Table 1.

Study design, characteristics of sample, and treatment procedures.

Authors	Design	Sample characteristics (age & gender)	Intervention Setting	Intervention Procedure	Measures	Results
Cox and Morschauser (1997)	Pre-post with no comparison group, 3 years with 9-year regular follow ups	Gender not specified General inmate population & personnel from all county jails and most Police Department lockups in the 57 counties	Adult jail facilities- New York, United States	“Local Forensic Suicide Prevention Crisis Service Program”- an 8-hour basic suicide prevention curriculum and procedure guide-lines for jail officer trainers and clinicians, with a 4-hour suicide prevention refresher train-ing and a 14-hour criminal justice system/suicide prevention training for mental health providers	pre- and post-implementation rates of suicide in jails; survey of 46 jails (conducted by the Bureau of Forensic Services)	Suicides in local jails diminished from 26 in 1984 to 9 in 1996; 78% of the respondents reported improved mental health services following implementation of the program
Hall and Gabor (2004)	Pre-post with no comparison group with one-year and two-year follow-up	Gender not specified N = 260; general inmate population n = 242, SAM volunteers n = 18	Adult prison facility- Alberta, Canada	SAM volunteers (also incarcerated) undergo are trained on topics including effective and active listening, suicide prevention and intervention, non-verbal communications, the nature of mental illness, and the concept of befriending. Requests could be made by inmates at any time to meet with a SAM volunteer	Contact sheets completed by SAM volunteers that summarize information relating to the contact; in-depth interviews conducted with volunteers; surveys completed by general inmate population; questionnaire completed by correctional officers; interviews conducted with professional staff.	SAM volunteers exceeded target number of contacts by 27% During 5-year period, four completed suicides were recorded; effect of intervention is inconclusive given the low absolute frequency of suicide in this facility “The general inmate population viewed the service as accessible and helpful”
Junker et al. (2005)	Pre-post with no comparison group, two 12-week time periods	Gender not specified N = 37; mean age 34.38	Federal Bureau of Prisons Medical Referral Center within Federal penal system- United States	Suicidal individuals were placed under constant observation- in the first 12-week interval, prison staff conducted the observation, and in the second 12-week interval, trained inmate observers conducted the observation. Inmate observers participated in 4-hour training sessions provided by a psychologist.	Recorded log entries by observers at 15-minute intervals; inmate medical records; email notification system which tracked suicide watches and watch discontinuation	There was a significant decrease in the number of hours on watch after trained inmate observers were applied, particularly for inmates with a psychotic diagnosis. There was a 52% decrease in the number of individuals on watch after peer-observer program implementation among the personality disorder group.
Mitchell et al. (2011)	Pre-post with one comparison group Multi-RCT design with 11-month follow-up	Gender not specified N = 40 CBT n = 19, TAU n = 21; mean age 15	Youth correctional facilities- United Kingdom	CBT group received intervention that emphasized flexibility, accessibility and inclusiveness and motivation (to maximize engagement and retention) on a weekly basis. TAU group received any individualized interventions for emotional or mental health problems routinely offered at that specific trial site	SAVRY assessment; WASI; Youth Self Report (YSR); DCP; SNASA	There were reductions over time in problem severity for self-harm and suicidal ideation (F [1,36] ¼ 7.66, p < 0.01)
Pratt et al. (2015)	Pre-post with one comparison group RCT with four-month and six-month follow-up	N = 62 (all men) CBT + TAU n = 31 TAU alone n = 31 mean age 35.2	Adult male prison facility- England	CBT participants received up to 20 1-h sessions, twice weekly during the initial phases of therapy and once-weekly sessions when therapeutic engagement had been established. Intervention included five components: 1) Attention broadening, 2) Cognitive restructuring, 3) Mood management and behavioural activation 4) Problem-solving training, 5) Improving self-esteem and positive schema Participants randomized to the TAU group received the usual care	number of episodes of suicidal or SIB in the past 6 months (assessed by examination of participants' prison records); Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSSI); Suicide Probability Scale; Beck Hopelessness, Depression and Anxiety Inventory; Robson Self-Concept Questionnaire; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Standardised Assessment of Personality – Abbreviated Scale	At 6-month assessment the mean number of SIBs for the CBSP group had decreased by almost 50% to 0.58, compared to only 1.48 for the TAU group; CBSP group engaged in fewer SIBs compared with the TAU group; no participants within the CBSP group were found to have increased numbers of SIBs relative to baseline, whereas within the TAU group six participants had increased numbers of SIB.
Riaz and Agha (2012)	Pre-post with no comparison group with one-month follow-up	N = 9 (all Pakistani women); mean age 30.9	Adult female prison- Pakistan	12 sessions of CBT administered to group of 9 women for four months, in 45–60 min sessions, once per week (12 sessions total). Intervention included psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, problem-solving, and relaxation procedures.	Deliberate Self-harm inventory and Brief COPE; type and number of episodes reported by incarcerated women	Mean scores of some adaptive coping methods showed improvement post-therapy. Therapy had delayed time of average attempt. The number of DSH episodes was minimal during therapy and did not occur between end of intervention and follow-up.
Rohde et al. (2004)	Pre-post with one comparison group	N = 76 (male adolescents) in 2 groups; one group assigned to the Coping Course n = 46, One group assigned to usual care n = 30; mean age 16 Not randomly selected	Female youth correctional facility- Oregon, United States	Adolescents were randomly assigned to either Coping Course or usual care. Coping Course involved 16 treatment sessions over the course of 8 weeks with a group leader teaching emotion regulation skills. Control group received TAU, which varied but generally included drug/alcohol groups, critical thinking-skills intervention, and sex offender groups. Incentive of $10 was offered	Questionnaires were completed by participants twice over the 8-week period. Questionnaire included LAS-SF (assesses suicide proneness), Coping skills, Self-Esteem Scale, Loneliness Scale, Social Adjustment Scale, and Suicidal Ideation/Attempts.	Comparing pre and post-intervention, there was a statistically significant decrease in LAS total score and LAS death-related scores among those in the intervention group
Trupin et al. (2002)	Pre–post with two comparison groups and 90 day follow-up	N = 60 (all adolescent females) in 3 groups; one treatment condition applied in Mental Health Cottage (MHC) n = 22, one treatment condition applied in General Population Cottage (GPCD) n = 23, one TAU condition applied in General Population Comparison Cottage (GPCC) n = 15; mean age 15.2	Female youth correctional facility- Washington, United States	DBT administered to MHC and GPCD for four weeks, in 60–90 min sessions, once or twice per week. Treatment was delivered in a group format with eight residents per group.Five categories of skills were taught: Core Mindfulness, Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotion Regulation, Distress Tolerance and Self-Management. Staff was trained in DBT for 80 h prior to study. GPCC received TAU (behavioral modification program)	Initial interviews included DISC, CAFAS, and rating of functional impairment; Daily Behavior logs done by staff Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument (MAYSI) and Community Risk Assessment Scores (CRA) done at intake and 90-day follow-up Daily Diary Card done by participants recording the frequency of coping skill usage	No significant risk score change by DBT condition, but overall decrease in risk score across all groups. MHC participants demonstrated significant decrease in serious behavior problems during 10-month period of the study, including a decrease in suicidal acts. *lack of suicidal self-mutilating and para-suicidal behavior primary targets of DBT
Welfare and Mitchell (2005)	Pre-post with no comparison and 6-week follow-up	Gender not specified N = 16 (all adolescents)	Youth correctional facility- United Kingdom	Access program was delivered over 12 sessions, each session involving an hour of classroom work and an hour in the gymnasium.Psychologist and PE Officer delivered the course.Program is designed to increase self-esteem and decrease hopeless and incidents of self-harm.	Beck Hopelessness Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Social Problem-Solving Inventory, Locus of Control Scale; Personal Officers completed Staff Assessment Checklists	According to participant's self-report data, there was an improvement in the Beck Hopelessness scale and self-esteem.Staff reports indicate a decrease in participant actual and threatened self-injury that was maintained at 6-week follow-up. Records of self-harm incidents show that the outcomes for participants were significantly better than for those in the wait-list group who did not receive the intervention.