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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2017 Jan 20;37(1):18–23. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.01.04

孕晚期地诺前列酮栓引产的临床疗效及安全性:多中心回顾性分析

Clinical efficacy and safety of controlled-release dinoprostone insert: a multicenter retrospective study

Xueyuan LI 1, Yuewen GUO 2, Yanwen XU 3, Bin ZHU 3, Xuexue WU 4, Xiang CHEN 4, Xiaoyi WANG 5, Dunjin CHEN 5, Hui CHEN 6, Jianping ZHANG 6, Zhijian WANG 1,*, Shengli AN 2,*
PMCID: PMC6765749  PMID: 28109093

Abstract

Objective

To analyze the effectiveness and safety of controlled-release dinoprostone insert for term labor induction in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong province.

Methods

Twenty hospitals using controlled-release dinoprostone insert for term labor induction in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong province were stratified into provincial hospitals and municipal hospitals, and three hospitals of each level were selected as research units. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1390 pregnant women receiving term labor induction using controlled-release dinoprostone insert were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the the effectiveness and safety with another 957 pregnant women with induced abortion using oxytocin as the control group.

Results

Compared with the control group, the controlled-release dinoprostone insert group showed a significantly longer length of the latent phase of labor (4.06±2.65 vs 3.20±2.08 h, P=0.003, 95%CI [0.182, 0.920]) and shorter lengths of the active phase (1.73±1.32 vs 2.22±1.75 h, P=0.000, 95%CI [-0.795, -0.363]) and the second stage of labor (0.49±0.37 vs 0.54±0.43 h, P=0.003, 95%CI [-0.137, -0.028]). No significant differences were found in the length of the first stage of labor, the vaginal delivery rate, adverse reactions, or fetal outcomes between the two groups.

Conclusion

Controlled-release dinoprostone insert is effective and safe for labor induction at term.

Keywords: controlled-release dinoprostone insert, oxytocin, induction at term, efficiency, safety


从20世纪90年代开始,临床上引产率明显上升。2012年美国一项队列研究显示,有42.9%的初产妇及31.8%的经产妇需要进行引产治疗[1]。最理想的引产方法是在不增加母婴并发症的前提下最大程度地缩短产程[2]。地诺前列酮作为促宫颈成熟的常见药物,已广泛应用于晚孕期引产,在欧美国家是晚孕期引产的首选方法[3]。我国自2003年使用以来[4]至今已有13年。关于地诺前列酮栓使用的有效性和安全性研究很多,其有效性得到了广泛的认可[5],但其安全性研究结论并不一致,这是因为目前尚无针对各种引产方法有效性和安全性评估的大样本研究,因而无可靠的循证医学证据支持:既往各项研究所选择的对照组不同[6-8],且研究数据的来源多为单中心数据,研究结果受到研究单位对药物使用的不同习惯和监测方法影响[9-10]。另外大部分研究没能把握药物研究的药物使用单纯性原则[11-12],使地诺前列酮联合其他引产方法的病例被纳入研究,影响其安全性评价。因此,为提供地诺前列酮栓(欣普贝生)使用安全性的可信证据,进行多中心大样本调查是必要的,其结果对我国晚孕引产工作具有指导意义。

我们在广东省珠三角地区使用地诺前列酮栓的20家医院中进行分层抽样,选取省级和市区级各3家医院作为研究单位,按照严格的纳入和剔除标准筛选出6家医院2010年1月~2014年12月单纯使用地诺前列酮栓引产病例1390例进行回顾分析,研究该药物使用的安全性和有效性,为地诺前列酮栓使用的循证医学评价提供可靠数据。

1. 资料和方法

1.1. 研究对象

参与研究的3家省级医院为南方医科大学南方医院、广州医科大学附属第三医院、中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院,三家市区级医院是番禺何贤纪念医院、顺德第一人民医院和番禺中心医院。选取2010年1月~2014年12月在6家医院收治的1390名单纯使用地诺前列酮栓晚孕促宫颈成熟及引产孕妇为研究组,选取同期晚孕单纯使用缩宫素作为引产药物的957名孕妇作为对照组。

纳入标准:妊娠≥28周;单胎;头位;有引产适应证(胎膜早破,延期/过期妊娠,羊水偏少/过少,羊水过多,妊娠期糖尿病,妊娠期高血压疾病,精神社会因素,可疑胎儿窘迫,妊娠合并内科疾病如妊娠合并肝病、妊娠合并心脏病、妊娠合并自身免疫性疾病,胎儿宫内发育迟缓、胎儿严重畸形、死胎);无引产禁忌证;无缩宫素及地诺前列酮栓过敏史。

排除标准:孕周 < 28周;多胎;胎位不正;既往有子宫手术史;因继发性宫缩乏力使用缩宫素;同一孕妇先后使用两种引产方法。

1.2. 地诺前列酮栓使用和监测方法

6家医院对地诺前列酮栓使用的方法及监测均按统一标准执行。严格按照药品使用说明使用。放置栓剂期间定期监测胎心、宫缩频率、宫缩持续时间和宫缩强度(1次/30 min)。若孕妇出现临产、破膜、严重恶心、呕吐,胎儿宫内窘迫、强直宫缩等先兆子宫破裂征象、药物放置24 h,立即取出药物。缩宫素组孕妇予缩宫素2.5 U入5%葡萄糖或0.9%氯化钠注射液500 mL缓慢静脉滴注,滴速为8滴/min。滴注药物期间密切观察孕妇子宫收缩频率、持续时间、强度及胎心,根据宫缩调整滴速,至出现有效宫缩,最大滴数不能超过40滴/min。若孕妇出现前述不良反应,立即停药。

1.2.1. 临床疗效评价

评价指标:(1)用药至临产时长;(2)各产程时长,包括潜伏期时长、活跃期时长、第1、2、3产程和总产程时长,产程评价按照FRIEDMAN标准;(3)经阴道分娩率。

1.2.2. 安全性评价

评价指标:(1)用药后孕妇各种不良反应发生率,包括软产道损伤、急产、产后出血、绒毛膜羊膜炎、胎盘残留、宫缩过强、子宫过度刺激、发热、胎盘早剥、羊水栓塞;(2)用药后围产儿各种不良反应发生率,包括羊水污染、胎心基线异常、胎监异常、Apgar评分 < 7分。

1.3. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 20统计学软件进行数据处理和分析。先进行单因素分析,两组之间计量资料比较采用两独立样本t检验;计数资料比较采用χ2检验或者Fisher's Exact方法;多因素分析中,各产程时长的影响因素分析采用线性回归分析,阴道分娩率、用药后孕妇及围产儿各种不良反应发生率的影响因素分析采用Logistic回归分析。P < 0.05差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 一般资料比较

2.1.1. 引产孕妇一般资料比较

地诺前列酮栓组产妇年龄27.07±4.13岁,身高1.60±0.05 m,体质量67.24±.79 kg,身体质量指数(BMI)26.34±3.06 kg/m2,孕周39.90±1.56周。缩宫素组产妇年龄27.81±4.77岁,身高1.59±0.05 m,体质量66.63±8.62 kg,BMI 26.26±3.37 kg/m2,孕周39.33±1.91周。两组产妇年龄、身高、体质量、BMI、孕周比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。

2.1.2. 研究组和对照组引产指征比较

与对照组相比,引产指征中地诺前列酮栓组延期妊娠/过期妊娠、羊水偏少/过少、妊娠期高血压疾病比例高,胎膜早破比例低。而羊水过多、妊娠期糖尿病、可疑胎儿窘迫、精神社会因素引产指征等两组比较差异均无统计学意义。地诺前列酮栓组引产指征主要为延期妊娠(51.58%),缩宫素组引产指征主要为胎膜早破(55.38%,表 1)。

1.

研究组和对照组引产指征比较

Indications of for induction in the participants

Indications Oxytocin (n=957) Controlled-release dinoprostone insert (n=1390) p*
*Data are analyzed by one-way χ2 test. One mater may induced for multiple indications. #Other includes stillbirth, sever malformation fetus, intrauterine growth restriction, metal autoimmune disease.
Premature rupture of membranes 530 (55.38%) 91 (6.55%) 0.000
Prolonged pregnancy 345 (36.05%) 717 (51.58%) 0.000
Oligohydramnios 121 (12.64%) 487 (35.04%) 0.000
Gestational diabetes mellitus 131 (13.69%) 192(13.81%) 0.932
Polyhydramnios 36 (3.76%) 43 (3.09%) 0.378
Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy 21(2.19%) 60 (4.32%) 0.006
Metal psychological and social factors 25 (2.61%) 49 (3.53%) 0.214
Suspicious fetal distress 18 (1.57%) 26 (1.87%) 0.985
Other# 13 (1.36%) 32 (2.30%) 0.101

2.2. 临床疗效比较

2.2.1. 用药至临产时长、各产程时长

引产的成功率与宫颈成熟度密切相关,而宫颈成熟度可用宫颈评分来评价且往往与是否初产妇有关。本研究研究组及对照组初产率分别为87.55%(1217/1390)vs 72.00%(689/957),宫颈评分分别为3.94±1.21 vs 5.62±1.70,两组比较差异有统计学意义。故将是否初产及引产前宫颈评分纳入多因素分析,以排除这两个因素对两种药物有效性及安全性评价指标的影响。分别以两组用药至临产时长(Y1)、潜伏期时长(Y2)、活跃期时长(Y3)、第1产程(Y4)、第2产程(Y5)、第3产程(Y6)和总产程时长(Y7)为因变量,以前述是否初产、引产前宫颈评分及组别3个因素为自变量进行线性回归,结果显示地诺前列酮组的第1产程潜伏期时长为4.06±2.65 h,长于缩宫素组3.20±2.08,(P=0.003)。地诺前列酮栓组活跃期及第2产程时长分别为1.73±1.32/0.49±0.37 h,短于缩宫素组2.22±1.75/0.54±0.43 h(P=0.000/P=0.003),第1、3产程及总产程比较差异均无统计学意义(表 2)。

2.

用药至临产时长及各产程时长比较

Comparison of the induction-to-delivery interval and the lengths of the labor stages between the two groups

Dependent variable (Y) B P* 95% confidence interval
Low High
*Data are analyzed by linear analysis.
Induction to delivery interval (Y1) 0.629 0.320 -0.613 1.871
Latent phase of labor (Y2) 0.533 0.003 0.177 0.889
Active phase of labor (Y3) -0.569 0.000 -0.781 -0.357
First stage of labor (Y4) 0.030 0.897 -0.418 0.477
Second stage of labor (Y5) -0.073 0.007 -0.126 -0.020
Third stage of labor (Y6) -0.007 0.251 -0.020 0.005
Total stage of labor (Y7) -0.137 0.549 -0.586 0.312

2.2.2. 经阴道分娩率

地诺前列酮栓组经阴道分娩率78.06%(1085/1390);缩宫素组经阴道分娩率79.73%(763/957)。以是否阴道分娩为因变量,以前述是否初产、引产前宫颈评分及组别3个因素为自变量,行Logistic回归分析,结果显示两组经阴道分娩率差异无统计学意义(表 3)。

3.

影响分娩方式的多因素Logistic回归分析

Logistic regression analysis of the factors influencing the delivery mode

Variable B SE Wald P OR value 95% confidence interval
Low High
Nulliparity or not -0.092 0.041 5.082 0.024 0.912 0.841 0.988
Bishop scores 0.114 0.046 6.271 0.012 1.121 1.025 1.226
Groups 0.275 0.157 3.078 0.079 1.316 0.968 1.789
Constant 4.347 1.611 7.277 0.007 77.260

2.3. 安全性比较

2.3.1. 母体不良反应发生率

母体不良反应中急产、宫缩过频/过强、子宫过度刺激、胎盘早剥、羊水栓塞缩宫素组和地诺前列酮栓组发生率分别为7.52% vs 4.32%、0.52% vs 2.88%、1.25% vs 1.37、0.91% vs 0.50%、0.10% vs 0.14%(同一个孕妇可发生多种不良反应)。母体总不良反应两组发生率分别为9.92% vs 9.42%。分别以急产、宫缩过频/过强、子宫过度刺激、胎盘早剥、羊水栓塞、母体总不良反应发生率为因变量,以前述是否初产、引产前宫颈评分及组别3个因素为自变量进行Logistic回归,结果显示两组宫缩过频/过强比较差异有统计学意义,地诺前列酮栓组宫缩过频/过强发生率高于缩宫素组,余不良反应及总不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义。地诺前列酮栓组有2例羊水栓塞,缩宫素组有1例羊水栓塞,经抢救痊愈。因羊水栓塞两组各自发生例数极少,故未进行多因素分析(表 4)。

4.

影响母体不良反应的多因素Logistic回归分析

Logistic regression analysis of the factors influencing maternal adverse reactions

Adverse effects Variable B SE Wald P OR value 95% confidence interval
Low High
Nulliparity or not -2.033 0.197 106.284 0.000 0.131 0.089 0.193
Emergency birth Bishop scores 0.062 0.063 0.967 0.325 1.064 0.940 1.205
Groups -0.097 0.218 0.200 0.655 0.907 0.592 1.390
Constant -1.788 0.383 21.772 0.000 0.167
Nulliparity or not 0.715 0.609 1.379 0.240 2.045 0.620 6.752
Uterine tachysystole Bishop scores -0.296 0.121 5.963 0.015 0.744 0.587 0.943
Groups 1.344 0.553 5.900 0.015 0.744 0.587 0.943
Constant -4.434 0.926 22.943 0.000 0.012
Nulliparity or not 0.487 0.552 0.779 0.377 1.628 0.552 4.800
Uterine hyperstimulation Bishop scores -0.319 0.123 6.757 0.009 0.727 0.572 0.925
Groups -4.475 0.410 1.342 0.247 0.622 0.278 1.389
Constant -3.030 0.769 15.524 0.000 0.048
Nulliparity or not -3.94 0.538 0.537 0.464 0.674 0.235 1.935
Placental abruption Bishop scores -4.13 0.151 7.472 0.006 0.622 0.492 0.890
Groups -0.168 0.507 0.109 0.741 0.846 0.313 2.283
Constant -2.541 0.823 9.535 0.002 0.079
Nulliparity or not -1.282 0.156 67.138 0.000 0.278 0.204 0.377
Total maternal adverse reactions Bishop scores -0.099 0.050 3.919 0.048 0.906 0.822 0.999
Groups -0.040 0.169 0.056 0.814 1.041 0.747 1.449
Constant -0.886 0.300 8.731 0.003 0.412

2.3.2. 围产儿不良反应发生率

围产儿不良反应中羊水污染、胎心基线异常、胎监异常发生率、总不良反应发生率及新生儿出生后1 min/5 min Apgar评分 < 7分发生率缩宫素组和地诺前列酮栓组分别为16.30% vs 15.61%、10.87% vs 11.51%、1.88% vs 4.03%、25.29% vs 24.53%、3.82% vs 3.10%、0.42% vs 0.50%(同一个围产儿可发生多种不良反应),将前述是否初产、引产前宫颈评分及组别3个因素为自变量纳入进行Logistic回归发现,羊水污染、胎心基线异常、胎监异常不良反应两组比较差异无统计学意义。两组新生儿出生后1 min Apgar评分 < 7分发生率差异无统计学意义。因Apgar评分 < 7分两组各自发生例数极少,故未进行多因素分析(表 5)。

5.

影响围产儿不良反应的多因素Logistic回归分析

Logistic regression analysis of the factors influencing adverse fetal reactions

Adverse effects Variable B SE Wald P OR value 95% confidence interval
Low High
Nulliparity or not 0.034 0.165 0.043 0.836 1.035 0.749 1.429
Amniotic fluid contamination Bishop scores 0.055 0.045 1.511 0.219 1.057 0.968 1.153
Groups 0.033 0.153 0.046 0.829/td > 1.034 0.766 1.395
Constant -1.990 0.305 42.686 0.000 0.137
Nulliparity or not 0.353 0.213 2.734 0.098 1.423 0.937 2.163
Fetal heart rate baseline Bishop scores 0.039 0.054 0.530 0.467 1.040 0.936 1.155
abnormal changes Groups 0.090 0.183 0.241 0.623/font > 1.094 0.764 1.567
Constant -2.674 0.375 50.875 0.000 0.069
Nulliparity or not 0.865 0.531 2.654 0.103 2.375 0.839 6.721
Abnormal fetal monitoring Bishop scores 0.021 0.110 0.038 0.845 1.022 0.824 1.266
Groups 0.613 0.385 2.538 0.111 1.847 0.868 3.927
Constant -4.890 -0.839 33.999 0.000 0.008
Nulliparity or not 0.211 0.132 2.576 0.108 1.235 0.954 1.598
Fetal adverse reactions Bishop scores -0.015 0.034 0.193 0.661 0.985 0.921 1.053
Groups -0.080 0.117 0.471 0.492 0.923 0.734 1.160
Constant -1.173 0.227 26.709 0.000 0.309
Nulliparity or not 0.464 0.389 1.421 0.233 1.590 0.742 3.410
1 minApgar < 7 Bishop scores 0.062 0.093 0.435 0.510 1.064 0.886 1.277
Groups 0.166 0.319 0.270 0.604 1.180 0.631 2.208
Constant -4.160 0.670 38.596 0.360 0.016

3. 讨论

地诺前列酮制剂作为促宫颈成熟药物已在临床上应用多年,有引产指证且宫颈成熟度 < 6分的孕妇均可以考虑使用[13]。缩宫素作为临床上应用时间最长、范围最为广泛的促宫缩药物,长久以来一直被认为是临床上最易控制、最为安全的引产药物,可以应用于所有需要引产的孕妇[14]。但缩宫素引产的成功率与宫颈成熟度密切相关,宫颈评分 < 4分的孕妇引产成功率相对较低[15]。因此,我们珠三角地区的部分医院往往会根据宫颈评分选择引产药物,宫颈评分低者及初产妇倾向于选择地诺前列酮,而宫颈评分高尤其是宫颈评分>6分者,倾向于选择缩宫素,这就导致我们的研究中研究组和对照组的初产妇率、宫颈成熟度有差异。而这些差异将有可能影响到两种药物使用的安全性和有效性评价,故我们采用线性回归分析及Logistic回归分析以科学判定研究结果。此外,临床医师对引产药物选择的这一倾向也导致了本研究在引产指征上研究组中延期妊娠/过期妊娠、羊水偏少/过少、妊娠期高血压疾病比例明显高于对照组。目前我们已经清楚地诺前列酮栓可以用于胎膜早破孕妇[16],但临床医师认为地诺前列酮的释放可能会受到羊水存在的影响,且阴道用药可能增加胎膜早破孕妇感染机会,因此更多的胎膜早破孕妇选择了缩宫素引产。

有关地诺前列酮栓的有效性研究有很多,并已得出肯定答案[5, 8, 17]。然而我们的研究结果显示,地诺前列酮栓组总产程时长与缩宫素组无统计学差异。进一步,我们比较了用药至临床时长、潜伏期时长、活跃期时长及第一、二、三产程时长,发现与缩宫素组相比,地诺前列酮栓组活跃期及第二产程较短,而潜伏期较长,用药至临产时长、第一、三产程无差异。我们发现这与既往研究不符[15, 18]。然而既往这些研究多为单中心数据,且把地诺前列酮栓与缩宫素联合使用,影响药物研究的药物使用单纯性原则,从而影响对地诺前列酮栓有效性的评估。我们的研究是一个多中心大样本研究,且选用单纯使用地诺前列酮栓及缩宫素引产的病例。本研究结果中研究组的潜伏期长于对照组,这与研究组中孕妇宫颈成熟度低和初产妇相对较多有关。但研究组总产程与对照组无差异,说明地诺前列酮栓在促宫颈成熟和加强产程进展方面优于缩宫素,尤其适用于引产前宫颈条件差的孕妇使用。此外,两组经阴道分娩率及剖宫产率差异无统计学意义,表明地诺前列酮栓能有效促进宫颈成熟而不影响产妇的分娩方式。

在对母体安全性研究中,虽然我们的研究结果显示缩宫素组母体不良反应发生率稍高于地诺前列酮栓组(9.92% vs 9.42%),但两组差异无统计学意义。进一步,我们比较两组各项不良反应发生率,发现使用地诺前列酮栓引产较缩宫素引产常发生的不良反应是宫缩过频过强。但由于地诺前列酮栓(欣普贝生)有可复性装置,取药十分容易,因此,一旦出现可即时取出药物,保证了其使用的安全性。而本研究中急产、子宫过度刺激、胎盘早剥等不良反应发生率两组相比较差异均无统计学意义。上述结果与其他两个前瞻性随机对照研究[19, 20]相似,这充分表明地诺前列酮栓使用时的母体安全性与缩宫素没有差别。在对胎儿及新生儿安全性研究中,我们的研究结果显示缩宫素组胎儿及新生儿不良反应发生率稍高于地诺前列酮栓组(25.29% vs 24.53%),但两组差异无统计学意义。同样地,我们进一步研究发现研究组羊水污染、胎儿窘迫发生率及新生儿出生后1 minApgar评分 < 7发生率与对照组差异无统计学意义,这与其他研究结果一致[21]。Keskin [22]等也曾对108名晚孕引产孕妇及新生儿进行随机对照试验,结果表明,使用地诺前列酮栓引产和缩宫素引产新生儿出生后1 min/5 minApgar评分均≥7分。进一步对新生儿脐带血进行分析,发现两组新生儿脐带血pH、pCO2、pO2、HCO3-和BE均无差别。Keskin等的研究与本研究一致证明地诺前列酮栓使用围产儿安全性与缩宫素无差别。因此可以认为在严格掌握用药指征的情况下地诺前列酮栓对孕产妇及围产儿均有较好的安全性。

本研究通过多中心大样本回顾性队列分析,充分证实地诺前列酮栓用于促宫颈成熟和引产时,在安全上与缩宫素是相似的,而在有效性上要优于缩宫素,尤其是针对宫颈成熟度低的孕妇,效果更佳。本研究为孕晚期引产药物的选择提供了有力依据。然而,本研究为回顾性研究,不可避免存在数据缺失或遗漏,在本研究的基础上进行多中心大样本前瞻性研究,对充实地诺前列酮的循证医学依据具有重要意义。

Biography

李雪媛,硕士,E-mail: lixy8752@163.com

Funding Statement

广东省高等教育“创新强校工程”专项资金

Contributor Information

李 雪媛 (Xueyuan LI), Email: lixy8752@163.com.

王 志坚 (Zhijian WANG), Email: wangzhijian2046@sina.com.

安 胜利 (Shengli AN), Email: asl0418@126.com.

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