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. 2019 Aug 7;24(16):2869. doi: 10.3390/molecules24162869

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Detection techniques and recent applications of μPADs. (A) Colorimetric sensing of HOCl via AuNPs by controlling the concentration of dithiothreitol (reprinted with permission from ref [139]. Copyright 2019, WILEY). (B) Colorimetric sensing using a smartphone with integrated light source (reproduced from ref [172] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019). (C) Electrochemical detection of microRNA with chromogenic reaction (reprinted from ref [178] with permission from Elsevier, Copyright 2018). (D) Non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing with cobalt phthalocyanine, graphene, and ionic liquid (reprinted from ref [177] with permission from Elsevier, Copyright 2017).