Abstract
Purpose
Steadily maintaining high intra-gastric PH is the major factor for successful Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) eradication. It is important to search for a stronger PPI. Dexlansoprazole MR is a dual delayed release formulation PPI taken once daily which is capable of maintaining longer duration of high intra-gastric PH. It is very effective in treating gastroesophageal disease but reports on H, pylori eradication is very rare. This study sought to compare dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant treatment and lansoprazole-based concomitant treatment in H. pylori infection and to investigate the factors that affect the eradication rates.
Methods
Two hundred two participants with H. pylori infection were included and randomly assigned to seven days of dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant therapy (dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg once daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily and metronidazole 500 mg twice daily; DACM group) or a seven days of lansoprazole-based concomitant therapy (lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, and metronidazole 500 mg twice daily; LACM group). The participants were asked to perform urea breath tests eight weeks later.
Results
The eradication rates in the DACM group were 86.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 77.8%–92.2%] in the ITT analysis and 90.6% (95% CI: 82.9%–95.6%) in the PP analysis, respectively, as compared with 90.1% (95% CI: 82.6%–95.2%) and 92.6% (95% CI: 85.5%–96.9%) (p=0.384 and p=0.572, respectively) in the LACM group for the same analyses. The adverse event rates were 11.5% in the DACM group and 10.2% in the LACM group (p=0.779).
Conclusion
As a first-line H. pylori treatment regimen, dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant therapy attained a successful eradication rate of 90%, which was non inferior to that of lansoprazole-based concomitant treatment.
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier
Keywords: Helicobacter pylori eradication, strong proton-pump inhibitor, dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant therapy, lansoprazole-based concomitant therapy, antibiotic resistance
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Introduction
In patients infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), it is very important to choose a therapeutic medication able to attain a per-protocol eradication rate of 90% or more.1,2 However, the success H. pylori eradication using a standard triple-drug therapeutic approach has dropped to a rate of less than 80% because of the ongoing increase in clarithromycin-resistant strains of the organism worldwide.3–13 Prior research has indicated that seven to 10 days of concomitant treatment is an effective prescription in the presence of clarithromycin resistance in Taiwan.14,15
Importantly, the steady maintenance of a high intragastric pH is a major supporting factor for successful H. pylori eradication. A twice-daily PPI has been used in most studies to date;7,14,15 however, a twice-daily PPI approach may still not be strong enough to ensure a steady optimal intragastric pH, especially in those patients with genotypes predisposing them to rapid PPI metabolism. Therefore, a novel high-dose PPI dual therapy with amoxicillin, given either three or four times daily, has also been prescribed.16–19
It is important to search for a stronger PPI for the most optimal acid control that can be given ideally as a single dose daily. In view of the unmet need for an optimal acid-suppressing agent, it is worth mentioning another new drug with strong acid-suppressing effect: vonoprazan.20–24 This drug was reported to be able to maintain a much higher intragastric pH than the traditional PPIs. Unfortunately, this drug has not been made readily available worldwide. Most reports on vonoprazan in the literature were from a limited number of countries, especially Japan.
Dexlansoprazole MR is an R-enantiomer of lansoprazole. It has 3 to 5 times greater maximum concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC), and a longer elimination half-life than S-lansoprazole because it contains two types of enteric-coated granules with different pH-dependent dissolution profiles that inhibit the proton pump. In this manner, gastric acid secretion can be effectively suppressed.25–27 The advantage of this dual delayed-release-formulation PPI is the once-daily dose to be taken after breakfast. In theory, dexlansoprazole MR should be able to maintain a steady optimal intragastric pH for H. pylori eradication. It is very effective in treating gastroesophageal disease but reports on H, pylori eradication is very rare. The present study was designed to compare dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant therapy and lansoprazole-based concomitant therapy and to investigate the factors affecting the H. pylori eradication rates.
Materials and methods
Trial design and settings
Participants
From March 1, 2017 to February 28, 2019, we conducted an open-label trial by inviting 246 eligible naïve H. pylori–infected outpatient participants aged 18 years or older who were seen at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. We excluded those patients who had taken the following medications within four weeks prior to invitation: antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, bismuth, and proton-pump inhibitors. We also excluded patients with a history of allergy to the study medications, those with severe comorbidities, those with a history of gastric surgery, pregnant women, and those who refused to participate or sign the consent form. Eventually, a total of 202 participants were included in this study.
When the participants underwent endoscopy examinations, two gastric specimens were taken from the antrum (one for rapid urease test and one for culture) and two were taken from the gastric body (one for rapid urease test and one for culture). Patients with any two positive results following rapid urease test, histology, and/or culture were eligible for recruitment into the present study. A standard questionnaire answered by all participants contained a complete medical history and basic data such as age; gender; and smoking, alcohol, and coffee and tea consumption habits.
The eligible H. pylori–infected participants were randomly assigned to two groups by using a computer-generated number sequence (ratio of 1:1). The two regimens were (1) dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant treatment consisting of dexlansoprazole MR 60 mg q.d., clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, and metronidazole 500 mg twice daily for seven days (DACM group) and (2) lansoprazole-based concomitant treatment consisting of lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, and metronidazole 500 mg twice daily for seven days (LACM group).
Participants were requested to return on the eighth day to the outpatient clinic to evaluate them for treatment compliance by reviewing the remaining medications not taken by the participants (Figure 1). If the participant did not finish at least 80% of the medications, they were considered to be participants with poor compliance.7,9,10 Meanwhile, the adverse events were also recorded by a four-point scale system.19 The success of H. pylori eradication was confirmed by a negative urea breath test at eight weeks later with a cutoff value of 4.8% of δ13CO2. The outcome of H. pylori eradication and the factors affecting the eradication rates in both groups were analyzed by the statistician at the end of the study.
Figure 1.
Schematic flowchart of study design.
Culture and antimicrobial resistance
In our laboratory, all stock cultures were preserved at −80 °C in Brucella broth (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NI, USA) augmented with 20% glycerol (Sigma Chem. Co., St. Louis, MO, USA). The antibiotic susceptibility was tested by E test (AB Biodisck, Solna, Sweden) with MIC values of≥0.5, ≥5, ≥1, ≥4, and≥8 mg/L as the resistant breakpoints for amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and metronidazole, respectively, as established by an international committee (Eucast. Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters).
Randomization
Our statistician generated randomization lists from a computer system to obtain the “random sequences” for the two groups at a ratio of 1:1 and a block for every six participants. After the doctors decided to enroll participants into the study and the participants signed a consent form, opaque envelopes containing information on respective treatment allocations were given to the participants. The participants received the prescriptions and then the medications.
Statistical analysis
The eradication rate of concomitant therapy by conventional PPI (twice daily) was found to be 92% in our previous studies.14,19 In this study, we assumed a true difference in favor of the DACM treatment of 8% and so decided to enroll 202 patients to make sure that the upper limit of a one-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) was 90%, excluding a difference toward the control group of 8% (<10% loss to follow-up). The primary outcome was successful eradication. The outcome comparisons were performed by using the chi-squared test with or without Yates correction for stability and Fisher’s exact test when appropriate. Statistical significance was reached when a p-value of less than 0.05 was attained. A univariate analysis by way of logistic regression modeling was performed to investigate the factors affecting the eradication rates.
Results
Figure 2 shows the deposition of patients. There were initially 246 eligible naïve H. pylori–infected patients, but 38 refused to participate and six met the exclusion criteria (ie, had comorbidities). Eventually, a total of 202 participants were enrolled (n=101 per group) in the ITT analysis. Five patients in the DACM group and three patients in the LACM group were lost during follow-up, leaving 95 participants in the DACM group and 98 in the LACM group, respectively, for inclusion in PP analysis. The demographic data of the two groups are summarized in Table 1. The treatment compliance rates were 100% in both groups.
Figure 2.
Patients’ deposition.
Table 1.
Demographic data and endoscopic appearance of two groups of patients
| Characteristics | DACM (n=96, %) | LACM (n=98, %) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) (mean ± SD) | 52.4±12.4 | 55.0±10.8 | 0.406 |
| Gender (male/female) | 41/51(46.9/53.1) | 44/54(44.9/55.1) | 0.782 |
| Smoking | 9(9.4) | 7(7.1) | 0.572 |
| Alcohol consumption | 13(13.5) | 16(16.3) | 0.587 |
| Previous history of peptic ulcer | 4(4.2) | 3(3.1) | 0.680 |
| Endoscopic Findings | |||
| Gastritis | 51(53.1) | 49(50) | 0.178 |
| Gastric ulcer | 28(29.2) | 21(21.4) | |
| Duodenal ulcer | 10(10.4) | 21(21.4) | |
| Gastric and duodenal ulcer | 7(7.3) | 7(7.1) |
Abbreviations: DACM, 7-day Dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant therapy; LACM, 7-day Lansoprazole-based concomitant therapy; SD, standard deviation.
The eradication rates in the DACM group were 86.1% (95% CI: 77.8%–92.2%) in the ITT analysis and 90.6% (95% CI: 82.9%–95.6%) in the PP analysis, while the eradication rates in the LACM group were 90.1% (95% CI: 82.6%–95.2%) in the ITT analysis and 92.6% (95% CI: 85.5%–96.9%) in the PP analysis (p=0.384 and p=0.572, respectively) (Table 2). The adverse event rates were similar in the two groups (11.5% in the DACM group vs 10.2% in the LACM group; p=779). The most frequently encountered adverse event in both the DACM and LACM groups was diarrhea (7.3% and 7.1%, respectively), but all cases were mild (Table 3). Other adverse events included nausea sensation (3.1% and 2.0%), abdominal pain (2.1% and 3.1%), dizziness (1% in the LACM group only), and headache (1% in the LACM group only). Univariate analysis showed that antibiotics resistance to clarithromycin, metronidazole, and dually to both clarithromycin and metronidazole were factors that affected the eradication rates (p=0.043, p=0.003, and p<0.001, respectively (Table 4)).
Table 2.
The major outcomes of the two groups of patients
| Eradication rate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| DACM (n=96) | LACM (n=98) | P-value | |
| Intention-to-treat* | 86.1% (87/101) | 90.1% (91/101) | 0.384 |
| Per-protocol | 90.6% (87/96) | 92.6% (91/98) | 0.572 |
| Adverse events | 11.5% (11/96) | 10.2% (10/98) | 0.779 |
| Compliance | 100% (96/96) | 100% (98/98) | – |
Note: *In this analysis, patient with unknown outcome are counted as treatment failures.
Abbreviations: DACM, 7-day Dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant therapy; LACM, 7-day Lansoprazole-based concomitant therapy.
Table 3.
Adverse events of the two groups of patients
| Adverse event | DACM(n=96, %) | LACM(n=98, %) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal pain | 2 (2.1%) | 3 (3.1) | 0.667 |
| Diarrhea | 7 (7.3) | 7 (7.1) | 0.968 |
| Dizziness | 0 | 1 (1.0) | 0.321 |
| Headache | 0 | 1 (1.0) | 0.321 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 3(3.1) | 2(2.0) | 0.634 |
Abbreviations: DACM, 7-day Dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant therapy; LACM, 7-day Lansoprazole-based concomitant therapy.
Table 4.
Univariate analysis of the clinical factors influencing the efficacy of H. pylori eradication therapy
| Principle parameter | Case no. | Eradication Rate (%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | <60 years | 120/127 | 94.5 | 0.057 |
| ≥60 years | 58/67 | 86.6 | ||
| Sex | Female | 96/105 | 91.4 | 0.859 |
| Male | 82/89 | 92.1 | ||
| Smoking | (−) | 163/178 | 91.6 | 0.762 |
| (+) | 15/16 | 93.8 | ||
| Alcohol consumption | (−) | 150/165 | 90.9 | 0.308 |
| (+) | 28/29 | 96.6 | ||
| Previous history of peptic ulcer | (−) | 172/187 | 92.0 | 0.554 |
| (+) | 6/7 | 85.7 | ||
| Helicobacter pylori eradication (per-protocol) | DACM | 87/96 | 90.6 | 0.572 |
| LACM | 91/98 | 92.9 | ||
| Compliance | Good | 178/194 | 91.8 | - |
| Poor | 0 | – | ||
| Culture (n=38) | ||||
| Amoxillin | Sensitive | 35/38 | 92.1 | - |
| Resistant | 0 | – | ||
| Clarithromycin | Sensitive | 29/30 | 96.7 | 0.043 |
| Resistant | 6/8 | 75.0 | ||
| Metronidazole | Sensitive | 28/28 | 100.0 | 0.003 |
| Resistant | 7/10 | 70.0 | ||
| Dual resistant of clarithromycin and Metronidazole | (−) | 34/35 | 97.1 | <0.001 |
| (+) | 1/3 | 33.3 | ||
Abbreviations: DACM, 7-day Dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant therapy; LACM, 7-day Lansoprazole-based concomitant therapy.
There were only 42 participants who agreed to undergo H. pylori culture, and the positive culture rate was 90.5% (38/42). Hence, the antibiotic resistance report in the current study included amoxicillin (0%), clarithromycin (21%), and metronidazole (26.32%). The successful H. pylori eradication rate among patients with the amoxicillin- and clarithromycin-susceptible strains was 100% (23/23) in this study, yet was only 33.3% for those with amoxicillin- and clarithromycin-resistant strains (1/3). Six out of eight participants (75%) with clarithromycin resistance and seven of 10 (70%) participants with metronidazole resistance assigned to both the concomitant therapy groups showed eradication.
Discussion
In this study, we used a dual delayed-release formulation of dexlansoprazole MR in a combination therapy prescribed once daily (DACM). We observed that seven days of said therapy achieves a high PP eradication rate as first-line anti–H. pylori therapy and was not inferior to seven-day lansoprazole-based concomitant therapy, although the dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant regimen did not reach a 90% success rate in ITT analysis.
Concomitant therapy consists of a PPI in combination with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and metronidazole for seven to 14 days. Many studies have reported the achievement of eradication rates of more than 90% for seven-day concomitant therapy regimens in both ITT and PP analyses between 2010 and 2012 in Taiwan and Japan.14,15,28 The current study in comparison attained a PP eradication rate of more than 90% but did not achieve a 90% success rate in ITT analysis, a finding that was also reported in other studies conducted in Taiwan.15 A possible explanation for the decline in ITT eradication may involve multiple factors. Unfortunately, there were only 42 participants who agreed to undergo H. pylori culture; although the positive culture rate was 90.5% (38/42); we are unable to comment much on the possible impact of potential antibiotics-resistant strains from this study due to the small culture population. There are suggestions that extending the treatment duration to 14 days could improve upon the presently reported eradication rates.29
One of the crucial factors to achieving successful H. pylori eradication was to maintain a steady intragastric pH of more than 6 so as to optimize the antibiotic sensitivity. Nevertheless, a high-dose PPI was needed with a dosage of two to four times daily among conventional PPIs such as esomeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and pantoprazole. Another gastric acid suppressant, Dexlansoprazole MR, is an oral dual delayed-release-formulation PPI. It contains two types of enteric-coated granules with different pH-dependent dissolution profiles.26 Such a dual delayed release-formulation had the advantage of lengthening the acid suppression duration by way of extension of the plasma concentration of the drug. Another advantage of note is the once-daily dose taken after breakfast or any time of the day before or after the meal. This was proven in a comparative trial, where dexlansoprazole taken once daily showed better control of esophageal pH than 30 mg of lansoprazole taken once daily. Another, single-day pH study comparing the pharmacokinetic effects of different PPIs at 12–24 hrs postdose in healthy adult subjects reported that the mean percentage of time with a pH of more than 4 and the average of the mean pH were higher for dexlansoprazole than esomeprazole (60% vs 42%, p<0.001 and 4.5 vs 3.5, p<0.001, respectively).30,31 In theory, it should be able to maintain a steady optimal intragastric pH for H. pylori eradication. Indeed, our study results showed that DACM is not inferior as a first-line H. pylori eradication regimen in comparison with LACM (86.1% vs 90.1% in ITT analysis and 90.6% vs 92.6% in PP analysis with similar adverse events and compliance rates).
Nevertheless, the inevitable problematic issue is that strains with dual resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole could negatively impact the efficacy of H. pylori eradication.3,11 In our study, antibiotic resistance rates were found for amoxicillin (0%), clarithromycin (21%), and metronidazole (26.32%). Univariate analyses of our data identified that clarithromycin resistance, metronidazole resistance, and dual resistance to both were the factors that reduced the efficacy of concomitant therapy. Six out of eight participants (75%) with clarithromycin resistance and seven of 10 participants (70%) with metronidazole resistance assigned to both of the concomitant therapy groups showed eradication. On the other hand, only one out of three participants with dual resistance demonstrated eradication. These findings could imply that dual resistance was a major factor affecting the outcome of concomitant therapy. Unfortunately, the number of patients infected dually with clarithromycin-resistant and metronidazole-resistant strains was small in this study, making the possibility of a type II error likely.
The limitation in this study was that the culture of H. pylori was completed only in a small subset of patients (n=42) but multiple drugs were used. Further, we were unable to discuss the influence of drug-resistant strains in the success rate of eradication because there was a possibility of type II error due to the small sample size of patients with culture reports, although the positive culture rate was 90.5% (38/42). However, both study groups used the same regimens for H. pylori eradication (concomitant therapy), and this might minimize the influence of antibiotics-resistant strains on treatment outcome.
Given that vonoprazan is still not available worldwide, by attempting to consider a stronger PPI, this study represents a very rare investigation and reported that dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant therapy attained a PP success rate of more than 90%. This fulfilled the grade B report card32,33 and could be a promising perspective to explore for H. pylori treatment using current data. Notably, although the current results are promising, they should be replicated in different populations before assuming generalization of the findings.
Conclusion
In conclusion, seven-day dexlansoprazole MR-based concomitant therapy achieved a high PP eradication rate as first-line anti–H. pylori therapy and was not inferior to seven-day lansoprazole-based concomitant therapy.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge Miss Ching-Yi Lin for her assistance in this study. This work was funded by grants from the Research Foundation of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CMRPG8F1421), Taiwan.
Ethics approval and informed consent
This study’s protocol was approved by the institutional review board and the ethics committee of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (IRB104-2643A3). All participants provided written informed consent before enrollment. None of the patients were minors. The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki as reflected in a priori approval by the institution’s human research committee. The ClinicalTrials.gov registration identifier is NCT03829150.
Data sharing statement
No data will be shared except besides what is included in the manuscript
Author contributions
All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting or revising the article, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest exist in this work.
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