Abstract
目的
观察不同剂量右美托咪定(Dex)复合罗哌卡因腋路臂丛阻滞用于小儿多指手术的比较的效果及安全性。
方法
小儿多指手术患者80例,随机均分为:不同剂量Dex组(D1-3组)和对照组(C组)。D1-3组腋路臂丛用药分别为Dex 0.25、0.5、0.75 μg/kg+0.25%罗哌卡因0.20 mL/kg,C组为0.25%罗哌卡因0.20 mL/kg。记录阻滞完成、起效、维持及术后苏醒时间及并发症情况。
结果
D2组及D3组在起效时间及术后苏醒时间上均比C组短,而维持时间长,D3组比D1组在起效时间及术后苏醒时间上均缩短,而维持时间长。D1-3组的阻滞成功率高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),D1-3组间无统计学差异。并发症方面,4组未出现血肿病例,各有1例患儿出现喉返神经阻滞,各有1例呼吸抑制,2或3例霍纳综合征,D3组出现1例患儿心率 < 70 min,经处理均安全恢复。
结论
单纯罗哌卡因或复合Dex臂丛神经阻滞,均可以用于小儿多指手术,中剂量Dex(0.5 μg/kg)+ 0.25%罗哌卡因0.20 mL/kg的配伍较佳。
Keywords: 小儿, 多指手术, 右美托咪定, 罗哌卡因, 神经阻滞,臂丛
Abstract
Objective
To observe the anesthetic effect and safety of different doses of dexmedetomidine combined with ropivacaine for brachial plexus nerve block in children undergoing polydactyly surgery.
Methods
Eighty children undergoing polydactyly surgery were randomized into 4 groups to receive brachial plexus nerve block with dexmedetomidine at 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 μg/kg combined with 0.25% ropivacaine (0.20 mL/kg) (D1, D2, and D3 groups, respectively) or with 0.25% ropivacaine (0.20 mL/kg) only (control group). The onset time, duration of brachial plexus nerve block, awakening time, success rate, and incidence of complications were compared among the groups.
Results
In D2 and D3 groups, the onset time and awakening time were shorter and anesthesia lasted longer than those in the control group. The onset time and awakening time were shorter and anesthesia maintenance time was longer in D3 group than in D1 group. The success rates of brachial plexus nerve block were significantly higher in D1-3 groups than in the control group (P < 0.05). Hematoma was found in one of the patients. In each of the 4 groups, laryngeal nerve block occurred in 1 child and respiratory depression in another; 2 or 3 patients had Horner syndrome, and 1 patient in D3 group experienced an episode of lowered heart beat to below 70 min-1. All the complications were managed properly and the patients all recovered uneventfully.
Conclusion
Brachial plexus nerve block with 0.5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine combined with 0.25% ropivacaine (0.20 mL/kg) is safe for effective anesthesia in children undergoing surgery for polydactyly.
Keywords: polydactyly surgery, dexmedetomidine, ropivacaine, brachial plexus nerve block
小儿多指/并指手术临床多见,以往多采用静脉麻醉或气管插管麻醉。随着麻醉药神经毒性及对婴幼儿大脑发育的研究开展,目前主张减少全身麻醉药的使用,而B超及神经刺激仪的应用,精准外周神经阻滞理念提出,上肢手术多在臂丛阻滞下完成,对罗哌卡因的适宜剂量也多有研究[1-3]。右美托咪定(Dex)是新的镇静镇痛药,已经复合罗哌卡因用于成人手术中的神经阻滞或镇痛[4-13]。在小儿臂丛中的应用少见,而且何为适宜剂量尚未得知,国内有研究使用0.3%罗哌卡因复合Dex 1 μg/kg用于小儿腋路臂丛神经阻滞,罗哌卡因起效时间缩短,镇痛持续时间延长,但可能导致心动过缓[12]。为进一步探讨并发症少而又安全的剂量,因此我们开展了不同剂量Dex复合罗哌卡因臂丛阻滞用于小儿多指手术的比较的效果及安全性研究。
1. 资料和方法
1.1. 一般资料
本研究经广东省妇幼保健院伦理委员会备案批准,与患者家属签署知情同意书。80例择期多、并指手术矫形患儿,年龄1~8岁,体质量5.5~24 kg,ASAI或Ⅱ级。其中单侧多指有52例、单侧两并指有18例、单侧三并指有10例,均行矫形术。ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,未见上呼吸道感染,无凝血功能障碍,无心肺脑神经疾病和上肢畸形,可以仰位外展患肢。随机均分为:不同剂量Dex组(D1-3组)和对照组(C组)。
1.2. 麻醉方法
患儿常规禁食禁饮,入室即开放外周静脉,监测ECG、HR、BP、SpO2。面罩吸氧4 L/min,静脉给予咪唑安定0.1 mg/kg,氯胺酮2 mg/kg,待患儿睫毛反射消失后开始腋路臂丛神经阻滞,将超声探头与腋动脉走行垂直在横断面观察动脉与神经,然后将穿刺针接近神经,以神经刺激器诱发出相应肌肉动作来确认位置,并给予阻滞药物,操作注药时间均为30 s,D1-3组用药为Dex(江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司,批号:11042734)0.25、0.5、0.75 μg/kg+0.25%罗哌卡因(AstraZeneca公司)混合液0.20 mL/kg,C组为0.25%罗哌卡因0.20 mL/kg。
患儿保留自主呼吸。若出现呼吸抑制(SpO2 < 93%),则人工辅助给氧;如果HR < 70 min则静注阿托品0.01 mg/kg,收缩压 < 70 mmHg给予静注麻黄碱3~ 5 mg。阻滞操作由资深医师完成,分组人员由另外医师承担,操作医师不知药物配方。
1.3. 神经阻滞疗效判定
完全阻滞:术中未应用其他麻醉药,手术刺激未致患儿体动反应,心率或血压升高 < 基础值的15%;部分阻滞:术中需追加镇痛药物,手术疼痛导致患儿体动反应轻微,血压或HR波动 > 基础值15%,静注射1~2 mg/kg氯胺酮;失败阻滞:术中疼痛致患儿剧烈体动反应,静注氯胺酮 > 2 mg/kg仍无效,改为全身麻醉才能完成手术[10]。
1.4. 观察指标
记录阻滞完成、起效、维持及术后苏醒时间及并发症(局麻药中毒、血肿、喉返神经阻滞、霍纳综合征等)情况。
1.5. 统计学分析
各计量指标用均数±标准差表示。组间比较采用单因素方差分析,计数资料比较采用Fisher确切概率法,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 一般情况
4组患者在一般资料方面包括性别、年龄、体质量、手术时间等无统计学差异(表 1)。
1.
Group | Gender(M/F) | Age(year) | Weight(kg) | Operative time (min) |
Group C: 0.25% ropivacaine 0.20 mL/kg; Group D1, D2, and D3: 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 μg/kg dexmedetomidine combined with 0.25% ropivacaine (0.20 mL/kg), respectively. | ||||
C | 13/7 | 5.0±2.3 | 24.0±6.0 | 49.0±8.2 |
D1 | 12/8 | 5.1±2.4 | 25.0±5.0 | 50.0±7.6 |
D2 | 14/6 | 5.0±2.2 | 23.0±4.0 | 52.0±8.0 |
D3 | 12/8 | 4.9±2.1 | 24.0±5.0 | 51.0±7.2 |
2.2. 神经阻滞情况
D2组及D3组在起效时间及术后苏醒时间上均比C组短,而维持时间长,D3组比D1组在起效时间及术后苏醒时间上均缩短,而维持时间长,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,表 2)。D1-3组的阻滞成功率高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),D1-3组间无统计学差异(表 3)。
2.
Group | Finish time (min) | Onset time (min) | Duration (min) | Awakening time (min) |
*P < 0.05 vs group C,#P < 0.05 vs group D1. | ||||
C | 7.0±0.8 | 11.5±2.1 | 212.3±28.2 | 27.5±4.1 |
D1 | 7.2±0.9 | 8.1±1.2 | 286.5±31.3 | 19.1±3.2 |
D2 | 6.6±0.7 | 7.3±0.9* | 325.2±40.7* | 12.6±2.9* |
D3 | 6.8±0.8 | 5.5±0.8*# | 386.7±51.6*# | 10.5±2.8*# |
3.
Group | Complete | Incomplete | Failure | Success rate (%) |
*P < 0.05 vs group C. | ||||
C | 12 | 4 | 4 | 80 |
D1 | 15 | 3 | 2* | 90* |
D2 | 16 | 3 | 1* | 95* |
D3 | 17* | 2* | 1* | 95* |
2.3. 并发症
4组未出现血肿病例,各有1例患儿出现喉返神经阻滞,各有1例呼吸抑制,2或3例霍纳综合征,D3组出现1例患儿心率 < 70 min,经处理均安全恢复(表 4)。
4.
Group | Hematoma | Laryngeal nerve block | Horner syndrome | Bradycardia (< 70/min) | Respiratory depression |
C | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
D1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
D2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
D3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
3. 讨论
小儿多指手术在临床中多在全身麻醉下完成,近年超声及神经刺激仪的联合应用使得臂丛阻滞在小儿患者身上得到应用[2, 12, 14-15]。小儿臂丛神经由C5~T1脊神经前根组成,臂丛神经纤维走行复杂,变异较多,尤其是婴幼儿。所以本研究采用B超联合神经刺激仪进行腋路臂丛阻滞,腋顶部软组织较薄,臂丛神经在此处位置表浅,腋动脉搏动容易找到,定位方便准确。
已有国内朱志鹏研究认为0.25%罗哌卡因0.25 mL/kg用于小儿腋路臂丛各神经分支阻滞效果满意[2]。而伍捡林等的研究认为在超声引导下行臂丛神经阻滞,0.15 mL/kg即可[15]。国外有研究认为2 μg/kg Dex不影响3种剂量左旋布比卡因在骶尾部神经阻滞的起效时间,但可以延长其作用时间[16]。另外两研究也认为Dex复合罗哌卡因或布比卡因可以延长小儿外周神经阻滞作用时间,减少局麻药剂量,也在探讨局麻药的剂量问题[17-18]。这说明,不但局麻药的剂量值得关注,其佐剂Dex或可乐定在小儿外周神经阻滞的适宜剂量也是值得关注的。因本研究是复合Dex进行神经阻滞,故罗哌卡因的剂量选为0.25%罗哌卡因0.20 mL/kg,以策安全。
本研究结果显示,中高剂量Dex复合罗哌卡因在起效时间及术后苏醒时间上均比单纯罗哌卡因短,而维持时间长,D3组比D1组在起效时间及术后苏醒时间上均缩短,而维持时间长。3组Dex组的阻滞成功率高于对照组,我们排除了人为因数,因为操作医师不知药物的配方。其原因可能是单纯的罗哌卡因在起效及阻滞效果方面不如复合用药。国内外研究报道了Dex对局麻药的影响,其中Marhofer等[10]对志愿者的研究证实Dex能增强罗哌卡因对尺神经的阻滞作用。Dex可以延长罗哌卡因腹横肌平面阻滞的作用时间[19],增强罗哌卡因或布比卡因外周神经阻滞的效果[20-24]。这说明Dex可以加速罗哌卡因的起效时间,延长维持时间,而我们是在小儿身上证实了这一点。
在安全性方面,未出现血肿病例,喉返神经阻滞或呼吸抑制病例少,霍纳综合征各组2或3例,D3组出现1例患儿心率 < 70 min,经处理均安全恢复。说明Dex复合罗哌卡因是安全的。一来可能是Dex的使用减少了局麻药的剂量,增强了阻滞效果,减少阻滞失败和使用静脉麻醉药;二与高年资医师应用超声及刺激仪明显减少操作上的不良事件有关。国外研究也认为在超声下行神经阻滞可以减少操作上的并发症[17, 22]。当然,应用大剂量Dex时要注意心率减慢的发生。我们的研究结合了当前新的可视化技术,使用超声及神经刺激仪,并将Dex复合罗哌卡因用于小儿多指手术,证实Dex可以减少罗哌卡因的剂量,增强其效果,作用时间也延长。国内外研究关于Dex复合罗哌卡因用于小儿的适宜剂量未见报道,而我们在效果与安全等方面探讨了小儿Dex的适宜剂量,这就解决了其他研究尚未考虑的问题。
因此,单纯罗哌卡因或复合Dex均可以用于小儿多指手术,但从效果及安全等方面考虑,中剂量Dex(0.5 μg/kg)+0.25%罗哌卡因0.20 mL/kg的配伍是比较理想的临床应用方案。
Funding Statement
广东省科技计划项目(2016ZC0183)
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