LncRNA CASC11 is upregulated in postmenopausal osteoporosis and is correlated with TNF-α

Abstract

Purpose

In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA cancer susceptibility 11 (CASC11) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in postmenopausal osteoporosis (POP).

Methods and materials

POP patients and healthy controls were included in this study and levels of CASC11 and TNF-α in plasma of those participants were measured by qPCR and Western blot, respectively. ROC curve was used for diagnostic analysis. Patients were followed up for 2 years and the correlations between the levels of CASC11 and TNF-α and disease conditions were analyzed.

Results

We found that CASC11 and TNF-α were both upregulated in plasma of POP patients than in healthy controls. Plasma levels of CASC11 and TNF-α were positively correlated in both POP patients and in healthy controls. Upregulation of CASC11 and TNF-α distinguished POP patients from healthy controls. Treatment and follow-up study showed that high CASC11 levels were significantly correlated with prolonged treatment course and high recurrence rate. Plasma levels of CASC11 and TNF-α decreased after treatment. CASC11 overexpression led to upregulated TNF-α in osteoclasts.

Conclusion

CASC11 is upregulated in POP and is correlated with TNF-α.

Introduction

Only 2% of transcriptions are related to protein-coding genes, and the vast majority of transcripts are transcribed by non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes.¹ Long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of non-protein coding RNA transcripts composed of more than 200 nucleotides.^2,3 Due to the lack of protein-coding ability, lncRNAs participate in both physiological and pathological processes by regulating downstream genes at epigenetic, posttranscriptional and translational levels.^4,5 Studies in the last two decades have shown that lncRNAs are critical determinants in human diseases.⁶ However, function of most lncRNAs remains unknown, which hinders the application of lncRNAs in disease prediction and treatment.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (POP) is a metabolic and systemic bone disorder resulted from the decreased production of estrogen in ovary after menopause.⁷ POP affects about half of females in their middle and old age.⁸ The main cause of POP is the disrupted balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption osteoclasts,⁷ in which lncRNAs have been proven to play critical roles.⁹ Therefore, functional characterization of lncRNAs in POP may facilitate the development of therapeutic approaches. However, the function of most lncRNAs in this disease remains unknown. CASC11 is a recently identified oncogenic lncRNA in several types of cancer.^10–12 Our preliminary microarray data revealed its upregulation in POP patients and its positive correlation with TNF-α (data not shown), which contribute to POP.¹³ Therefore, exploration of the interactions between CASC11 and TNF-α in POP may provide new insights to the pathogenesis of this disease. In the present study, we investigated the role of CASC 11 in POP and its potential interactions with TNF-α.

Materials and methods

Patients

Our study included 67 patients with POP as well as 66 healthy postmenopausal female controls who were admitted by the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January 2014 to January 2016. All patients showed decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) is more than 2.5 SD compared with normal population. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Patients’ inclusion criteria: 1) POP patients who were diagnosed and treated for the first time; 2) patient complete treatment and 2-year follow up. Exclusion criteria: 1) patients who were transferred from other hospital and received therapy before admission; 2) other medical conditions were observed. The 66 healthy controls were enrolled in the physical health center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University to match the age of patient group. Age of patient group ranged from 47 to 69 years, with a mean age of 56.8±4.9 years. Age of control group ranged from 46 to 68 years, with a mean age of 56.8±4.9 years. This study was approved by Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University before the admission of patients. All participants signed informed consent. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Plasma and cell line

Fasting blood (5 mL) was extracted from 67 patients with POP under fasting conditions before treatment and on the day of discharge. Fasting blood (5 mL) was also extracted from healthy controls on the day of admission. Blood was kept in EDTA treated tubes, followed by centrifugation at 1200 g for 10 mins to remove blood cells and collect plasma.

Treatment and follow-up

Intramuscular injection of elcatonin was performed for all patients every 3 or 4 days. BMD of all patients returned to normal range after maximum of 3.5 months’ treatment. Patients were followed-up for 2 years to record recurrence. The patients failed to complete this study were excluded from this study.

Osteoblasts

Human primary osteoblasts were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Lous, MO, USA). Cells were cultivated under the conditions recommended by Sigma-Aldrich and collected at passage 5–7 for subsequent experiments.

Total RNA extraction and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)

To detect the expression of CASC11, total RNAs were extracted using RNAzol reagent (Sigma-Aldrich (St. Lous, MO, USA), RevertAid RT Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific., Inc.) was used to perform reverse transcription and Luna^® Universal One-Step RT-qPCR Kit (NEB, Ipswich, MA, USA) was used to prepare all PCR reaction systems. Applied Biosystems 2720 Thermal Cycler was used to perform all PCR reactions with GAPDH as endogenous control. Primers of CASC11 and GAPDH were from Sangon (Shanghai, People's Republic of China). Expression of CASC11 was normalized to GAPDH using 2^−ΔΔCT method.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Human TNF-alpha Quantikine ELISA Kit (R&D Systems) was used to measure plasma levels of TNF-α with al operations performed in strict accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Plasma levels of TNF-α were normalized to pg/ml.

Cell transfection

Vectors and cell transfection

pIRSE2 vector expressing CASC11 and empty pIRSE2 vector from Sangon (Shanghai). Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific. lnc.,) was used to transfect 10 nM vectors into osteoclasts with all operations performed in strict accordance with manufacturers’ instructions. Control cells were un-transfected cells. Negative control cells were cells transfected with empty vectors. Cells were harvested at 24 hrs after cell transfection to perform other experiments.

Western blot

TNF-α in osteoclasts after CASC11 was detected by Western blot. Briefly, Monarch^® Total RNA Miniprep Kit (NEB) was used to extract total RNAs from osteoclasts. Following denaturing, gel electrophoresis was performed using 10% SDS-PAGE. After gel transfer to PVDF membranes, membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat milk for 2 hrs at denaturing. Membranes were then incubated with rabbit anti-human TNF-α (1:1200, ab9635, Abcam) or GAPDH (1:1800, ab8245, Abcam) overnight at 4°C. After that, incubation with goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP secondary antibody (1:1500, MBS435036, MyBioSource) was performed for 2 hrs at room temperature. After ECL (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) method was used for signal development and signals were normalized using Image J software.

Statistical analysis

All experiments were performed in triplicate manner and data were recorded as mean±standard deviation. GraphPad Prism 6 software was used to perform all statistical analyses. Comparisons between patients and controls and comparisons of treatment course were performed unpaired t-test. Comparisons between pre-therapy and post-therapy levels of CASC11 and TNF-α were performed by paired test. Comparisons of TNF-α among cells with different treatments were performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Comparison of recurrence rate was performed by Chi-square test. Diagnostic values of CASC11 and TNF-α for POP were analyzed by ROC curve analysis with POP patients as true positive cases and healthy controls as true negative cases. Correlation analyses between expression levels of CASC11 and TNF-α were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Differences were statistically significant when p<0.05.

Results

CASC11 and TNF-α were both upregulated in plasma of POP patients

Plasma levels of CASC11 and TNF-α were measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA and compared between POP patients and healthy controls by unpaired t-test. Compared with healthy controls, plasma levels of CASC11 (Figure 1A, 2.32-fold change) and TNF-α (Figure 1B, 1.67-fold change) were significantly upregulated in patients with POP (p<0.05).

Figure 1.

CASC11 and TNF-α were both upregulated in plasma of postmenopausal osteoporosis patients. RT-qPCR and ELISA results showed that plasma levels of CASC11 (A) and TNF-α (B) were significantly upregulated in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis than in healthy controls (*p<0.05).

Plasma CASC11 and TNF-α have diagnostic potentials for POP

Diagnostic values of CASC11 and TNF-α for POP were analyzed by ROC curve analysis with POP patients as true positive cases and healthy controls as true negative cases. For plasma lncRNA CASC 11, area under the curve was 0.96 (standard error: 0.017, confidence interval: 0.92–0.98, p<0.001, Figure 2A). For plasma TNF-α, area under the curve was 0.80 (standard error: 0.037, confidence interval: 0.73–0.88, p<0.001, Figure 2B).

Figure 2.

Plasma CASC11 and TNF-α have diagnostic potentials for postmenopausal osteoporosis. ROC curve analysis showed that upregulation of CASC11 (A) and TNF-α (B) distinguished postmenopausal osteoporosis patients from healthy controls.

Plasma levels of CASC11 and TNF-α were positively correlated

Correlation analyses between expression levels of CASC11 and TNF-α were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. As shown in Figure 3, a significant and positive correlation between CASC11 and TNF-α were found in both POP patients (Figure 3A, R square=0.79; p<0.01) and healthy controls (Figure 3B, R square=0.74, p<0.01).

Figure 3.

Plasma levels of CASC11 and TNF-α were positively correlated. Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed a significant and positive correlation between CASC11 and TNF-α in both postmenopausal osteoporosis patients (A) and healthy controls (B).

CASC11 overexpression led to TNF-α upregulation in osteoclasts

CASC11 was overexpressed in osteoclasts to further investigate the interaction between CASC11 and TNF-α. Compared with control (C) and negative control cells, CASC11 overexpression led to upregulated TNF-α in osteoclasts (Figure 4, p<0.05).

Figure 4.

CASC11 overexpression led to TNF-α upregulation in osteoclasts. Western blot results showed that CASC11 overexpression led to upregulated TNF-α in osteoclasts (*p<0.05).

Plasma levels of CASC11 and TNF-α decreased after treatment

Plasma levels of CASC11 and TNF-α in POP patients were also measured on the day of discharge. Compared with pre-therapy levels (paired t-test), plasma levels of CASC11 (Figure 5A) and TNF-α (Figure 5B) decreased after treatment (post-therapy) (p<0.05).

Figure 5.

Plasma levels of CASC11 and TNF-α decreased after treatment. Compared with pre-therapy levels, plasma levels of CASC11 (A) and TNF-α (B) decreased after treatment (post-therapy) (*p<0.05).

High CASC11 levels were significantly correlated with prolonged treatment course and high recurrence rate

Based on pre-therapy levels of plasma CASC11, patients were divided into high (n=31) and low (n=36) level CASC11 groups according to Youden’s index. Compared with low-level CASC11 group, treatment course was significantly longer in high-level CASC11 group (Figure 6, p<0.05). Based on post-therapy levels of plasma CASC11, patients were divided into higher (n=30) and low (n=37) level CASC11 groups according to Youden’s index. During follow-up, recurrence occurred in 18 cases of high-level CASC11 group and only 9 cases occurred in low-level CASC11 group, a significant difference was found between 2 groups (Chi-square =8.76, p=0.0031).

Figure 6.

High CASC11 levels were significantly correlated with prolonged treatment course. Compared with low-level CASC11 group, treatment course was significantly longer in high-level CASC11 group (*p<0.05).

Discussion

The development and progression of POP require the involvement of lncRNA, while the function of most lncRNAs in this disease remains unknown. The key finding of the present study is that CASC11 is upregulated in POP and may promote disease by upregulating TNF-α.

TNF-α is a major contributor of POP.¹³ TNF-α is upregulated in POP and upregulated expression of TNF-α leads to the activation of osteoclasts and increased bone resorption.¹⁴ Consistent with previous studies, upregulated TNF-α was observed in POP compared with healthy controls. In effect, upregulation of TNF-α effectively distinguished POP patients from healthy controls. It is known that TNF-α can be regulated by certain lncRNAs, such as HOTAIR.¹⁵ In the present study, we proved that CASC11 can upregulate TNF-α in osteoclasts. Therefore, CASC11 may promote bone resorption by upregulating TNF-α. However, molecular mechanism of the regulation of TNF-α by CASC11 is unknown. Our study did not observe significantly changed expression of TNF-α mRNA after CASC11 overexpression. Therefore, CASC11 may regulate the accumulation and/or degradation of TNF-α.

With proper therapy, treatment outcomes of POP patients are generally satisfactory.¹⁶ Our study showed that CASC11 can be used as biomarkers to reflect the treatment course of POP. A major challenge in the clinical treatment of POP is the high recurrence rate.¹⁷ In the present study, 27 of 67 patients suffered from recurrence within 2 years after discharge, accounting for 40.3%. Therefore, prevention of recurrence is still critical. Our study showed that high plasma level of CASC11 on the day of discharge is significantly correlated with high recurrence rate. Therefore, measurement of plasma levels of CASC11 may provide guidance of the prevention of the recurrence of POP.

It has been reported that CASC11 can promote the expression of MMP7,¹² which mediates the release of TNF-α.¹⁸ Therefore, MMP7 may mediate the interaction between CASC11 and TNF-α. In addition, CASC11 can also interact with other key players in POP, such as TGF-β1.¹⁹ Our future studies will try to analyze the interactions between CASC11 and these factors in POP. It is worth noting that this study is limited by the small sample size. In addition, genetic variants of CASC11 and TNF genes, which may have different functions, were not analyzed in the present study. Our future studies will try to solve these problems.

However, our study lacks in vivo experiments. Our future studies will try to perform animal model experiments to further confirm the functions of CASC11 in POP.

Conclusion

CASC11 is upregulated in POP and may upregulate TNF-α to promote disease development.

Ethics approval and informed consent

The protocol of the present study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. All patients signed informed consent.

Author contributions

Haotao Yu, Wei Zhou, Weiming Yan, Zhongqi Xu, Yinhao Xie and Ping Zhang have made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, and analysis and interpretation of data. Haotao Yu and Ping Zhang were involved in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content. Haotao Yu, Wei Zhou, Weiming Yan, Zhongqi Xu, Yinhao Xie and Ping Zhang gave final approval of the version to be published. Each author agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting and revising the article, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.