Table 2.
Mean daily intake of various food groups (%EI) (by age and sex) and their comparison between 1997 and 2008/2009, in the study population (n = 3581), aged ≥20 years, Lebanon.
| Males (n = 1572) |
Females (n = 2009) |
Both Sexes (n = 3581) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 (n = 436) |
2008/2009 (n = 1136) |
p-Value | 1997 (n = 627) |
2008/2009 (n = 1382) |
p-Value | 1997 (n = 1063) |
2008/2009 (n = 2518) |
p-Value | |
| 20–39.9 years | |||||||||
| Bread | 23 ± 1.18 | 17.41 ± 0.66 | <0.001 | 17.46 ± 0.77 | 14.78 ± 0.53 | 0.005 | 19.76 ± 0.65 | 15.81 ± 0.42 | <0.001 |
| Cereals and Cereal-Based Products | 11.07 ± 1.53 | 17.18 ± 0.86 | 0.001 | 13.58 ± 1.13 | 15.25 ± 0.78 | 0.230 | 12.49 ± 0.91 | 16.21 ± 0.58 | 0.001 |
| Legumes | 3.48 ± 0.75 | 3.98 ± 0.42 | 0.569 | 2.01 ± 0.54 | 3.08 ± 0.37 | 0.110 | 2.67 ± 0.44 | 3.42 ± 0.28 | 0.158 |
| Starchy Vegetables | 4.66 ± 0.54 | 3.87 ± 0.3 | 0.207 | 4.66 ± 0.45 | 4.65 ± 0.31 | 0.977 | 4.62 ± 0.35 | 4.31 ± 0.22 | 0.461 |
| Vegetables | 6.11 ± 0.65 | 5.89 ± 0.36 | 0.770 | 9.32 ± 0.72 | 9.42 ± 0.5 | 0.908 | 7.95 ± 0.51 | 7.94 ± 0.32 | 0.983 |
| Chips and Salty Crackers | 0.16 ± 0.27 | 1.11 ± 0.15 | 0.003 | 0.63 ± 0.24 | 1.45 ± 0.16 | 0.006 | 0.47 ± 0.18 | 1.29 ± 0.11 | <0.001 |
| Nuts and Seeds | 3.65 ± 0.6 | 1.97 ± 0.33 | 0.016 | 2.5 ± 0.46 | 2.73 ± 0.32 | 0.688 | 2.88 ± 0.36 | 2.39 ± 0.23 | 0.265 |
| Dairy Products | |||||||||
| Milk | 1.03 ± 0.21 | 0.78 ± 0.12 | 0.319 | 1.67 ± 0.22 | 1.2 ± 0.15 | 0.089 | 1.42 ± 0.16 | 1.02 ± 0.1 | 0.039 |
| Milk Derivatives | 5.98 ± 0.68 | 6.26 ± 0.38 | 0.719 | 6.83 ± 0.53 | 7.67 ± 0.37 | 0.199 | 6.5 ± 0.42 | 7.05 ± 0.26 | 0.275 |
| Sweetened Milk | 0 ± 0.12 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.097 | 0.12 ± 0.11 | 0.28 ± 0.08 | 0.280 | 0.07 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.075 |
| Meat, Processed Meat, Poultry, Fish, Eggs | |||||||||
| Red Meat | 7.06 ± 0.91 | 6.84 ± 0.51 | 0.832 | 6.22 ± 0.66 | 5.14 ± 0.46 | 0.189 | 6.63 ± 0.54 | 5.85 ± 0.34 | 0.225 |
| Processed Meat | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.06 ± 0.16 | 0.335 | 1.1 ± 0.22 | 0.75 ± 0.15 | 0.202 | 1.21 ± 0.17 | 0.89 ± 0.11 | 0.133 |
| Poultry | 3.61 ± 0.86 | 5.2 ± 0.48 | 0.113 | 2.95 ± 0.53 | 4.22 ± 0.37 | 0.053 | 3.22 ± 0.46 | 4.64 ± 0.29 | 0.011 |
| Fish | 0.9 ± 0.49 | 1.7 ± 0.28 | 0.167 | 0.86 ± 0.25 | 1 ± 0.17 | 0.651 | 0.91 ± 0.24 | 1.3 ± 0.15 | 0.192 |
| Eggs | 1.2 ± 0.21 | 0.68 ± 0.11 | 0.033 | 1.29 ± 0.16 | 0.67 ± 0.11 | 0.002 | 1.27 ± 0.12 | 0.67 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
| Fruits, Total | |||||||||
| Fruits | 5.34 ± 0.42 | 2.49 ± 0.24 | <0.001 | 7.16 ± 0.4 | 4.15 ± 0.27 | <0.001 | 6.38 ± 0.29 | 3.46 ± 0.18 | <0.001 |
| Fresh Fruit Juices | 0.34 ± 0.12 | 0.2 ± 0.06 | 0.301 | 0.59 ± 0.11 | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.019 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.012 |
| Sweets and Added Sugars | |||||||||
| Sweets | 6.16 ± 0.8 | 5.96 ± 0.44 | 0.830 | 8.56 ± 0.74 | 9.14 ± 0.52 | 0.526 | 7.56 ± 0.55 | 7.79 ± 0.35 | 0.728 |
| Added Sugars, Jams, Honey, Molasses | 1.38 ± 0.21 | 1.46 ± 0.11 | 0.737 | 1.7 ± 0.18 | 1.76 ± 0.12 | 0.779 | 1.58 ± 0.13 | 1.63 ± 0.08 | 0.738 |
| Sugar Sweetened Beverages | 5.52 ± 0.49 | 5.22 ± 0.27 | 0.599 | 4.45 ± 0.34 | 4.1 ± 0.24 | 0.408 | 4.9 ± 0.28 | 4.57 ± 0.18 | 0.328 |
| Hot Beverages (Coffee, Tea) | 0.15 ± 0.1 | 0.53 ± 0.06 | 0.002 | 0.63 ± 0.15 | 0.95 ± 0.1 | 0.083 | 0.44 ± 0.1 | 0.77 ± 0.06 | 0.005 |
| Alcoholic Beverages | 0.98 ± 0.35 | 1.05 ± 0.19 | 0.873 | 0.31 ± 0.1 | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.599 | 0.58 ± 0.14 | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 0.982 |
| Added Fats and Oils | 2.37 ± 0.43 | 3.59 ± 0.24 | 0.014 | 2.88 ± 0.36 | 3.72 ± 0.25 | 0.060 | 2.69 ± 0.27 | 3.67 ± 0.17 | 0.003 |
| Fast Food | 3.98 ± 0.93 | 4.13 ± 0.52 | 0.891 | 1.77 ± 0.51 | 2.21 ± 0.36 | 0.491 | 2.63 ± 0.47 | 3.04 ± 0.3 | 0.475 |
| Miscellaneous | 0.37 ± 0.29 | 1.12 ± 0.16 | 0.028 | 0.63 ± 0.21 | 1.06 ± 0.14 | 0.099 | 0.55 ± 0.17 | 1.08 ± 0.1 | 0.009 |
| 40–59.9 years | |||||||||
| Bread | 26.45 ± 1.19 | 21.7 ± 0.84 | 0.001 | 19.3 ± 0.96 | 17.52 ± 0.74 | 0.151 | 22.58 ± 0.74 | 19.37 ± 0.55 | 0.001 |
| Cereals and Cereal-Based Products | 8.92 ± 1.54 | 15.53 ± 1.08 | 0.001 | 11.56 ± 1.36 | 15.32 ± 1.06 | 0.034 | 10.6 ± 1.01 | 15.33 ± 0.75 | <0.001 |
| Legumes | 3.08 ± 0.8 | 4 ± 0.56 | 0.350 | 3.01 ± 0.63 | 3.05 ± 0.49 | 0.962 | 3.03 ± 0.49 | 3.51 ± 0.36 | 0.437 |
| Starchy Vegetables | 3.96 ± 0.52 | 3.32 ± 0.37 | 0.329 | 3.95 ± 0.51 | 3.36 ± 0.4 | 0.375 | 3.96 ± 0.36 | 3.34 ± 0.27 | 0.171 |
| Vegetables | 8.45 ± 0.79 | 7.44 ± 0.56 | 0.304 | 11.22 ± 0.99 | 11.51 ± 0.77 | 0.821 | 9.93 ± 0.64 | 9.64 ± 0.48 | 0.714 |
| Chips and Salty Crackers | 0.04 ± 0.13 | 0.33 ± 0.09 | 0.084 | 0.18 ± 0.13 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.497 | 0.12 ± 0.09 | 0.31 ± 0.07 | 0.131 |
| Nuts and Seeds | 2.69 ± 0.67 | 2.6 ± 0.47 | 0.914 | 2.24 ± 0.61 | 2.56 ± 0.48 | 0.692 | 2.46 ± 0.44 | 2.56 ± 0.33 | 0.862 |
| Dairy Products | |||||||||
| Milk | 0.85 ± 0.18 | 0.48 ± 0.12 | 0.103 | 1.94 ± 0.28 | 1.37 ± 0.22 | 0.129 | 1.4 ± 0.17 | 0.99 ± 0.13 | 0.062 |
| Milk Derivatives | 7.54 ± 0.7 | 6.77 ± 0.49 | 0.376 | 9.19 ± 0.67 | 7.35 ± 0.52 | 0.036 | 8.35 ± 0.48 | 7.16 ± 0.36 | 0.049 |
| Sweetened Milk | 0.05 ± 0.06 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.606 | 0.27 ± 0.2 | 0.35 ± 0.15 | 0.764 | 0.14 ± 0.11 | 0.24 ± 0.08 | 0.468 |
| Meat, Processed Meat, Poultry, Fish, Eggs | |||||||||
| Red Meat | 8.22 ± 1.02 | 7.14 ± 0.72 | 0.395 | 6.8 ± 0.88 | 7.37 ± 0.69 | 0.614 | 7.41 ± 0.66 | 7.26 ± 0.49 | 0.852 |
| Processed Meat | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.79 ± 0.21 | 0.412 | 0.47 ± 0.16 | 0.5 ± 0.12 | 0.891 | 0.78 ± 0.16 | 0.61 ± 0.12 | 0.421 |
| Poultry | 1.84 ± 0.65 | 3.54 ± 0.46 | 0.036 | 2.46 ± 0.53 | 2.86 ± 0.41 | 0.562 | 2.17 ± 0.41 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 0.048 |
| Fish | 1.66 ± 0.4 | 1.14 ± 0.28 | 0.298 | 0.61 ± 0.28 | 0.79 ± 0.22 | 0.623 | 1.06 ± 0.23 | 0.96 ± 0.17 | 0.741 |
| Eggs | 1.75 ± 0.29 | 1.14 ± 0.2 | 0.092 | 1.68 ± 0.26 | 0.55 ± 0.2 | 0.001 | 1.72 ± 0.19 | 0.82 ± 0.14 | <0.001 |
| Fruits, Total | |||||||||
| Fruits | 7.38 ± 0.49 | 4.21 ± 0.35 | <0.001 | 8.55 ± 0.59 | 6.23 ± 0.46 | 0.003 | 7.96 ± 0.39 | 5.32 ± 0.29 | <0.001 |
| Fresh Fruit Juices | 0.55 ± 0.14 | 0.23 ± 0.1 | 0.080 | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.16 ± 0.05 | 0.301 | 0.41 ± 0.07 | 0.18 ± 0.05 | 0.014 |
| Sweets and Added Sugars | |||||||||
| Sweets | 3.5 ± 0.72 | 4.12 ± 0.51 | 0.493 | 5.93 ± 0.83 | 5.89 ± 0.65 | 0.972 | 4.73 ± 0.55 | 5.14 ± 0.42 | 0.560 |
| Added Sugars, Jams, Honey, Molasses | 1.09 ± 0.23 | 1.66 ± 0.16 | 0.042 | 1.11 ± 0.18 | 1.81 ± 0.14 | 0.004 | 1.11 ± 0.14 | 1.74 ± 0.1 | 0.001 |
| Sugar Sweetened Beverages | 2.99 ± 0.45 | 2.79 ± 0.32 | 0.729 | 3.24 ± 0.51 | 2.85 ± 0.4 | 0.550 | 3.1 ± 0.34 | 2.84 ± 0.25 | 0.554 |
| Hot Beverages (Coffee, Tea) | 0.27 ± 0.09 | 0.47 ± 0.06 | 0.084 | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 0.47 ± 0.05 | 0.185 | 0.34 ± 0.05 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.087 |
| Alcoholic Beverages | 2.04 ± 0.43 | 1.58 ± 0.3 | 0.395 | 0.21 ± 0.07 | 0.13 ± 0.06 | 0.435 | 1.04 ± 0.19 | 0.79 ± 0.14 | 0.308 |
| Added Fats and Oils | 3.6 ± 0.55 | 5.77 ± 0.39 | 0.002 | 4.19 ± 0.54 | 5.15 ± 0.42 | 0.177 | 3.93 ± 0.38 | 5.45 ± 0.29 | 0.002 |
| Fast Food | 1.28 ± 0.59 | 1.79 ± 0.41 | 0.485 | 0.64 ± 0.4 | 1.04 ± 0.31 | 0.437 | 0.91 ± 0.33 | 1.4 ± 0.25 | 0.252 |
| Miscellaneous | 0.59 ± 0.32 | 1.22 ± 0.23 | 0.114 | 0.55 ± 0.31 | 1.39 ± 0.24 | 0.037 | 0.62 ± 0.22 | 1.28 ± 0.16 | 0.019 |
| ≥60 years | |||||||||
| Bread | 28.74 ± 1.57 | 22.51 ± 1.13 | 0.002 | 23.37 ± 1.57 | 19.85 ± 1.15 | 0.076 | 26.45 ± 1.11 | 21.14 ± 0.81 | <0.001 |
| Cereals and Cereal-Based Products | 9.12 ± 1.8 | 12.74 ± 1.29 | 0.108 | 11.73 ± 2.03 | 16.56 ± 1.49 | 0.058 | 10.14 ± 1.34 | 14.63 ± 0.97 | 0.007 |
| Legumes | 3.88 ± 0.98 | 4.23 ± 0.7 | 0.778 | 2.43 ± 0.97 | 2.91 ± 0.71 | 0.691 | 3.23 ± 0.68 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 0.672 |
| Starchy Vegetables | 3.13 ± 0.57 | 2.64 ± 0.41 | 0.499 | 3.33 ± 0.81 | 2.92 ± 0.59 | 0.688 | 3.22 ± 0.48 | 2.77 ± 0.35 | 0.464 |
| Vegetables | 9.16 ± 1.07 | 8.66 ± 0.77 | 0.710 | 10.65 ± 1.43 | 12.33 ± 1.05 | 0.348 | 9.79 ± 0.87 | 10.4 ± 0.63 | 0.572 |
| Chips and Salty Crackers | 0.1 ± 0.24 | 0.25 ± 0.17 | 0.627 | 0.01 ± 0.1 | 0.13 ± 0.07 | 0.252 | 0.04 ± 0.13 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.375 |
| Nuts and Seeds | 1.7 ± 0.59 | 1.52 ± 0.43 | 0.814 | 0.83 ± 0.35 | 0.51 ± 0.26 | 0.473 | 1.33 ± 0.35 | 1.03 ± 0.25 | 0.493 |
| Dairy Products | |||||||||
| Milk | 1.92 ± 0.38 | 1.03 ± 0.27 | 0.065 | 2.6 ± 0.55 | 1.83 ± 0.4 | 0.265 | 2.2 ± 0.32 | 1.42 ± 0.23 | 0.059 |
| Milk Derivatives | 8.72 ± 0.91 | 7.89 ± 0.65 | 0.464 | 8.88 ± 1.01 | 9.96 ± 0.74 | 0.397 | 8.89 ± 0.67 | 8.8 ± 0.49 | 0.922 |
| Sweetened Milk | 0 ± 0.17 | 0.23 ± 0.12 | 0.265 | 0.02 ± 0.28 | 0.35 ± 0.21 | 0.365 | 0.01 ± 0.16 | 0.29 ± 0.11 | 0.173 |
| Meat, Processed Meat, Poultry, Fish, Eggs | |||||||||
| Red Meat | 9.74 ± 1.36 | 8.48 ± 0.98 | 0.459 | 6.88 ± 1.32 | 6.44 ± 0.97 | 0.789 | 8.38 ± 0.94 | 7.54 ± 0.69 | 0.477 |
| Processed Meat | 0.06 ± 0.28 | 0.42 ± 0.2 | 0.325 | 0.15 ± 0.32 | 0.62 ± 0.23 | 0.250 | 0.1 ± 0.21 | 0.51 ± 0.15 | 0.116 |
| Poultry | 2.06 ± 0.66 | 2.86 ± 0.47 | 0.331 | 2.03 ± 0.84 | 3.48 ± 0.62 | 0.169 | 2.12 ± 0.53 | 3.11 ± 0.38 | 0.136 |
| Fish | 0.38 ± 0.23 | 0.45 ± 0.16 | 0.801 | 1.53 ± 0.43 | 0.44 ± 0.31 | 0.043 | 0.94 ± 0.23 | 0.44 ± 0.17 | 0.089 |
| Eggs | 1.48 ± 0.43 | 1.08 ± 0.31 | 0.454 | 1.01 ± 0.26 | 0.47 ± 0.19 | 0.113 | 1.24 ± 0.26 | 0.81 ± 0.19 | 0.186 |
| Fruits, Total | |||||||||
| Fruits | 7.61 ± 0.81 | 6.52 ± 0.58 | 0.287 | 11.4 ± 0.97 | 8.23 ± 0.71 | 0.010 | 9.33 ± 0.62 | 7.35 ± 0.45 | 0.011 |
| Fresh Fruit Juices | 0.07 ± 0.11 | 0.22 ± 0.07 | 0.268 | 0.41 ± 0.17 | 0.29 ± 0.12 | 0.600 | 0.22 ± 0.09 | 0.26 ± 0.07 | 0.714 |
| Sweets and Added Sugars | |||||||||
| Sweets | 2.06 ± 0.94 | 4.65 ± 0.68 | 0.029 | 3.62 ± 0.95 | 3.22 ± 0.69 | 0.737 | 2.73 ± 0.67 | 4.02 ± 0.48 | 0.125 |
| Added Sugars, Jams, Honey, Molasses | 2.07 ± 0.33 | 1.62 ± 0.23 | 0.277 | 1.41 ± 0.23 | 1.17 ± 0.16 | 0.407 | 1.69 ± 0.2 | 1.45 ± 0.15 | 0.349 |
| Sugar Sweetened Beverages | 1.39 ± 0.37 | 1.32 ± 0.27 | 0.881 | 1.82 ± 0.5 | 1.79 ± 0.37 | 0.964 | 1.56 ± 0.3 | 1.56 ± 0.22 | 0.997 |
| Hot Beverages (Coffee, Tea) | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.181 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.006 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.002 |
| Alcoholic Beverages | 1.81 ± 0.5 | 1.75 ± 0.36 | 0.919 | 0.1 ± 0.19 | 0.4 ± 0.14 | 0.210 | 1.05 ± 0.27 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.898 |
| Added Fats and Oils | 4.27 ± 0.84 | 7.08 ± 0.6 | 0.008 | 4.01 ± 0.76 | 4.56 ± 0.56 | 0.568 | 4.19 ± 0.57 | 5.88 ± 0.41 | 0.018 |
| Fast Food | 0.01 ± 0.4 | 0.58 ± 0.29 | 0.260 | 0.79 ± 0.4 | 0.18 ± 0.3 | 0.228 | 0.37 ± 0.28 | 0.4 ± 0.21 | 0.936 |
| Miscellaneous | 0.27 ± 0.26 | 0.96 ± 0.18 | 0.032 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.98 ± 0.29 | 0.728 | 0.54 ± 0.23 | 0.96 ± 0.17 | 0.144 |
| Total Population (≥20 years) | |||||||||
| Bread | 25.28 ± 0.74 | 19.82 ± 0.47 | <0.001 | 18.88 ± 0.56 | 16.38 ± 0.41 | <0.001 | 21.81 ± 0.45 | 17.84 ± 0.31 | <0.001 |
| Cereals and Cereal-Based Products | 10.16 ± 0.94 | 15.72 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 12.72 ± 0.8 | 15.41 ± 0.58 | 0.007 | 11.45 ± 0.61 | 15.66 ± 0.42 | <0.001 |
| Legumes | 3.4 ± 0.48 | 4.05 ± 0.31 | 0.248 | 2.39 ± 0.38 | 3.07 ± 0.28 | 0.150 | 2.87 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.21 | 0.080 |
| Starchy Vegetables | 4.12 ± 0.32 | 3.45 ± 0.21 | 0.080 | 4.25 ± 0.32 | 4.01 ± 0.23 | 0.532 | 4.2 ± 0.23 | 3.74 ± 0.16 | 0.099 |
| Vegetables | 7.64 ± 0.46 | 6.91 ± 0.29 | 0.182 | 10.11 ± 0.54 | 10.51 ± 0.39 | 0.554 | 8.95 ± 0.36 | 8.89 ± 0.25 | 0.892 |
| Chips and Salty Crackers | 0.12 ± 0.14 | 0.71 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 0.4 ± 0.14 | 0.91 ± 0.1 | 0.003 | 0.31 ± 0.1 | 0.81 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Nuts and Seeds | 2.9 ± 0.37 | 2.06 ± 0.24 | 0.060 | 2.24 ± 0.32 | 2.33 ± 0.23 | 0.808 | 2.53 ± 0.24 | 2.19 ± 0.17 | 0.251 |
| Dairy Products | |||||||||
| Milk | 1.15 ± 0.14 | 0.75 ± 0.09 | 0.017 | 1.87 ± 0.17 | 1.36 ± 0.12 | 0.018 | 1.53 ± 0.11 | 1.09 ± 0.08 | 0.001 |
| Milk Derivatives | 7.09 ± 0.43 | 6.77 ± 0.27 | 0.536 | 7.8 ± 0.39 | 7.99 ± 0.28 | 0.688 | 7.5 ± 0.29 | 7.42 ± 0.2 | 0.822 |
| Sweetened Milk | 0.02 ± 0.07 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.040 | 0.15 ± 0.1 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.189 | 0.09 ± 0.06 | 0.26 ± 0.04 | 0.022 |
| Meat, Processed Meat, Poultry, Fish, Eggs | |||||||||
| Red Meat | 7.93 ± 0.61 | 7.32 ± 0.39 | 0.400 | 6.51 ± 0.49 | 6.01 ± 0.36 | 0.416 | 7.16 ± 0.38 | 6.59 ± 0.26 | 0.219 |
| Processed Meat | 1.05 ± 0.18 | 0.84 ± 0.11 | 0.319 | 0.76 ± 0.14 | 0.65 ± 0.1 | 0.508 | 0.88 ± 0.11 | 0.74 ± 0.08 | 0.270 |
| Poultry | 2.73 ± 0.46 | 4.21 ± 0.3 | 0.008 | 2.64 ± 0.35 | 3.71 ± 0.26 | 0.014 | 2.68 ± 0.28 | 3.95 ± 0.19 | <0.001 |
| Fish | 1.12 ± 0.26 | 1.28 ± 0.17 | 0.609 | 0.87 ± 0.18 | 0.87 ± 0.13 | 0.967 | 0.98 ± 0.15 | 1.06 ± 0.1 | 0.650 |
| Eggs | 1.44 ± 0.17 | 0.92 ± 0.11 | 0.008 | 1.38 ± 0.13 | 0.61 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 1.44 ± 0.1 | 0.74 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Fruits, Total | |||||||||
| Fruits | 6.42 ± 0.31 | 3.85 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 8.17 ± 0.32 | 5.41 ± 0.23 | <0.001 | 7.36 ± 0.22 | 4.72 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Fresh Fruit Juices | 0.38 ± 0.08 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 0.078 | 0.45 ± 0.07 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.011 | 0.42 ± 0.05 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.002 |
| Sweets and Added Sugars | |||||||||
| Sweets | 4.33 ± 0.48 | 5.11 ± 0.3 | 0.170 | 7.08 ± 0.5 | 7.25 ± 0.36 | 0.788 | 5.84 ± 0.35 | 6.3 ± 0.24 | 0.279 |
| Added Sugars, Jams, Honey, Molasses | 1.36 ± 0.14 | 1.59 ± 0.09 | 0.187 | 1.47 ± 0.12 | 1.69 ± 0.09 | 0.139 | 1.44 ± 0.09 | 1.64 ± 0.06 | 0.079 |
| Sugar Sweetened Beverages | 3.84 ± 0.28 | 3.67 ± 0.18 | 0.606 | 3.71 ± 0.26 | 3.37 ± 0.19 | 0.282 | 3.75 ± 0.19 | 3.52 ± 0.13 | 0.314 |
| Hot Beverages (Coffee, Tea) | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.47 ± 0.08 | 0.71 ± 0.06 | 0.019 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.59 ± 0.04 | 0.001 |
| Alcoholic Beverages | 1.53 ± 0.24 | 1.36 ± 0.15 | 0.555 | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.879 | 0.83 ± 0.11 | 0.74 ± 0.08 | 0.502 |
| Added Fats and Oils | 3.14 ± 0.33 | 4.97 ± 0.21 | <0.001 | 3.49 ± 0.28 | 4.29 ± 0.21 | 0.025 | 3.38 ± 0.21 | 4.59 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
| Fast Food | 2.23 ± 0.46 | 2.69 ± 0.3 | 0.410 | 1.28 ± 0.31 | 1.55 ± 0.22 | 0.478 | 1.67 ± 0.26 | 2.09 ± 0.18 | 0.193 |
| Miscellaneous | 0.42 ± 0.18 | 1.13 ± 0.11 | 0.001 | 0.66 ± 0.16 | 1.14 ± 0.12 | 0.019 | 0.58 ± 0.12 | 1.12 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
Values in this table represent means ± standard error (SE). The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to estimate the adjusted means of dietary intake. Numbers in bold face are statistically significant (p-value ≤ 0.05). Abbreviations: EI: energy intake.