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. 2019 Sep 17;11:8487–8498. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S213690

Long Noncoding RNA GAS5 Acts As A Tumor Suppressor In Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Via miR-21

Kexing Lyu 1,*, Yang Xu 1,*, Huijun Yue 1, Yun Li 1, Jing Zhao 2, Lin Chen 1, Jianhui Wu 3, Xiaolin Zhu 1, Liping Chai 1, Chunwei Li 1, Weiping Wen 1,✉, Wenbin Lei 1
PMCID: PMC6756574  PMID: 31572003

Abstract

Purpose

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as an important class of noncoding RNAs that are deeply involved in multiple biological processes in tumorigenesis. This study is to investigate the critical roles and biological function of lncRNA growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) in tumorigenesis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC).

Patients and methods

A total of 59 samples of LSCC and paired adjacent tissue, as well as corresponding clinicopathological information were collected. GAS5 expression in both LSCC tissues and human SUN1076 and SNU899 cell lines were analyzed by Real-time quantitative RT-PCR method. Ectopic expression of GAS5 by vector transfection in LSCC cell lines and followed by in vitro experiments was to investigate the critical roles and function of GAS5 in LSCC. Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) assay and PE/7AAD Annexin V Apoptosis analysis was to evaluate cell proliferation ability and cell apoptosis. Co-transfection of GAS5 and miR-21 was to explore the interaction between GAS5 and miR-21 in LSCC. BAX and CDK6 protein level were analyzed by western blot method.

Results

This study demonstrated that GAS5 was significantly downregulated in LSCC tissue and human LSCC cell lines. GAS5 levels were correlated with the clinicopathological features of LSCC patients. In addition, the ectopic expression of GAS5 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Co-expression analyses indicated that GAS5 is negatively correlated with miR-21 in LSCC tissues. Overexpression of miR-21 eliminated GAS5-mediated cell apoptosis and proliferation suppression. Furthermore, GAS5, which upregulated BAX mRNA expression and downregulated CDK6 mRNA expression, was reversed by ectopic expression of miR-21.

Conclusion

GAS5 suppresses LSCC progression through the negative regulation of miR-21 and its targets involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, indicating that GAS5 may serve as a biomarker and potential target for LSCC therapy.

Keywords: long noncoding RNA, GAS5, LSCC, miR-21, proliferation, apoptosis

Introduction

Laryngeal carcinoma is the second most common head and neck cancer and occurs more commonly in men than in women.1 With an estimated incidence rate of 5.8/100,000 in males, it can seriously threaten health and quality of life.2,3 Squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant pathological type, accounting for over 95% of laryngeal carcinomas. Approximately 60% of patients present with advanced disease (stage III or IV) once diagnosed, which usually indicates poor outcome and lower treatment efficacy.4 Although intervention strategies have greatly improved, the 5-year survival rate of laryngeal carcinoma has decreased in the past few decades,1 indicating that more in-depth investigation is needed to clarify the mechanism of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) development.

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is a kind of noncoding RNA that usually ranges from 200 nt to over 10 kb in length. Although lncRNAs were considered “transcriptional noise” in the early years, accumulating evidence indicates that lncRNAs play critical roles in the development of many diseases, especially in tumors.5–7 Abnormal expression patterns of lncRNAs have been indicated to be involved in carcinogenesis.8–10 Growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) is a nonprotein coding gene that contains multiple C/D box snoRNA genes in its introns.11 Mature lncRNA GAS5, an RNA sequence derived from exon 12, regulates the glucocorticoid receptor-associated target gene by competitively binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and inhibiting glucocorticoid receptor activation.12 Studies have revealed that GAS5 acts as a tumor suppressor in multiple biological processes in cancer, including renal cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer.13–15 However, the role and biological function of GAS5 in LSCC remain unknown. miR-21 has been identified as an oncogene in LSCC, which is involved in multiple biological and pathological process in LSCC.16,17 However, the underlying mechanism of miR-21 in LSCC need to be furtherly investigated.

In this study, we found that GAS5 is significantly downregulated in LSCC tissue compared with adjacent tissue, which is consistent with the LSCC cell lines. Ectopic expression of GAS5 attenuated proliferation and accelerated apoptosis of LSCC cell lines.

Our further results confirmed that GAS5 is negatively correlated with miR-21 in LSCC tissues. In addition, upregulated GAS5 can negatively regulate miR-21 expression and further regulate miR-21 target genes BAX and CDK6. Then, overexpression of miR-21 can reverse GAS5-mediated proliferation suppression and cell apoptosis. Thus, our study demonstrated that GAS5 acts as a tumor suppressor via negative regulation of miR-21, indicating that GAS5 may be a new target for LSCC therapy.

Materials And Methods

Clinical Specimens

A total of 59 samples of LSCC and paired adjacent tissue were obtained from patients in the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University. All samples were collected with written informed consent from the patients. The project was approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. All the tissues were collected within 10 min after surgery resection and were immediately transferred to liquid nitrogen. They were stored at −80°C until use. All patients were pathologically confirmed. Clinicopathological information was recorded: age, gender, pathological diagnosis, TNM stage, clinical stage, histological differentiation and distance metastasis.

Cell Culture

Human LSCC cell lines (SNU899 and SNU1076) were obtained from the Department of Surgery at the University of Hong Kong. Both cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 (Gibco) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen), 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37°C.

Both cell lines SUN899 and SNU1076 were approved by the ethics committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.

RNA Extraction

Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol® (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. RNA purity and concentration were detected by a NanoDrop 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The purity of the OD260/280 ratio ranged from 1.8~2.0 and was considered acceptable. Reverse transcription was conducted using the Prime ScriptTM RT Master Mix Kit (TAKARA BIO INC, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. miRNA reverse transcription proceeded originally from total RNA using the Mir-X™ miRNA First-Strand Synthesis Kit (Clontech Laboratories, CA, USA).

Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR Analysis

Real-time PCR was performed using a SYBR®Premix Ex Taq™ (TAKARA BIO INC, Japan) Kit on a LightCycler® 480 (Roche Applied Science, Pennsburg, Germany). The reaction was incubated at 95°C for 10 min followed by 45 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec and 60°C for 1 min. mRNA expression was normalized to GAPDH. To detect miR-21 expression, U6 was used as an internal control. The primers used in this study are provided in Table S1. Relative expression was calculated using the 2−△△Ct method.

Transfection Assay

The GAS5 sequence synthesized according to the full length of the GAS5 RNA sequence (NCBI Reference Sequence: NR_002578.3) was cloned into the pHB-EF1-MCS-GFP vector (Hanbio Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) to construct the GAS5-pHB plasmid. The empty pHB vector was used as a negative control. The miR-21 mimic was purchased from RiboBio Co., Ltd (Guangzhou, China). Both plasmid and miRNA mimic were transfected into LSCC cell lines using Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA).

Proliferation Assay

Pretreated LSCC cells (5×103) were seeded into 96-well plates and cultured for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. For the Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) assay, CCK8 reagent (DOJINDO, Laboratories, Kumamoto, Japan) was added 2 h before the end of the culture time. Then, the absorbance at 450 nm was measured using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Each well was repeated 5 times, and the mean absorbance was used for cell growth curve construction.

Apoptosis Assay

The apoptosis assay was performed using a PE Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit (BD Biosciences, USA). LSCC cell lines transfected with plasmid or miRNA mimic were cultured for 48 h. The cells were harvested by 0.25% trypsin and washed twice with cold PBS. Then, the cells were stained with annexin v-PE and 7-AAD and incubated in the dark for 15 min at 37°C. Stained cells were finally analyzed by flow cytometry (FACScan; BD Biosciences), and the apoptotic ratio was obtained.

Western Blot Analysis

The cells were lysed in RIPA buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) on ice for 20 mins. Protein concentration was determined using a BCA Detection Kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Proteins were separated on a 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) and then transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Schleicher and Schuell, Germany). The membranes were incubated in 5% skim milk for 1 h at room temperature and washed three times on a shaker in Tris-buffered saline containing 20% Tween-20 (TBST). Then, the membranes were incubated with antibodies against BAX (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), Rabbit monoclonal anti-CDK6 (cat. no. ab124821; 1:50,000; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), mouse monoclonal anti-GADPH (cat. no. HRP-60004; 1:10,000; Proteintech group, lnc; Manchester, UK) and β-tubulin rabbit Polyclonal Antibody (cat. no. AF0001; 1:1000; Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP antibody (cat. no. ab A0216; 1:1000; Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) and goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP antibody (cat. no. ab A0208; 1:1000; Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) were used as secondary antibodies. After application of the secondary antibody, the blots were visualized using the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).

Statistical Analysis

All statistical analyses were conducted by SPSS software version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The figures were conducted by GraphPad Prism 6. Student’s t-test was performed to analyze the differences between the two groups. Chi‑square or Fisher’s exact tests were used to analyze the association between gene expression and clinicopathological characteristics. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

GAS5 Was Significantly Downregulated In LSCC Tissues

The expression of GAS5 in LSCC was evaluated by qRT-PCR in 59 pairs of LSCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. As shown in Figure 1A, the GAS5 expression level was significantly lower in LSCC tissues than in adjacent tissues. Further investigation found that GAS5 expression in LSCC cell lines (SNU1076 and SNU899) was consistently lower than in that in normal cell lines (Figure 1B). The clinicopathological features and the expression levels of GAS5 were analyzed. As shown in Table 1, the expression level of GAS5 in cancer tissues was significantly correlated with the T stage. There was no correlation between GAS5 level and age, gender, lymph node, clinical UICC stage, histological differentiation, smoking and drinking. This initially indicated that low GAS5 expression contributed to LSCC development.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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lncRNA GAS5 expression in LSCC tissues and cell lines. (A) The relative expression of GAS5 in LSCC tissues (n=59) and adjacent normal tissues were measured by RT-qPCR normalized to GADPH. (B) Relative GAS5 expression in LSCC cell lines (SNU1076 and SNU899) and the normal oral epithelial cell line (HOK2) were determined by RT-qPCR. ***p<0.001.

Table 1.

Relationship Between lncRNA GAS5 Expression And Tumor Clinicopathological Features In LSCC

Variables Cases GAS5 Low Level GAS5 High Level P-Valuea
Sex
 Male 58 29 29 1.000
 Female 1 1 0
Age (years)
 <60 28 14 14 0.902
 ≥60 31 16 15
T stage
 T1-3 30 17 25 0.012a
 T4 29 13 4
Lymph node
 Positive 28 12 16 0.401
 Negative 31 10 21
Clinical UICC stage
 Early stage (I-II) 14 9 5 0.249
 Advance stage (III-IV) 45 21 24
Histological differentiation
 Well and moderately differentiated 40 19 21 0.260
 Poor and undifferentiated 19 12 7
Smoking
 No 35 18 17 0.673
 Yes 24 11 13
Drinking
 No 23 10 13 0.486
 Yes 36 19 17
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Note: aP<0.05.

GAS5 Acted As A Tumor Suppressor In LSCC Cell Lines

To investigate the role of GAS5 in LSCC, the LSCC cell lines SNU899 and SNU1076 were transfected with the GAS5-pHB plasmid. qRT-PCR confirmed that the GAS5 levels were largely overexpressed after transfection in both cell lines (Figure 2). CCK8 experiments showed that ectopic expression of GAS5 significantly suppressed the proliferation ability of cell lines (Figure 3A and B). In addition, double-stained flow cytometry analysis indicated that overexpression enhanced cell apoptosis compared to negative control group (Figure 4A–D). These results indicated that GAS5 may act as a tumor suppressor in LSCC.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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GAS5 expression after cell transfection. (A, B) human cell lines SNU899 and SNU1076 were transfected with empty vector and GAS5-pHB plasmid and then RT-qPCR were performed to confirm the transfection effect. **p<0.01.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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GAS5 suppressed LSCC cell lines proliferation. (A-B) Overexpression of GAS5 decreased cell lines proliferation in both SNU1076 and SNU899 LSCC cell lines. LSCC cell lines were transfected with either empty vector or GAS5-pHB plasmid and then cell lines proliferation ability was measured by CCK8 assay at 8, 24, 48, 72, 96 hr. **p<0.01.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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GAS5 promoted LSCC cell lines apoptosis. (A, B) Overexpression of GAS5 increased cell lines apoptosis in LSCC cell lines. At 48 hrs after transfection, LSCC cell lines apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. Late cell apoptosis rate was significantly increased in cell transfected with GAS5-pHB compared with empty vector in both SNU899 (A, B) and SNU1076 (C, D) cell lines.

To elucidate the mechanism of GAS5 involvement in proliferation and apoptosis pathways, qRT-PCR results showed that overexpression of GAS5 downregulated bcl2 and upregulated BAX at the gene expression level (Figure 5A–D). Moreover, upregulation of GAS5 decreased the gene expression of CDK4 and CDK6 in both cell lines (Figure 6A–D). Furthermore, overexpression of GAS5 upregulated BAX and downregulated CDK6 expression by Western blot (Figure 7). To investigate the connection of GAS5 expression and proliferation or apoptosis status in LSCC tissues, we performed correlation analysis between GAS5 and BAX/CDK6. The results indicated that GAS5 was significantly positive correlated with BAX, while negative correlated with CDK6 expression (Figure S1). Collectively, all these results demonstrated that GAS5 regulated BAX and CDK6 expression, thus leading to proliferation suppression and apoptosis enhancement.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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GAS5 suppressed bcl2 and increased BAX gene expression. Bcl2 and BAX gene expression level were detected by RT-qPCR after GAS5 transfection. Bcl2 were decreased in both SNU899 and SNU1076 cell lines (A, B), while BAX were increased (C, D). **p<0.01.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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GAS5 decreased CDK4 and CDK6 gene expression. CDK4 and CDK6 gene expression level were detected by RT-qPCR after GAS5 transfection. CDK4 (A, C) and CDK6 (B, D) decreased in both SNU899 and SNU1076 cell lines after GAS5 transfection. **p<0.01.

Figure 7.

Figure 7

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GAS5 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis via miR-21. BAX expression levels in SNU899 cells after transfection with empty vector or GAS5 overexpression vector+ miR-21-mimic (A); CDK6 expression levels in SNU899 cells after transfection with empty vector or GAS5 overexpression vector+ miR-21-mimic (B); BAX expression levels in SNU1076 cells after transfection with empty vector or GAS5 overexpression vector+ miR-21-mimic (C); CDK6 expression levels in SNU1076 cells after transfection with empty vector or GAS5 overexpression vector+ miR-21-mimic (D).

GAS5 Suppresses LSCC Cell Lines Through Negative Regulation Of miR-21

lncRNAs play important roles in tumor biology via complex mechanisms.18,19 Emerging evidence indicates that lncRNAs can regulate biological processes via sponging to miRNAs.5,20 miR-21 have been indicated to be involved in carcinogenesis process of LSCC, while the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Early studies have revealed that GAS5 has a negative connection with miR-21.21 Therefore, our further study was carried out to investigate whether GAS5 exerts a suppressible role in LSCC via miR-21.

Through qRT-PCR analysis, miR-21 was found to be significantly upregulated in laryngeal cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (Figure 8A). Then, co-expression analysis by RT-qPCR indicated that there was negative correlation between GAS5 and miR-21 in LSCC tissues (Figure 8B). Furtherly, miR-21 was confirmed to be directly regulated by GAS5 and upregulated GAS5 significantly downregulated miR-21 expression (Figure 8C and D). To investigate whether GAS5 functionally regulates LSCC via miR-21, we cotransfected GAS5 plasmid and miR-21 mimic into LSCC cell lines. As Figure 9 shows, upregulation of miR-21 reversed the GAS5-media effects, including proliferation suppression and induced apoptosis. Moreover, upregulated miR-21 inhibited BAX expression and increased CDK6 induced by GAS5 overexpression (Figure 7). In conclusion, GAS5 suppresses LSCC through the negative regulation of miR-21, which targets BAX and CDK6, leading to proliferation attenuation and cell apoptosis.

Figure 8.

Figure 8

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miR-21 is negatively regulated by GAS5. The relative expression of miR-21 in LSCC tissues (n=32) and adjacent normal tissues were measured by RT-qPCR normalized to U6 expression (A). GAS5 and miR-21 expression in LSCC tissues (n=32) measured by RT-qPCR were subject to co-expression analysis. The x-axis refers to GAS5 expression and Y-axis refers to miR-21 expression (B). Relative miR-21 expression was determined by RT-qPCR after GAS5 transfection (C, D). upregulated GAS5 significantly downregulated miR-21 expression in both SNU899 and SNU1076 cell lines, *p<0.05, **p<0.01.

Figure 9.

Figure 9

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GAS5 suppressed LSCC progression via regulating miR-21. SNU899 and SNU1076 cell lines were transfected with empty vector, GAS5-pHB, GAS5-pHB +miR-21 mimic control and GAS5-pHB+ miR-21 mimic. Cell apoptosis and proliferation were determined by flow cytometry and CCK8 assay, respectively. GAS5 mediated cell late apoptosis were eliminated by miR-21 in both SNU899 (A–D) and SNU1076 cell lines (E–H). (I-J) GAS5 mediated proliferation suppression was eliminated when GAS5 co-transfection with miR-21 mimic in both SNU899 and SNU1076 cell lines. *p<0.05, **p<0.01.

Discussion

Although the current comprehensive therapy for laryngeal cancer has obviously improved the quality of life of patients, the 5-year survival rate has decreased.2,22 Therefore, determining the mechanism of carcinogenesis of laryngeal cancer is very urgent. Accumulating evidence indicates that lncRNAs play important roles in carcinogenesis pathology. For example, aberrant expression of TUG1, NEAT1 and MEG3 plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases.23 H19 has been demonstrated to have a considerable effect on the pathophysiological process of liver diseases.24 The roles of lncRNA in many cancers, including prostate cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, and liver cancer glioma, have also attracted much attention.23,25 However, little is currently known about the role of lncRNAs in laryngeal cancer. Zhisen Shen investigated the lncRNA expression profiles in laryngeal cancer, but further study is needed to verify these findings.9 Another study showed that RP11 serves as a tumor suppressor by regulating CDH1.26 The elucidation of the biological function and mechanism of lncRNAs in cancer development is promising for novel cancer therapeutic strategies.

Aberrant expression of lncRNAs contributes to cancer development. Although low expression of GAS5 has been verified to play important roles in variable cancers, such as liver cancer,27 breast cancer,13 colorectal cancer28 and lung cancer,29 the function and role of GAS5 in laryngeal cancer are still unknown. In the present study, we found that GAS5 expression in laryngeal cancer was lower than that in adjacent nontumor tissue. Clinicopathological analysis revealed a correlation between lower expression and late T stage. This finding indicated that abnormal expression may contribute to the development of laryngeal cancer. Similarly, there was lower GAS5 levels in LSCC cell lines than in nontumor cell lines. Although reports have indicated that GAS5 functions as a tumor suppressor, the functional biological behavior of GAS5 in carcinogenesis varies. GAS5 can regulate apoptosis in prostate cancer and breast cancer,30,31 while in lung cancer and gastric cancer, GAS5 regulates proliferation.29,32 Another report revealed that GAS5 suppressed invasive ability.27 By ectopic expression of GAS5 in LSCC cell lines, we confirmed that GAS5 can suppress cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis by regulating BAX and CDK6 expression.

lncRNAs can function as endogenous “sponges” by binding to miRNAs and further regulate their target mRNAs.33 lncRNA-KRTAP5-AS1 and lncRNA-TUBB2A interact with miR-596 and miR-3620-3p.7 DSCR8 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma via miR-485-5p,34 and NEAT1 regulates LIN28B by sponging to miR-506.35 Moreover, GAS5 can directly suppress miR-21 expression.21 Another study revealed that GAS5 regulated osteoarthritis via miR-21.36 However, whether the ceRNA mechanism plays a critical role in laryngeal cancer remains unclear. Our study found that GAS5 and miR-21 has negative expression pattern in LSCC tissue. Meanwhile, GAS5 can negatively regulate miR-21 expression in laryngeal cell lines. miR-21 plays important roles in cancer progression, such as adenocarcinoma, esophageal cancer and lung cancer.37–39 Ectopic expression of miR-21 regulated BAX and CDK6 expression in this study. In addition, miR-21 reversed GAS5-media proliferation suppression and apoptosis. Similarly, miR-21 was confirmed to attenuate the regulation of BAX and CDK6 by GAS5. Collectively, this indicated that GAS5 suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis through miR-21. However, this study has some limitations. GAS5 is not a novel lncRNA, instead an important lncRNA reported in other cancer. Our study furtherly elucidated the anti-tumor role of GAS5 in LSCC. Due to only functional and regulatory interaction evidence shown in this study, the binding sites of GAS5 and miR-21 still need further investigation to the clarify the specific mechanism of GAS5 in LSCC. Continued study of the specific mechanism and improved elucidation of GAS5 in LSCC hope to improve more effective and novel therapy strategies against LSCC.

In summary, the lncRNA GAS5 is downregulated in LSCC tissue compared with adjacent nontumor tissue. Lower expression of GAS5 is associated with T stage. Then, ectopic expression of GAS5 suppressed cell proliferation and enhanced cell apoptosis in vivo. In addition, the overexpression of GAS5 increased BAX and decreased CDK6. Moreover, upregulation of GAS5 decreased the miR-21 level in the cell lines. The overexpression of miR-21 diminished the suppressed proliferative ability and enhanced the apoptotic effect induced by GAS5. As expected, upregulation of miR-21 reversed BAX and CDK6 expression by GAS5. The results showed that GAS5 regulates proliferation and apoptosis of LSCC cell lines through the regulation of miR-21 and its targets. This finding indicated that GAS5 may play an important role in LSCC progression and may be a novel and potential target for LSCC diagnosis and molecular therapy.

Conclusion

Down-regulated of lncRNA GAS5 contribute to the development of laryngeal cancer. GAS5 was found to be an antitumor gene that it can suppress cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis by sponging to miR-21, thus regulating its downstream genes BAX and CDK6. GAS5 may serve as a novel and potential target for LSCC diagnosis and molecular therapy.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou of China (201704020092) and Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province of China (2017A050506018). Kexing Lyu , Yang Xu and Yun Li are co-first authors for this study.

Data Sharing Statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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