Abstract
Background: An isthmocele is a diverticulum on the anterior wall of the uterine isthmus at the site of a cesarean delivery scar. We evaluated the prevalence of infertility among patients with isthmocele, the resolution of symptoms, and infertility outcomes after hysteroscopic isthmoplasty.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 35 consecutive patients with symptomatic isthmocele between 2010 and 2015 at Hospital Piero Palagi in Florence, Italy. Patients with symptomatic isthmocele had postmenstrual abnormal uterine bleeding, sovrapubic pain, and infertility.
Results: The study population was divided into Group A – Fertile Patients (n=19) and Group B – Infertile Patients (n=16) according to the prevalence of infertility after the diagnosis of isthmocele. Group B was subdivided into Group B1 (became pregnant, n=9) and B2 (did not become pregnant, n=7) according to infertility resolution after isthmocele treatment. We found statistically significant differences between Groups A and B regarding the number of cesarean sections (P=0.0205), the grade of isthmocele (P=0.0421), and body mass index (P=0.0001). In the subgroup analysis, we found statistically significant differences between Groups B1 and B2 for age (P=0.0151), grade of isthmocele (P=0.0361), and cervical dilatation (P=0.0293).
Conclusion: We identified a subgroup of patients at higher risk of being infertile after the diagnosis of isthmocele and a subgroup of patients who could benefit the most in terms of fertility after minimally invasive hysteroscopic surgery.
Keywords: Cesarean section, hysteroscopy, infertility–female, isthmocele, metrorrhagia
INTRODUCTION
The cesarean section (c-section) rate is steadily increasing all over the world1 despite the 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) statement in favor of vaginal delivery.2 WHO proposes using the Robson classification system as a global standard for assessing, monitoring, and comparing c-section rates within healthcare facilities over time and between facilities.
One of the most common gynecologic sequelae of c-section is a uterine scar with deficient healing, known as an isthmocele or c-section defect.3,4 Isthmocele is defined as a diverticulum on the anterior wall of the uterine isthmus or the cervical canal located near a cesarean delivery scar.5 The prevalence of symptomatic isthmocele after c-section is still unknown,6 with wide variations reported in different studies, ranging from 19.4%-88%.7
The poor contractility of myometrium around the isthmocele caused by the presence of fibrotic tissue can produce a blood drainage deficiency with accumulation of blood during the menstrual cycle at the level of the scar and subsequent spotting,3,8 normally during the first week of the cycle.
This abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) may be accompanied by dysmenorrhea and pelvic pain attributable to the concomitant inflammation.9,10 Resectoscopic treatment of isthmocele offers the possibility of an effective, safe, and well-tolerated resolution of associated bleeding symptoms.11 Florio et al showed that resectoscopic surgery is a valid way to treat patients with symptoms of prolonged postmenstrual uterine bleeding caused by isthmocele. Data from the study indicate that resectoscopy may be the first choice because it is minimally invasive and yields good therapeutic results.12 Laparoscopic repair of isthmocele could be another option.
Isthmocele contributes to the development of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy,7 a critical condition considering the high rate of life-threatening complications such as massive hemorrhage. Isthmoplasty could potentially prevent the occurrence of a scar ectopic pregnancy, thereby preventing massive blood loss and allowing the conservation of the uterus to maintain fertility, health, and quality of life.13-16
The link between infertility and isthmocele is based on a pathogenetic hypothesis that has never been demonstrated by any prevalence or case-control study. The effectiveness of hysteroscopic isthmoplasty in restoring fertility has been shown only in one small clinical study.17
The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of infertility among patients with symptomatic isthmocele who had postmenstrual AUB, sovrapubic pain, and infertility and the resolution of symptoms and infertility after hysteroscopic isthmoplasty.
METHODS
This retrospective study was conducted at the Hospital Piero Palagi in Florence, Italy, between 2010 and 2015 in consecutive patients with symptomatic isthmocele. The hospital is a first-level care facility located in central Italy where the authors perform approximately 1,000 one-day gynecologic minimally invasive procedures every year.
The study was exempted from institutional review board approval because all the data were deidentified and collected as part of routine clinical management. Patients signed an informed consent for the surgical procedure. Patients were reevaluated 30 days after surgery with office hysteroscopy to assess the surgical correction of isthmocele and resolution of symptoms and evaluated again during their routine well-woman annual examinations. The follow-up for all patients consisted of a transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) and an interview every 6 months. Data regarding the surgical procedure and the follow-ups were obtained from patients' electronic medical records.
Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of isthmocele, fertile age and willingness to become pregnant, at least one c-section, postmenstrual AUB for 2-13 days or sovrapubic pelvic pain, and no previous medically assisted attempt to conceive. Exclusion criteria were distance between the bladder and the edge of the isthmocele (measured by ultrasound) of <4 mm (as outlined by other research groups18 to reduce the risk of injury), Asherman syndrome, or presence of other female or male causes of infertility.
The diagnosis of isthmocele was made through a TVU using the Voluson 730 ultrasound system (General Electric) with a 5-MHz transvaginal transducer. The examination was carried out with the patient in the lithotomy position and with an empty bladder 3-6 days after the patient's last menstrual period and was confirmed with office hysteroscopy by the same operator. The length and height of any scar defect were measured. In addition, the thickness of the myometrium adjacent to and over the defect was measured.
According to the ultrasound measurements, the isthmocele was classified by grade as follows: grade 1, ≤15 mm2; grade 2, 16-25 mm2; and grade 3, >25 mm2.17,19
In addition to isthmocele grade, the authors collected information about age, body mass index (BMI), isthmocele type, number of c-sections, cervical dilatation at last c-section, presented fetal part at last c-section, and surgical time of isthmoplasty.
Surgical Technique
The surgical technique for the correction of isthmocele has been described in previous studies.17,18,20 Operative hysteroscopy was performed with a 9-mm resectoscope (Karl Storz SE & Co. KG) with 90° loop and 0° optic, unipolar electrical current, and sorbitol-mannitol solution as a medium of distension. A suction irrigating unit (Endomat, Karl Storz SE & Co. KG) was used to provide positive pressure (110 mmHg) and continuous outflow suction control.
After positioning the bladder catheter and filling it with methylene blue, another diagnostic hysteroscopic evaluation was performed to avert the risk of injury during cervical dilatation using Hegar dilators to size 10. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon (S.C.). The surgeon resected inferior and superior edges and removed scar tissue using a resectoscope loop at the level of the lesion. Diverticulum edges were removed, creating a continuity between the wall of the diverticulum and the cervical canal. The bottom of the pouch was treated by electrocauterization with a 3-mm rollerball to try to increase the thickness of residual myometrium and to induce scar retraction of the pouch. Electrocauterization of the bottom of the niche was also performed to prevent further bleeding.
The surgeon used the monopolar resectoscope loop to remove the edges of isthmocele, aiming to preserve the underlying myometrium. The surgeon proceeded cautiously, trying to create a symmetrical resection of the scar tissue, stopping the local resection when he saw the myometrial vessels coming through. He then coagulated the vessels to prevent bleeding. No complications such as excessive bleeding, uterine perforation, or hyponatremia occurred during isthmoplasty.
Statistical Methods
The distribution of the continuous variables was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and they were all not-normally distributed. The continuous variables are indicated with means and compared with Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical data are reported as absolute values and compared with the chi-square test given the small number of samples. Statistical significance was defined as P=0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows (16.0 package, IBM).
RESULTS
Of the initial 50 patients, 15 did not meet the inclusion criteria: 8 were excluded for not desiring another pregnancy after isthmocele diagnosis, 5 were excluded for previous medically assisted attempt to conceive, and 2 were excluded for postmenopausal age. The 35 patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into 2 groups: Group A – Fertile Patients (n=19) are those who became pregnant within 12 months after the diagnosis of isthmocele, and Group B – Infertile Patients are those who did not become pregnant within 12 months after the diagnosis (n=16) and were, therefore, affected by infertility (Figure). Thirty-one patients had AUB, and 4 patients had sovrapubic pain as a presenting symptom.
Figure.
Flowchart of the study population.
The mean age of the patients was 35.5 years in Group A and 36.5 years in Group B, and the mean BMI in the 2 groups was 21.8 kg/m2 and 23.2 kg/m2, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1.
Demographic and Isthmocele Characteristics of the Study Population (n=35)
| Variable | Group A – Fertile Patients (Became Pregnant Within 12 Months After Diagnosis of Isthmocele) n=19 | Group B – Infertile Patients (Did Not Become Pregnant Within 12 Months After Diagnosis of Isthmocele) n=16 | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (range) | 35.5 (33-38) | 36.5 (35-38) | 0.1170 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (range) | 21.8 (21.5-24.1) | 23.2 (22.4-26.2) | 0.0001 |
| Isthmocele grade | 0.0421 | ||
| 1 | 12 (63.2) | 4 (25.0) | |
| 2 | 7 (36.8) | 10 (62.5) | |
| 3 | 0 | 2 (12.5) | |
| Isthmocele type | 0.2809 | ||
| Superior | 14 (73.7) | 10 (62.5) | |
| Middle | 5 (26.3) | 4 (25.0) | |
| Inferior | 0 | 2 (12.5) | |
| Number of c-sections | 0.0205 | ||
| 1 | 19 (100) | 12 (75.0) | |
| 2 | 4 (25.0) | ||
| Cervical dilatation at last c-section | 0.7014 | ||
| <4 cm | 15 (78.9) | 11 (68.8) | |
| ≥4 cm | 4 (21.1) | 5 (31.3) | |
| Presented fetal part at last c-section | 0.3707 | ||
| Vertex | 9 (47.4) | 10 (62.5) | |
| Breech | 10 (52.6) | 6 (37.5) | |
| Surgical time, minutes, mean (range) | 24 (15-32) | 23.5 (15-36) | 1 |
Continuous variables were compared by Mann-Whitney U test and categorical data compared by chi-square test.
Data are reported as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Isthmocele was identified in the superior third of the cervical canal in 24 of the 35 patients (68.6%), in the middle third in 9 (25.7%), and in the inferior third in 2 (5.7%). At TVU, 16 of 35 isthmoceles (45.7%) were grade 1, 17 (48.6%) were grade 2, and 2 (5.7%) were grade 3. All patients in Group A had had one c-section; in Group B, 12 had had one c-section and 4 had had two c-sections. Twenty-six patients had cervical dilatation at last c-section <4 cm; the other 9 had cervical dilatation ≥4 cm at their last c-section. Mean time for surgical treatment was 24 minutes (range, 15-32 minutes) in Group A and 23.5 minutes (range, 15-36 minutes) in Group B.
The differences between Group A and Group B were statistically significant for the number of c-sections(P=0.0205), grade of isthmocele (P=0.0421), and BMI (P=0.0001).
Isthmoplasty was successfully performed in all patients with infertility, with resolution of AUB and sovrapubic pelvic pain in 100% of cases. No complications such as Asherman syndrome, ectopic pregnancy, or vesicouterine fistula were recorded. Patients were not asked to refrain from initiation of pregnancy for a specified time.
Group B – Infertile Patients was subdivided into Group B1 (became pregnant, n=9) and Group B2 (did not become pregnant, n=7) based on the fertility outcome after surgery. We found statistically significant differences between Group B1 and Group B2 for age (P=0.0151), grade of isthmocele (P=0.0361), and cervical dilatation (P=0.0293) (Table 2). No patient required a second surgical look after isthmocele correction. The median follow-up period was 44 months, with a range of 12-60 months. No patient reported any other related symptoms during the follow-up period.
Table 2.
Analysis of Fertility Outcome After Isthmocele Hysteroscopic Treatment (n=16)
| Variable | Group B1 – Became Pregnant n=9 | Group B2 – Did Not Become Pregnant n=7 | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (range) | 34.5 (33-36) | 36.5 (35-38) | 0.0151 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (range) | 22.7 (21.8-23.7) | 23.2 (22.4-24.1) | 0.1335 |
| Isthmocele grade | 0.0361 | ||
| 1 | 7 (77.8) | 1 (14.3) | |
| 2 | 2 (22.2) | 5 (71.4) | |
| 3 | 0 | 1 (14.3) | |
| Isthmocele type | 0.4869 | ||
| Superior | 7 (77.8) | 5 (71.4) | |
| Middle | 2 (22.2) | 1 (14.3) | |
| Inferior | 0 | 1 (14.3) | |
| Number of c-sections | 0.2416 | ||
| 1 | 9 (100) | 6 (85.7) | |
| 2 | 0 | 1 (14.3) | |
| Cervical dilatation at last c-section | 0.0293 | ||
| <4 cm | 9 (100) | 4 (57.1) | |
| ≥4 cm | 0 | 3 (42.9) | |
| Presented fetal part at last c-section | 0.0907 | ||
| Vertex | 4 (44.4) | 6 (85.7) | |
| Breech | 5 (55.6) | 1 (14.3) | |
| Surgical time, minutes, mean (range) | 23.1 (15-32) | 23.5 (15-36) | 1 |
Continuous variables were compared by Mann-Whitney U test and categorical data compared by chi-square test.
Data are reported as n (%) unless otherwise indicated.
DISCUSSION
In 16 of 35 patients (45.7%), the isthmocele was isolated as the primary cause of infertility after excluding all the other causes of secondary infertility. In 9 of the 16 (56.3%) infertile patients, the surgical correction of isthmocele restored their fertility. In 16 of 16 patients with infertility (100%), the isthmoplasty eliminated the symptoms of AUB and pain.
Isthmocele could potentially be listed among the main causes of infertility. To the authors' knowledge, ours is the first study that quantifies the prevalence of infertility in a population of patients with symptomatic isthmocele and the first that analyzes the results using a case-control design (fertile vs infertile). The failure to become pregnant was associated with a higher BMI, a higher isthmocele grade, and a higher number of c-sections. BMI association with infertility confirms previous data.21 The higher number of c-sections is associated with a higher isthmocele grade,22 and the authors speculate that isthmocele can lead to an anatomically less favorable uterine cavity, thus favoring infertility. Contrary to other studies in which a subjective classification of isthmocele shape/grade was accepted, the authors used an objective and reproducible grade measurement, already proven to be related to clinical variables in another study.18
In 9 of 16 infertile patients, fertility was restored. Hysteroscopy is a feasible and safe treatment for restoring fertility.23,24 Gubbini et al analyzed the resolution of infertility with a similar hysteroscopic surgical treatment of isthmocele. The authors reported 100% success in all 41 patients, and yet the study has never been replicated.17 We speculate that the difference in success in restoring fertility between our study and the Gubbini et al study may be attributable to different patient selection and follow-up periods.
The patients who did not become pregnant within 12 months after the surgery were older and had a higher isthmocele grade than those who did become pregnant (Table 2). Age is a well-known risk factor for infertility,25 and the association between the grade of isthmocele, cervical dilatation, and infertility has been previously shown.17
The retrospective nature of the study is an important limitation. The limited number of patients in the infertility subgroup made a multivariate analysis impossible, and the authors did not perform a power analysis. The lack of balance between risk factors in fertile and infertile patients added to the lack of a control group of patients who did not receive treatment of isthmocele after the diagnosis of infertility and may limit the strength of the results. Another limitation is that the authors enrolled the patients using a TVU scan of diagnosis of isthmocele, whereas sonohysterography could have detected a greater proportion of patients with scar defects, thus identifying more patients for the study.
In addition, the authors based inclusion in the infertility group on the time interval from the diagnosis of isthmocele. Instead, using the time interval during which the patients tried to conceive would have been more appropriate, and this definition may have affected the rate of infertility.
No literature identifies the possibility of obstetric complications after treatment of an isthmocele. In addition, other studies do not recommend the timing of conception after hysteroscopy. Gubbini et al reported the first spontaneous pregnancy after 12 months.
The present study showed that the hysteroscopic correction of cesarean-induced isthmocele is associated with a complete resolution of symptoms (AUB and sovrapubic pelvic pain), thus confirming the limited data in the literature.17
The authors consider hysteroscopy to be the best minimally invasive approach to treat this condition; all the patients had resolution of symptoms, and 56.3% of infertile patients became pregnant after the operation.
The association between symptomatic isthmocele, the number of c-sections, and infertility is new, and verifying if the same association applies to the general population without isthmocele or with asymptomatic isthmocele would be interesting. Conclusions from a randomized comparative trial could reliably demonstrate both the importance of isthmocele in women's infertility and the benefits of isthmoplasty in improving patients' reproductive outcomes.
CONCLUSION
We identified a subgroup of patients at higher risk of being infertile after the diagnosis of isthmocele and a subgroup of patients who could benefit the most in terms of fertility after minimally invasive hysteroscopic surgery. Studies on a large number of patients are needed to quantify the association between isthmocele and infertility. The power of hysteroscopic surgery in restoring fertility needs to be assessed with randomized controlled trials.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors have no financial or proprietary interest in the subject matter of this article.
This article meets the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American Board of Medical Specialties Maintenance of Certification competencies for Patient Care, Medical Knowledge, and Practice-Based Learning and Improvement.
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