Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Hypospadias is the second most common congenital anomalies among human congenital disabilities. There are over 300 surgery techniques being introduced to treat hypospadias. The successful of hypospadias repair is assessed by several outcomes as well as complications following surgery.
AIM:
This study aims to show the multicenter hypospadias data in Indonesia descriptively.
METHODS:
All the data were compiled based on questionnaires, which were distributed to Indonesian pediatric urologists. The questionnaire includes several questions containing demographic aspect, preferred techniques being used, and complications being found regarding hypospadias repair.
RESULTS:
Eighteen Indonesian pediatric urologists from 12 centres involved in this study. The data were collected from June – September 2018 based on the surgeon’s experience throughout 2017. From 591 cases based on the returned questionnaire, penile-type hypospadias was the most common type of hypospadias being treated (35.7%) followed by penoscrotal (28.9%) and scrotal-type (12.9%). Moderate severity of chordee was mostly seen among all cases (40.6%). Tubularised incised plate (TIP), + Thiersch Duplay, was the most common technique being used to treat hypospadias (44.3%), followed by onlay island preputial flap (14.9%) and two-stage technique (14%). The incidence of urethrocutaneous fistulae in this study was 13.9%.
CONCLUSION:
This study showed how Indonesian pediatric urologists dealt with hypospadias cases. TIP + Thiersch Duplay procedure being the preferred technique used by most participants and the rate of urethrocutaneous fistulae as one of the complications was comparable with previous studies.
Keywords: Hypospadias, Urethroplasty, Complications, Urethrocutaneous fistulae
Introduction
Several studies reported that hypospadias is the second most common congenital anomalies among human congenital disabilities [1], [2]. The prevalence of hypospadias is around 1 of 250-300 live male births [3]. Hypospadias repair is being performed with some aims such as enable micturition in standing position, good cosmetic appearance, as well as effective insemination [4], [5]. Currently, there are over 300 surgery techniques being introduced as management of hypospadias, and some newer methods continue to evolve and introduce. However, there are no standard methods to treat all hypospadias. Over the last decades, the surgery is subtle, and it now has a decreased stage of operations as well as postoperative complications [1], [4].
Distal hypospadias has been treated as a one-stage procedure currently as reported by many studies internationally. Transverse incised plate (TIP), Mathieu and Onlay island flap are being some of the techniques most used to treat distal hypospadias. Nevertheless, for proximal hypospadias, the surgical treatment is still debatable into two groups based on the stage of procedures. One group favour one stage procedure such as inlay preputial flap while other groups choose to perform two-stage procedure [6], [7].
The successful of hypospadias repair is assessed by several outcomes, out of which, the complications being the most concerns of all surgeons. Some of the complications after hypospadias repair include urethrocutaneous fistulae, urethral strictures, infections, meatal stenosis and others fewer common ones [8]. Some factors could affect the outcome of hypospadias repairs such as the site of the meatus, the severity of chordee, adequacy of preputial skin and the existence of penoscrotal transposition.
Other factors, including the age of the patients and surgeon’s experience, could be counted as well [9], [10]. Some technical factors such as the type of surgery, second layer usage, duration of antibiotic and stenting duration are also notable [2], [11].
Regarding our knowledge, this is the first descriptive multicenter study regarding the hypospadias repair data being performed by Indonesian pediatric urologists and this study aimed to show the multicenter hypospadias data in Indonesia descriptively in terms of demographics, techniques being used, and outcomes in 12 institutions from across Indonesia.
Material and Methods
All the data were compiled from self-constructed questionnaires, which were distributed to Indonesian pediatric urologists who have been completed the pediatric urology trainee to ensure their competence as well as homogeneity handling techniques. The data were collected and analysed from June – September 2018 based on the surgeon’s experience throughout the year of 2017.
The questionnaire includes several questions containing demographic aspect, preferred techniques being used, and complications being found regarding hypospadias repair.
As this study was being held, there were 18 pediatric urologists in Indonesia. Ethical approval for this study has been granted by the local Ethics Committee.
Results
Eighteen Indonesian pediatric urologists from 12 centres took part in this study. Of the returned questionnaires and through final analysis, we included data from 591 cases.
However, some questionnaires were returned with incomplete answers. In this case, we were trying to collect data as much and as relevant as we can. The distributions of hypospadias data based on hospital centres are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
The distributions of hypospadias data based on the hospital centres
| Hospital Center (City) | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Sanglah (Denpasar) | 83 (14) |
| Cipto Mangunkusumo (Jakarta) | 59 (10) |
| Hasan Sadikin (Bandung) | 44 (7.5) |
| Saiful Anwar (Malang) | 30 (5.1) |
| Sardjito (Yogyakarta) | 28 (4.7) |
| Wahidin Sudirohusodo (Makassar) | 27 (4.6) |
| Harapan Kita (Jakarta) | 48 (8.1) |
| Fatmawati (Jakarta) | 119 (20.1) |
| M. Djamil (Padang) | 41 (6.9) |
| Soetomo (Surabaya) | 56 (9.5) |
| Adam Malik (Medan) | 25 (4.2) |
| Persahabatan (Jakarta) | 31 (5.3) |
| Total (%) | 591 (100) |
The distributions of the age group of hypospadias patients about the occurrence of urethrocutaneous fistulae after a repair, the techniques of hypospadias repair in relation to type of hypospadias, and the severity of chordee are shown in Table 2, 3, and 4, respectively.
Table 2.
The distributions of age group of hypospadias patients in relation to the occurrence of urethrocutaneous fistulae after hypospadias repair
| Age group (years) | Urethrocutaneous fistulae | n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||
| 0-1 | - | 15 | 15 (2.5) |
| >1-2 | 3 | 36 | 39 (6.6) |
| >2-3 | 3 | 58 | 61 (10.3) |
| >3-4 | 14 | 101 | 115 (19.5) |
| >4 | 62 | 299 | 361 (61.1) |
| Total (%) | 82 (13.9) | 509 (86.1) | 591 (100) |
Table 3.
Techniques of hypospadias repair being used about the type of hypospadias
| Urethroplasty Technique | Glandular | Subcoronal | Penile | Penoscrotal | Scrotal | Perineal | Chordee only | Failed urethroplasty | Total (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chordectomy and orthoplasty | - | 14 | - | - | - | - | 3 | - | 17 (2.8) |
| MAGPI | 13 | 12 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 25 (4.2) |
| Mathieu | 1 | 9 | 6 | - | - | - | - | - | 16 (2.7) |
| TIP + Thiersch Duplay | 10 | 29 | 130 | 56 | 25 | 3 | - | 8 | 261 (44.3) |
| Onlay island preputial flap | - | - | 39 | 35 | 13 | 1 | - | - | 88 (14.9) |
| Duckett | - | 3 | 10 | 25 | 7 | 1 | - | - | 46 (7.8) |
| Dorsal inlay preputial flap or graft | - | - | 15 | 16 | 2 | 2 | - | - | 35 (5.9) |
| Koyanagi | - | - | 5 | 4 | 1 | - | - | - | 10 (1.7) |
| Two-stage technique | - | 1 | 6 | 35 | 28 | 10 | - | 3 | 83 (14) |
| Fistulae repair | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10 | 10 (1.7) |
| Total (%) | 24 (4.1) | 68 (11.5) | 211 (35.7) | 171 (28.9) | 76 (12.9) | 17 (2.8) | 3 (0.5) | 21 (3.6) | 591 (100) |
Table 4.
The severity of chordee
| Severity of chordee | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Mild | 118 (28.7) |
| Moderate | 167 (40.6) |
| Severe | 126 (30.7) |
| Total (%) | 411 (100) |
The length of neo-urethra during hypospadias repair, the placement of percutaneous cytostomy during hypospadias repair, and the size of urethral splint are shown in Table 5, 6, and 7 respectively.
Table 5.
The length of neo-urethra during hypospadias repair
| The length of neo-urethra (cm) | n (%) |
|---|---|
| < 1 | 28 (8.4) |
| 1-2 | 79 (23.7) |
| > 2-3 | 107 (32.1) |
| > 3-4 | 83 (24.9) |
| > 4 | 36 (10.9) |
| Total (%) | 333 (100) |
Table 6.
The placement of percutaneous cystostomy during hypospadias repair
| Placement of percutaneous cystostomy | n (%) |
|---|---|
| No | 213 (61.1) |
| Yes | 136 (38.9) |
| Total | 349 (100) |
Table 7.
The size of the urethral splint during hypospadias repair
| The size of urethral splint (Fr) | n (%) |
|---|---|
| 6 | 127 (32.6) |
| 8 | 181 (46.4) |
| 10 | 45 (11.5) |
| 12 | 27 (6.9) |
| 14 | 9 (2.3) |
| 16 | 1 (0.3) |
| Total | 390 (100) |
The complication founds after hypospadias repair other than urethral fistulae was 14 cases (4%) from 350 cases.
Discussion
Hypospadias is being one of the common congenital anomalies of the penile [12]. Currently, there have been more than 300 surgery techniques in hypospadias repair [1].
All of those techniques have the same goal, which is to achieve cosmetically appropriate penile with acceptable shaped of penile glans that has a meatus at the tip of the penile.
Nonetheless, high rates of complications still be an issue in hypospadias repair compared to other reconstructive surgeries. Moreover, until currently, there is no same consensus about the preference procedures to treat any hypospadias.
The urethrocutaneous fistulae rate as a complication in our study was quite comparable with previous studies. The rate of urethrocutaneous fistulae in our study was 13.9%. Results from other literature were quite varying from 4-60%.
However, the higher rates of complications were commonly in the studies with more severe hypospadias [6], [7], [8], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22]. We have also noticed in this study that higher complication rate was associated with severe chordee as well as proximal hypospadias. The prevalence of proximal hypospadias (penoscrotal, scrotal, and perineal) was very high in this study (44.7%) as compared to other studies [9], [22], [23], [24]. This issue might be due to some of the distal hypospadias patients did not seek medical advice. Also, all Indonesian pediatric urologists work in each hospital centre where lots of severe cases will be referred to them from all around the country.
Hypospadias repair is recommended to perform around age 6 – 18 months. Some studies even showing minimal complication of hypospadias repair in patients with age 4 – 6 months [4], [10], [20]. In our study, most of the cases being treated were older than 4-year-old (61.1%). One of the main reasons for this problem was most of the cases were came to a physician at an older age, and most of the patients were coming from a distant area.
Tabularized incised plate (TIP) procedure has become very popular since Snodgrass introduced his initial technique of TIP for hypospadias repair in 1994. This technique is very popular for the treatment of distal hypospadias [25]. The treatment of proximal hypospadias is more challenging. A surgeon must be ready to use some different techniques to deal with proximal hypospadias. The majority of Indonesian pediatric urologists prefer TIP technique (44.3%) as a management to treat hypospadias which is comparable to another study [6], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26]. Not only for distal hypospadias, but TIP technique was also used for proximal hypospadias which had very mild chordee and only minimal dissection required for correction. Nonetheless, it should be considered that the TIP technique has a greater risk to produce an unsatisfying cosmetic outcome as management of proximal hypospadias [27].
The previous study has shown the correlation of cystostomy placement to a low incident of urethrocutaneous fistulae following hypospadias surgery [28]. Nevertheless, most of the Indonesian pediatric urologists prefer not to use cystostomy in this study. It is understandable that the placement of percutaneous cystostomy in hypospadias surgery cannot be applied to all cases because it needs a thoughtful decision from one case to another. A large number of surgeons use urethral stenting following hypospadias repair. However, until currently, there is no agreement in terms of its need, size, or material to be used [29]. In this study, all participants use urethral stenting for their patients.
In conclusion, this multi-centre descriptive study showed how Indonesian pediatric urologists dealt with hypospadias cases which were comparable to international level practices. TIP procedure is the preferred technique used by most participants, and the rate of urethrocutaneous fistulae as one of the complications was comparable with previous literature as well.
Footnotes
Funding: This research did not receive any financial support
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist
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