Comparison of risperidone, olanzapine and quetiapine: effects on body weight, serum blood glucose and prolactin

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a chronic illness with a lifetime prevalence of 1% and with serious physical, social and economic consequences. Over the past decade, atypical antipsychotic medications have become the first-line treatment for schizophrenia (Breier et al, 2005).

The extensive use of atypical antipsychotics is based on their clinical efficacy (for both positive and negative symptoms) and lesser side-effects (e.g. extrapyramidal symptoms) compared with conventional antipsychotics. However, the unique pharmacodynamic profiles and accumulating evidence suggest that these agents, particularly olanzapine and risperidone, do have certain side-effects, including weight gain and elevated blood glucose and serum prolactin levels. These side-effects are a burden to patients and may affect adherence to treatment. The prescribing clinician has to weigh up the risks and benefits of a particular antipsychotic in an individual case.

There is a growing concern about the metabolic syndrome and its complications with the long-term use of at least some of the atypical drugs (American Diabetes Association, 2004). Weight gain, high levels of cholesterol and high blood glucose concentrations are part of the metabolic syndrome. These factors increase the risk for diabetes mellitus and are a risk factor for coronary heart disease (Straker et al, 2005). Before the introduction of atypical antipsychotics, prolactin elevation was an inevitable risk of treatment with antipsychotics. Prolactin elevation is less of a concern with some of the atypical agents. The exception is risperidone, which results in prolactin elevations that are similar to those associated with first-generation antipsychotics (Allison et al, 1999).

The present study was designed to determine whether three atypical antipsychotics, risperidone, olanzapine and quetiapine, differ from each other in their effects on body weight and blood glucose and serum prolactin levels.

Methods

This randomised clinical trial was conducted at the out-patient Department of Psychiatry, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital and the Free Psychiatric Clinic at Ahbab Hospital, Ravi Road, Lahore, Pakistan. The study protocol was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

One hundred and twenty drug-naive patients aged between 18 and 58 years who had schizophrenia, diagnosed according to DSM–IV–TR criteria, were eligible after they had given their informed consent. Patients with a total score on the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) of 60 or more were included. Those with serious physical or neurological illnesses were excluded.

Patients were randomly allocated to receive risperidone (n = 40), olanzapine (n = 40) or quetiapine (n = 40). Dosing was flexible: risperidone, 1–6 mg/day; olanzapine, 5–20 mg/day; and quetiapine, 100–600 mg/day. Doses were adjusted for each patient to achieve maximum efficacy with minimum adverse effects. Each drug was administered twice daily for up to 90 days. The only concomitant medication allowed during the study period was lorazepam (≤ 4 mg/day).

Age, gender, marital status, education and family history of psychiatric disorder were recorded for each patient. Duration of illness ranged from 6 months to 4 years. Patients’ body weight, blood glucose and serum prolactin levels were recorded at baseline, and at 15, 30, 60 and 90 days of taking antipsychotic medication. Blood was obtained approximately 12 hours after the last dose. Assessments based on the PANSS were conducted at baseline and 90 days after random assignment to treatment.

Results

The sample comprised 83 men (69%) and 37 women (31%). Their mean (s.d.) age was 35.4 (9.6) years and their mean (s.d.) duration of illness was 24.9 (11.3) months. Sixty-one patients (51%) reported a family history of psychiatric illness. Mean (s.d.) doses of drugs were: 4.2 (1.1) mg risperidone, 16.9 (3.7) mg olanzapine and 342.8 (135.9) mg quetiapine. There were seven drop-outs in the risperidone group, three in the olanzapine group and one in the quetiapine group.

Olanzapine-treated patients had a significant increase in body weight and blood glucose level compared with those on risperidone or quetiapine. Risperidone-treated patients had a raised serum prolactin level compared with those on olanzapine or quetiapine. The results are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Side-effect profiles of the three atypical drugs.

	Stage	Mean	s.d.
Risperidone (n = 33)
Body weight (kg)	Baseline	69.0	9.5
	90 days	70.7*	9.5
Blood glucose (mg/dl)	Baseline	114.9	27.2
	90 days	118.0	19.1
Serum prolactin (ng/dl)	Baseline	16.6	8.3
	90 days	49.3*	24.5
Olanzapine (n = 37)
Body weight (kg)	Baseline	70.1	8.5
	90 days	72.4*	8.6
Blood glucose (mg/dl)	Baseline	123.3	29.9
	90 days	166.6*	53.2
Serum prolactin (ng/dl)	Baseline	14.0	6.0
	90 days	14.9*	6.0
Quetiapine (n = 39)
Body weight (kg)	Baseline	64.7	8.7
90 days	65.4*	8.7
Blood glucose (mg/dl)	Baseline	114.4	19.3
	90 days	115.0	18.6
Serum prolactin (ng/dl)	Baseline	12.6	6.4
	90 days	13.5*	6.6

^*P < 0.05 for inter-group comparisons (see text).

The groups were matched at baseline. After 90 days, a significant decrease in PANSS score was observed in the risperidone group, to a mean of 35.7 (6.4), followed by the olanzapine group, to a mean of 41.5 (6.3), and quetiapine group, to a mean of 41.9 (5.7) (Table 2).

Table 2. PANSS scores in the three groups.

	Baseline		90 days
Groups	Mean	s.d.	Mean	s.d.
Quetiapine (n = 39)	61.0	4.1	41.9	5.7
Risperidone (n = 33)	66.2	5.3	35.7	6.5
Olanzapine (n = 37)	64.6	4.8	41.5	6.3

P < 0.05 for both the decrease over time in all three groups.

Discussion

In a systematic review (Taylor & McAskill, 2000), it was found that the risk of increase in body weight associated with olanzapine, quetiapine and risperidone was 14–27% at 6–8 weeks and as high as 40% by 3.5 years. But there was a lack of direct long-term comparisons. However, Bryden & Kopala (1999) suggest that the risk of weight gain is greatest with olanzapine, probably intermediate with risperidone and low with quetiapine, which is similar to the current study.

In a study by Gupta et al (2004) it was notable that weight declined when patients were switched from olanzapine to quetiapine after they had gained more than 20% of their weight during olanzapine treatment. In that 10-week study, 12 patients lost a mean of 2.25 kg.

A trial comparing clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone and haloperidol found similar results as the current study for olanzapine and risperidone regarding elevation of blood glucose levels. Clozapine and haloperidol were associated with significantly elevated mean glucose levels after 8 weeks of treatment compared with risperidone. Changes in glucose levels were independent of weight increase in all four treatment groups; significant weight gain was observed in olanzapine-treated patients, followed by clozapine- and risperidone-treated patients (Gupta et al, 2004).

The current study found that risperidone gave a greater overall reduction of scores on PANSS at 90 days than did either olanzapine or quetiapine (see also Lindenmayer et al, 2003).

A double-blind comparison of olanzapine and quetiapine in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder showed that both medications improved symptoms, with similar response rates. Olanzapine appeared to be better than quetiapine on overall PANSS response, while quetiapine was significantly better than olanzapine on the disorientation scale only. In terms of side-effects, quetiapine appeared to have a lesser effect on prolactin levels. Both medications caused weight gain (Svesta et al, 2003).

Another study has compared olanzapine with risperidone in relation to serum prolactin levels. A significantly lower proportion of patients receiving olanzapine experienced an elevation above standard reference ranges in prolactin concentration (51.2% v. 94.4%) (Tran et al, 1997). The present study found a similar trend.

One study showed that both olanzapine and risperidone were effective, but with olanzapine apparently significantly more effective. Both medications were associated with a 2 kg weight gain during the course of the study (Svesta et al, 2003). These results are in line with those of the current study.

The current study also found at 90 days a 46% reduction in PANSS score with risperidone, compared with 36% with olanzapine. An 8-week study randomly allocated patients to quetiapine (400–800 mg/day), olanzapine (10–20 mg/day) or risperidone (4–8 mg/day). The quetiapine group had a 31% improvement in PANSS score, while the olanzapine group had a 25% improvement and the risperidone group a 21% improvement. Weight gain was more prominent with olanzapine: 36% of the patients had a weight gain of > 5% from baseline, compared with 17% of the risperidone patients and 13% of the quetiapine patients (Sachetti et al, 2003). The present study had similar results.