to the characteristic fragmentation pathways of a methoxy group. According to the standard references, compound B64 was unambiguously characterized as formononetin, while the others were tentatively predicted to be formononetin isomers.

The ESI-MSn spectra of B9, B16, B63, and B64 are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

The ESI-MSn spectra of B9, B16, B63, and B64.

2.4.3. Comparative Analysis of Constituents in AR and FAR

To date, more than 100 compounds have been isolated and identified from AR. Saponins and flavonoids are considered the two most important constituents of AR for displaying bioactivities in vivo or in vitro [22]. Astragaloside I, isoastragaloside I, astragaloside II, isoastragaloside II, and astragaloside IV account for more than 80% of the total saponin content. It is noteworthy that variation of the saponin content among samples of different origins and parts, even in related preparations, is remarkable [23].

In our work, we found variation of saponins and flavonoids in FAR both in quality and amount, which was different from the former AR extract. The number of saponins species in FAR decreased from 42 to 29, while quantities of certain saponins, such as isoastragaloside IV, increased with the process of fermentation. As above, the flavone aglycones reduced in number from 30 to 25. The species and quantity of flavone glycosides changed obviously, even though the number was 17 in AR as well as in FAR (shown in Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

The classification of constituents in AR and FAR.

Moreover, the relative contents of some representative components changed greatly after fermentation (shown in Figure 6). In the process of fermentation, the contents of flavonoid glycosides—for instance, genistin, calycosin-7-glucoside, and complanaruside—dropped obviously. At the same time, the concentrations of certain saponins such as astragaloside I, astragaloside II, and isoastragaloside I decreased after fermentation, too. This result suggests that fermentation can accelerate the conversion of saponin glycosides into saponin aglycons and the hydrolysis of flavonoid glycosides to monoglycosides or aglycones. Besides this, owing to the presence of methoxyl groups, flavonoids were extremely unstable under the fermentation process. Thus, vast amounts of compounds may be altered into isomers during the fermentation process.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Open in a new tab

The changes in representative constituent contents in AR and FAR.

Noteworthily, the contents of astragaloside IV and isoastragaloside IV were significantly increased after fermentation, which means that the production of astragaloside IV was significantly higher than its consumption. It is also worth mentioning that astragaloside IV, noted for the quality control evaluation of AR in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, exhibits protective effects on cardiovascular disease, focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, liver cirrhosis, pulmonary disease, and diabetic nephropathy [24]. Although its content is relatively low in crude drugs, other astragalosides tend to be transformed into astragaloside IV in the fermentation process, which indicates that FAR may contribute to getting the necessary amount for the desired therapeutic effect. The probable transformations of astragaloside IV are illustrated in Figure 7.

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Open in a new tab

The probable transformations of astragaloside IV.

A few issues remain with this study. For example, fermentation induced a significant difference in compounds in FAR, but no specific transforming relationship was shown. The structures of newly generated constituents in AR by fermentation of Paecilomyces cicadae still remain obscure, but our findings encourage a much more in-depth analysis and structural elucidation.

3. Conclusions

In the present study, an effective strategy was established for the rapid screening and identification of target constituents in AR and FAR using FS-PIL-DE acquisition coupled to DPI analysis on a hybrid LTQ-Orbitrap MS in both positive and negative ion modes. A total of 107 compounds was preliminarily identified, including 42 saponins and 65 flavonoids. Our results indicated that AR fermentation with Paecilomyces significantly influenced the production of saponins and flavonoids. Among these compounds, the saponins were remarkedly reduced in connection with fermentation. This may be due to the degradation of saponins or flavonoid glycosides by hydrolytic enzymes, allowing the deglycosylated main backbone of glucoside to be divided into aglycone and oligosaccharides. This is the first study to show the changes in chemical components of unfermented AR and FAR, and it provides a foundation for further studies on the chemical interaction between microbiota and AR.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Materials and Reagents

Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao was obtained from Beijing Bencao Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) and verified by Professor Yuan Zhang (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China). Paecilomyces cicadae (Miquel) Samson (No. cfcc81169) was provided by China Forestry Culture Collection Center (Beijing, China). Sixteen reference compounds, including astragaloside I, astragaloside II, astragaloside III, astragaloside IV, isoastragaloside I, isoastragaloside II, isoastragaloside IV, β-D-Glucopyranoside, (3β, 6α, 16β, 20R, 24S)-3-[(3,4-di-O-acetyl-β-D-xylopyranosyl)oxy]-20,24-epoxy-16,25-dihydroxy-9,19-cyclolanostan-6-yl, calycosin, calycosin-7-glucoside, formononetin, ononin, astraisoflavan-7-Oβ-D-glucoside, genistin, complanaruside, and isorhamnetin, were all purchased from Chengdu Must Biotechnology Co. Ltd. (Sichuan, China). Their structures were fully elucidated by comparing their spectra with the published literature. Their purities were acceptable (≥98%) according to the requirements for HPLC-UV or HPLC-ELSD analysis.

HPLC-grade acetonitrile and formic acid (FA) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). All other chemicals of analytical grade were available at the work station, Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China). Deionized water used throughout the experiment was purified by a Milli-Q Gradient Å 10 System (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Grace PureTM SPE C18-Low solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (200 mg/3 mL, 59 m, 70 Å) were purchased from Grace Davison Discovery Science (Deerfield, IL, USA).

4.2. Fermentation of AR

AR was hot-air-dried for 2 days and then ground into a powder through a 100-mesh screen form using a blender. Laboratory-scale fermentation using AR was carried out in a 500 mL shake flask with a 250 mL working volume including 50 g of AR powder. A quantity of 50 g of AR powder was dissolved with 250 mL of distilled water and extracted at 121 °C for 15 min by autoclaving. Paecilomyces cicadae (Miquel) Samson grown at 5% (v/v) in PDA liquid medium was used as an inoculum. The mixture was fermented at 28 °C for 7 days on a rotatory shaker at 120 rpm∙min−1. Samples were taken on the 14th day of fermentation for analyses. Unfermented AR was ground into a powder using a 100-mesh screen, inoculated into distilled water without Paecilomyces cicadae (Miquel) Samson, and cultured for 7 days at 28 °C under aerobic conditions.

A volume of 1 mL of AR and FAR solution was added into an SPE cartridge pretreated with 5 mL methanol and 5 mL deionized water, in that order. Afterwards, the SPE cartridges were successively washed with 3 mL deionized water and 3 mL methanol, separately. The methanol eluate was evaporated to dryness by water bath at 70 °C. Then, the residue was re-dissolved in 200 µL methanol solution and centrifuged for 30 min (13,500 rpm, 4 °C). The supernatant was used for subsequent analysis.

4.3. UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS Analysis

4.3.1. Instrument and Conditions

UHPLC analysis was performed on a DIONEX Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), equipped with a binary pump, an auto-sampler, a column compartment, and an electrospray ionization source. The chromatographic separation was carried out at 40 °C using a Waters ACQUITY HSS T3 column (2.1 × 100 mm i.d., 1.8 μm; Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% FA aqueous solution (A) and acetonitrile (B) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, and the linear gradient procedure was as follows: 0–6 min, 8%–30% B; 6–14 min, 30%–40% B; 14–20.5 min, 40%–50% B; 20.5–26 min, 30%–40% B; 26–30 min, 40%–95% B. The injection volume was 2 μL.

HRMS and MS/MS spectra were obtained using LTQ-Orbitrap MS with optimized operating parameters set as follows. Positive ion mode: sheath gas (nitrogen) flow rate of 40 arb, auxiliary gas (nitrogen) flow rate of 20 arb, capillary temperature of 350 °C, spray voltage of 4.0 kV, capillary voltage of 25 V, tube lens voltage of 110 V. Negative ion mode: sheath gas (nitrogen) flow rate of 40 arb, auxiliary gas (nitrogen) flow rate of 20 arb, capillary temperature of 350 °C, spray voltage of 3.0 kV, capillary voltage of −35 V, tube lens voltage of −110 V. The metabolites were detected by full-scan mass analysis from m/z 100 to m/z 1200 with a resolution of 30,000 in positive and negative ion modes. The collision energy for collision induced dissociation (CID) was adjusted to 40% of the maximum. Dynamic exclusion (DE) was used to prevent duplication. The repeat count was set to 5, and the dynamic repeat time was 30 s with a dynamic exclusion duration of 60 s. In addition, MSn stages of the obtained datasets were employed using the PIL-DE dependent acquisition mode.

4.3.2. Data Processing

A Thermo Xcalibur 2.1 (Thermo Scientific) workstation was used for data acquisition and data processing. In order to acquire as many fragment ions as possible, we selected the peaks with intensity over 10,000 for negative ion mode and over 40,000 for positive ion mode to identify components in AR and FAR. Based on the accurate mass, potential element compositions, and occurrence of possible reactions, the predicted atoms for chemical formulae of all the deprotonated and protonated molecular ions were set as follows: C [0–50], H [0–90], O [0–30], and ring double bond (RDB) equivalent value [0–15]. The maximum mass errors between the measured and calculated values were fixed within 5 ppm. All the relevant data, including peak number, retention time, accurate mass, the predicted chemical formula, and corresponding mass error, were recorded.

Supplementary Materials

Figure S1: Proposed fragmentation pathways for representative flavonoids detected in negative ion mode; Figure S2: Proposed fragmentation pathways for representative saponin detected in negative ion mode

Click here for additional data file. (220.5KB, pdf)

Author Contributions

J.Z. conceived and designed the experiments; L.D. supervised the experimental plan; X.M., W.S., Z.G. and Z.L. performed the experiments; Y.W., X.Z. and J.L. analyzed the data; Y.W. wrote the paper; J.Z. and L.D. reviewed the manuscript; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Beijing Nova Program (Z171100001117029) and the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 2018-JYB-XJ008).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  • 1.Xu L., Du B., Xu B.J.F.C. A systematic, comparative study on the beneficial health components and antioxidant activities of commercially fermented soy products marketed in China. J. Food Chem. 2015;174:202–213. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Stanton C., Ross R.P., Fitzgerald G.F., Sinderen D.V. Fermented functional foods based on probiotics and their biogenic metabolites. J. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2005;16:198–203. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2005.02.008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Yang H.J.F.S. Study on Submerged Fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum into Chinese Pharmaceatical Edible Prodct. J. Food Chem. 2003;24:99–102. [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Hussain A., Bose S., Wang J.H., Yadav M.K., Mahajan G.B., Kim H. Fermentation, a feasible strategy for enhancing bioactivity of herbal medicines. J. Food Res. Int. 2016;81:1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.12.026. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Wang Y., He P., He L., Huang Q., Cheng J., Li W., Liu Y., Wei C. Structural elucidation, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of a novel heteropolysaccharide from cultured Paecilomyces cicadae (Miquel.) Samson. J. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019;216:270–281. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Ke B.J., Lee C.L. Cordyceps cicadae NTTU 868 mycelium prevents CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in BALB/c mice via inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines. J. Funct. Foods. 2018;43:214–223. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.02.010. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Wang J., Nie S., Cui S.W., Wang Z., Phillips A.O., Phillips G.O., Li Y., Xie M. Structural characterization and immunostimulatory activity of a glucan from natural Cordyceps sinensis. J. Food Hydrocoll. 2017;67:139–147. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.01.010. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Fu J., Wang Z., Huang L., Zheng S., Wang D., Chen S., Zhang H., Yang S. Review of the botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi) J. Phytother. Res. 2015;28:1275–1283. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Cho W.C., Leung K.N. In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects of Astragalus membranaceus. J. Cancer Lett. 2007;252:43–54. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Liu P., Haiping Z., Yumin L. Anti-Aging Implications of Astragalus Membranaceus (Huangqi): A Well-Known Chinese Tonic. J. Aging Dis. 2017;8:868. doi: 10.14336/AD.2017.0816. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Lv Y.W., Hu W., Wang Y.L., Huang L.F., He Y.B., Xie X.Z. Identification and determination of flavonoids in astragali radix by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with DAD and ESI-MS detection. J. Mol. 2011;16:2293. doi: 10.3390/molecules16032293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Lyu M., Wang Y.F., Fan G.W., Wang X.Y., Xu S.Y., Zhu Y. Balancing Herbal Medicine and Functional Food for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiometabolic Diseases through Modulating Gut Microbiota. J. Front. Microbiol. 2017;8:2146. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02146. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Li S., Wu D., Lv G., Zhao J. Carbohydrates analysis in herbal glycomics. J. Trends Anal. Chem. 2013;52:155–169. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.05.020. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Kim B.G., Shin K.S., Yoon T.J., Yu K.W., Ra K.S., Kim J.M., Kim S.Y., Suh H.J. Fermentation of Korean Red Ginseng byLactobacillus plantarumM-2 and Its Immunological Activities. J. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2011;165:1107–1119. doi: 10.1007/s12010-011-9328-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Zhang J.Y., Wang Z.J., Zhang Q., Wang F., Ma Q., Lin Z.Z., Lu J.Q., Qiao Y.J. Rapid screening and identification of target constituents using full scan-parent ions list-dynamic exclusion acquisition coupled to diagnostic product ions analysis on a hybrid LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. J. Talanta. 2014;124:111–122. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.11.025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Zhang J.Y., Wang Z.J., Li Y., Liu Y., Cai W., Li C., Lu J.Q., Qiao Y.J. A strategy for comprehensive identification of sequential constituents using ultra–High–performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap–Orbitrap mass spectrometer, application study on chlorogenic acids in Flos Lonicerae Japonicae. J. Talanta. 2016;147:16–27. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Shang Z., Cai W., Cao Y., Wang F., Wang Z., Lu J., Zhang J. An integrated strategy for rapid discovery and identification of the sequential piperine metabolites in rats using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometery. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2017;146:387. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.09.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Liang Y., Zhao W., Wang C., Wang Z., Wang Z.B., Zhang J.Y. A Comprehensive Screening and Identification of Genistin Metabolites in Rats Based on Multiple Metabolite Templates Combined with UHPLC-HRMS Analysis. J. Mol. 2018;23:1862. doi: 10.3390/molecules23081862. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Zhang J., Wang F., Cai W., Zhang Q., Liu Y., Li Y., Liu R., Cao G. Identification of metabolites of gardenin A in rats by combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer based on multiple data processing techniques. J. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2015;29:379–387. doi: 10.1002/bmc.3287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Wang S. Fragment ion diagnostic strategies for the comprehensive identification of chemical profile of Gui-Zhi-Tang by integrating high-resolution MS, multiple-stage MS and UV information. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2014;98:22–35. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Zhao W., Shang Z., Li Q., Huang M., He W., Wang Z., Zhang J. Rapid Screening and Identification of Daidzein Metabolites in Rats Based on UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Data-Mining Technologies. J. Mol. 2018;23:151. doi: 10.3390/molecules23010151. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Chu C., Qi L.W., Li B., Gao W., Li P. Radix Astragali (Astragalus): Latest Advancements and Trends in Chemistry, Analysis, Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics. J. Curr. Org. Chem. 2010;14 doi: 10.2174/138527210792927663. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Yu Q.T., Qi L.W., Li P., Yi L., Zhao J., Bi Z. Determination of seventeen main flavonoids and saponins in the medicinal plant Huang-qi (Radix astragali) by HPLC-DAD-ELSD. J. Sep. Sci. 2015;30:1292–1299. doi: 10.1002/jssc.200600422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Liu Z.H., Liu H.B., Wang J. Astragaloside IV protects against the pathological cardiac hypertrophy in mice. J. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018;97:1468–1478. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.092. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Click here for additional data file. (220.5KB, pdf)

Articles from Molecules are provided here courtesy of Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

RESOURCES