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. 2018 Feb 20;38(8):1427–1436. doi: 10.1111/liv.13704

Erectile dysfunction in cirrhosis is impacted by liver dysfunction, portal hypertension, diabetes and arterial hypertension

Rafael Paternostro 1,2, Birgit B Heinisch 1,2, Thomas Reiberger 1,2, Mattias Mandorfer 1,2, Remy Schwarzer 1,2, Berit Seeland 1,2, Michael Trauner 2, Markus Peck‐Radosavljevic 1,2, Arnulf Ferlitsch 1,2,✉
PMCID: PMC6766949  PMID: 29368385

Abstract

Background

Although several risk factors for erectile dysfunction may be present in patients with cirrhosis, data on the actual prevalence and cause of erectile dysfunction is limited. The International Index of Erectile Function‐5 (IIEF‐5) is a well‐validated survey to determine the presence and severity of erectile dysfunction in men. We assessed (i) the prevalence and severity of erectile dysfunction, and (ii) risk factors for erectile dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis.

Methods

In this prospective study, erectile dysfunction was defined as: absent (>21 IIEF‐5‐points), mild (12‐21) and severe (5‐11). Patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy, active alcohol abuse, extrahepatic malignancy, previous urologic surgery, previous liver transplantation and severe cardiac conditions were excluded.

Results

Among n = 151 screened patients, n = 41 met exclusion criteria and n = 30 were sexually inactive. Thus, a final number of n = 80 male patients with cirrhosis were included. Patient characteristics: age: 53 ± 9 years; model for end‐stage liver disease score (MELD): 12.7 ± 3.9; Child‐Pugh score (CPS) A: 30 (37.5%), B: 35 (43.8%), C: 15 (18.7%); alcohol: 38 (47.5%), viral: 25 (31.3%), alcohol/viral: 7 (8.8%) and others: 10 (12.5%). The presence of erectile dysfunction was found in 51 (63.8%) patients with 44 (55%) and 7 (8.8%) suffering from mild‐to‐moderate and moderate‐to‐severe erectile dysfunction. Mean MELD and hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) were significantly higher in patients with erectile dysfunction (P = .021; P = .028). Child‐Pugh score C, MELD, creatinine, age, arterial hypertension, diabetes, low libido, low testosterone and high HVPG were associated with the presence of erectile dysfunction. Interestingly, beta‐blocker therapy was not associated with an increased risk. In multivariate models, arterial hypertension (OR: 6.36 [1.16‐34.85]; P = .033), diabetes (OR: 7.40 [1.31‐41.75]; P = .023), MELD (OR: 1.19 [1.03‐1.36]; P = .015) and increasing HVPG (n = 48; OR: 1.11 [1.002‐1.23]; P = .045) were independent risk factors for the presence of erectile dysfunction.

Conclusion

About two‐thirds of male patients with cirrhosis show erectile dysfunction. Severity of liver dysfunction, portal hypertension, arterial hypertension and diabetes were identified as risk factors for erectile dysfunction.

Keywords: cirrhosis, erectile dysfunction, portal hypertension, sexuality

Abbreviations

ALD

alcoholic liver disease

BB

beta blocker

BT

bioavailable testosterone

CLD

chronic liver disease

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

CPS

Child‐Pugh score

CSPH

clinically significant portal hypertension

EASL

European Association for the Study of the Liver

ED

erectile dysfunction

FSH

follicle‐stimulating hormone

HBV

hepatitis‐B virus

HRQOL

health‐related quality of life

HVPG

hepatic venous pressure gradient

IIEF‐5

international index of erectile function‐5

LH

luteinizing hormone

NAFLD

non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

OLT

orthotopic liver transplantation

PDE‐5

phosphodiesterase‐5

PRL

prolactin

SHBG

sex hormone binding globulin

TT

total testosterone

Key points.

  • Erectile dysfunction is highly prevalent in male cirrhotics.

  • Liver dysfunction is significantly associated with erectile dysfunction.

  • Comorbidities such as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus play a key role in its evolvement.

  • Liver dysfunction and portal hypertension as well as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus are significant independent markers associated with the presence of erectile dysfunction in multivariate analysis.

1. INTRODUCTION

Cirrhosis is associated with complications such as development of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and variceal bleeding.1, 2 Multiple unplanned outpatient visits, high hospitalization rates, and significant morbidity and mortality contribute to the significant socio‐economic burden of cirrhosis. Although health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) is compromised already in the early course of chronic liver disease,3, 4 the presence of ascites, HE and hyponatraemia are associated with further substantial impairments in HRQOL.5 It has also been shown that targeting specific symptoms improves HRQOL.5 Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to attain or maintain a penile erection of sufficient quality to permit satisfactory sexual intercourse.6 Erectile dysfunction itself is an established determinant of HRQOL in men.7, 8, 9 The reported prevalence of ED ranges between 5% and 50% in the general population and is related to age, overall health status and emotional function.7, 8, 9 Multiple endocrine (hypogonadism) and non‐endocrine (vasculogenic, neurogenic and iatrogenic) abnormalities may contribute to the pathogenesis of ED.7, 8, 10 Few studies have assessed the prevalence and risk factors for ED in patients with chronic liver disease.11 High prevalence of ED was shown in alcoholic liver disease (ALD)12, 13 compared to non‐alcoholic liver disease12 suggesting alcohol as a major aetiological factor. However, Wang et al14 found no difference in ED between alcohol vs hepatitis‐B virus‐related cirrhosis and suggested liver disease itself as the driver of ED. Toda et al15 found an increasing prevalence of ED with higher CPS in 53 cirrhotic patients, but only low albumin level and higher age remained significantly associated with ED. Another study16 found no difference in the prevalence of ED between patients with chronic viral hepatitis vs patients with established cirrhosis. In a French study,17 prevalence of sexual impairment in 146 men with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) was 39.7% compared to 6.5% in healthy controls. Multivariate analysis found the presence of HCV infection, age, no sexual intercourse and unemployment as independent predictors of sexual impairment. In cirrhosis, increasing prevalence of ED could be explained through hypogonadism and low testosterone levels, haemodynamic alterations and decreased quality of life although clarifying studies are lacking.

We therefore aimed (i) to evaluate the prevalence and severity of ED and (ii) to assess independent risk factors for ED in a thoroughly documented cohort of male patients with cirrhosis.

2. METHODS

2.1. Patients

A total of 151 inpatients and outpatients between December 2010 and December 2012 were prospectively screened for this study. Inclusion criteria were male sex and cirrhosis (based on either clinical/radiological parameters or liver histology). Exclusion criteria were overt HE, active alcohol abuse (within the previous 3 months), extrahepatic malignancy, previous urologic surgery, previous liver transplantation and severe cardiac conditions. Overt HE was defined by the current practice guidelines and ruled out by the physician performing the screening visit.18 Concomitant diseases (depression, current or history of arterial hypertension (art. HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronary heart disease), concomitant medication (antidepressants and beta blockers [BB]), sexual hormones (bioavailable testosterone [BT] and total [TT], follicle‐stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH], sex hormone binding globulin [SHBG], prolactin [PRL]), CPS and model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) (calculated as stated in the UNOS 2016 update19) were recorded. Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement was performed outside of the study. Thus, HVPG data were not available for all patients. Ascites grades were defined according to the European Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines.20

2.2. IIEF‐5 questionnaire

The IIEF‐5 is an abridged 5‐item version of the 15‐item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)21 and was developed to diagnose the presence and severity of ED. The 5 items are selected based on the ability to identify the presence or absence of ED in accordance to the definitions of the National Institute of Health for ED. The maximum score is 25 points and the minimum is 5. Erectile dysfunction severity was classified into the following 3 categories based on IIEF‐5 scores: no ED (22‐25 points), mild‐to‐moderate ED (12‐21 points) and moderate‐to‐severe ED (5‐11 points). (See Appendix S1 for IIEF‐5 questionnaire). We additionally evaluated “general sexual desire” by questioning frequency of sexual desire during the last few months. In total, 5 answering options were available and ranged from “almost never or never” (worst possible answer) to “almost always or always” (best possible answer). We then summarized the answers into group “low libido” (answers: “almost never or never”, “rarely”, “sometimes”) and “normal libido” (answers: “most of the times”, “almost always or always”).

2.3. Laboratory analysis

Haematology, blood coagulation, clinical chemistry and hormone analysis (plasma testosterone [free and bioavailable T], LH, FSH, PRL and SHBG levels) were carried out according to standard procedures by the Clinical Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, General Hospital of Vienna.

2.4. HVPG measurement

The right internal jugular vein was accessed under ultrasound guidance and local anaesthesia with the Seldinger technique using a catheter introducer set (8.5 F, Arrow International, Reading, PA, USA). Then, a balloon catheter (7F, Ferlitsch HVPG catheter, Pejcl Medizintechnik, Austria) was used to cannulate the liver vein via the transjugular access as described previously.22, 23 Clinically significant portal hypertension was defined as an HVPG ≥10 mm Hg.24

2.5. Statistics

Continuous variables were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median (95%CI), and categorical variables were reported as number (n) of patients with the certain characteristic (proportion of patients with the certain characteristics[%]). Student's t test was used for group comparisons of normally distributed data, and Mann‐Whitney U test was used when data were not normally distributed. Kruskal‐Wallis H test with post hoc comparisons were used to compare medians in groups of 3 or more. The significance level was adjusted using the Bonferroni method. Pearson's chi‐square test or Fisher's exact test was performed to calculate group comparisons between patients with and without ED. Multivariate binary logistic stepwise‐backwards regression models were used to determine independent risk factors for presence of ED. Firstly, univariate binary regression analysis was used for each relevant variable. Then, a multivariate model was calculated including all significant variables from the univariate analysis (MELD was chosen over CPS to avoid multicollinearity). Given the small sample size of patients with available HVPG (n = 48), a second model including HVPG and the variables that were significant in Model 1 was used. HVPG was chosen over MELD as the variable to reflect liver function to avoid multicollinearity. Model 1 included MELD, albumin, age, art. HTN, DM, libido, previous hepatic decompensation and BT. Model 2 included art. HTN, DM and HVPG. Since a stepwise‐backwards binary logistic regression was used, we showed odds ratios and P values of all variables that were initially included in the models (“first step”) and of variables that remained significant after backward elimination of all non‐significant variables (“last step”). Two‐sided P values <.05 were considered as statistically significant. The IBM SPSS 24.0 statistic software (SPSS Inc., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for all statistical analysis.

2.6. Ethics

This study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Medical University of Vienna (Study Number: 450/2010) and performed in accordance to the current version of the Helsinki Declaration. All patients signed an informed consent form prior to study inclusion.

3. RESULTS

Among 110 patients included in the study, 30 reported sexual inactivity; 13/30 patients stated that a missing partner and/or unwillingness for sexual intercourse by their partner was the reason for sexual inactivity and 17/30 patients were sexually inactive. Sexual inactivity was not significantly different between CPS stages (CPS A: 3 [17.6%], B: 8 [47.1%] and C: 6 [35.3%]; P = .180).

Eighty sexually active patients were therefore included in the final analysis. Erectile dysfunction (≤21 points) was present in 51 (63.8%) of patients, and within those 44 (55%) were classified as mild‐to‐moderate and 7 (8.8%) as moderate‐to‐severe. The main patient characteristics are presented in Table 1. The study flow chart is presented in Figure 1. Given the exploratory character of the study and conflicting data on phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE‐5) inhibitors in cirrhosis, therapy of ED was not part of the study.

Table 1.

General study population

Overall (n = 80) CPS A (n = 30) CPS B (n = 35) CPS C (n = 15) P‐value
IIEF‐5, median, (95% CI) 20 (10‐24) 21 (11‐24.5) 19 (10.6‐25) 16 (9‐16) .038
Erectile dysfunction, n (%) 51 (63.8%) 16 (53.5%) 22 (62.9%) 13 (86.7%) .089
ED severity, n (%)
No ED 29 (36.3%) 14 (46.7%) 13 (37.1%) 2 (13.3%) .037
Mild‐to‐moderate ED 44 (55%) 15 (50%) 20 (57.1%) 9 (60%)
Moderate‐to‐severe ED 7 (8.8%) 1 (3.3%) 2 (5.7%) 4 (26.7%)
Active Relationship, n (%) 64 (80%) 24 (80%) 27 (77%) 13 (87%) .593
BT, median (95%CI) 1.31 (0.14‐2.59) 1.68 (1.16‐3.51) 1.2 (0.2‐2.38) 0.48 (0.12‐0.48) <.001
TT, median (95% CI) 5.98 (0.57‐12.46) 7.32 (4.20‐13.94) 4.66 (1.14‐9.94) 2.41 (0.25‐2.41) <.001
Libido, n (%)
Normal 26 (32.5%) 13 (50%) 11 (42.3%) 2 (7.7%) .126
Impaired 54 (67.5%) 17 (31.5%) 24 (44.4%) 13 (24.1%)
Beta‐blockera, n (%) 40 (53.3%) 14/28 (46.7%) 18/33 (51.4%) 8/14 (53.3%) .893
Depression, n (%) 13 (16.3%) 5 (16.7%) 7 (20%) 1 (6.7%) .502
Anti depressive medication, n (%) 7 (8.8%) 4 (13.3%) 3 (8.6%) 0 (0%) .328
Active smoker, n (%) No: 47 (58.8%) 14 (29.8%) 23 (48.9%) 10 (21.3%) .235
Yes: 33 (41.3%) 16 (48.5%) 12 (36.4%) 5 (15.2%)
Art. HTN, n (%) 26 (32.5%) 11 (36.7%) 12 (34.3%) 3 (20%) .507
Diabetes, n (%) 25 (31.3%) 7 (23.3%) 14 (40%) 4 (26.7%) .322
CVD, n (%) 4 (5%) 1 (3.3%) 3 (8.6%) 0 (0%) .386
BMI, mean ± SD 26.7 ± 4.2 26.5 ± 4.7 26.7 ± 4.1 26.8 ± 3.6 1.0
Age, mean ± SD 53 ± 9 50 ± 9 55 ± 9 53 ± 10 A vs B: 0.138 A vs C: 0.852 B vs C: 1.0
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BT, bioavailable testosterone; CPS, Child‐Pugh score; ED, erectile dysfunction;; IIEF‐5, international index of erectile function‐5; TT, total testosterone.

a

BB status was available in 75 patients; in 5 patients, no information on BB intake was available owing to uncertain duration and frequency of BB intake.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Flow chart diagram

3.1. Erectile dysfunction and cirrhosis

Erectile dysfunction severity was significantly increasing throughout the CPS stages (P = .037, Table 1) and median IIEF‐5 scores were significantly decreasing with worsening of liver function (P = .038). The mean MELD was significantly higher in patients with ED (Figure 3). Also, the MELD increased significantly with severity of ED (no ED: 11.3 ± 3.7; mild‐to‐moderate ED 13 ± 3.9 and moderate‐to‐severe 16.2 ± 2.7 [no vs mild‐to‐moderate: P = .071; no vs moderate‐to‐severe: P = .003; mild‐to‐moderate vs moderate‐to‐severe: P = .037]). Causes of cirrhosis were ALD 38 (47.5%), viral 25 (31.3%), viral/ALD 7 (8.8%) and others 10 (12.5%), and distribution was similar between groups (P = .491).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Distribution of comorbidities over erectile dysfunction

3.2. Erectile dysfunction and portal hypertension

Thirty‐seven patients had previous portal hypertension‐related complications (18 [22.5%] variceal bleeding, 6 [7.5%] episodes of HE, 12 [15%] ascites and/or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and 1 [1.3%] jaundice). Previous episodes of hepatic decompensation were significantly more common in patients with ED (55% vs 31%); P = .040, Table 2). Information on oesophageal varices was available in 74 patients (6 had unknown variceal status and had no endoscopy performed in our hospital records). Forty‐five (60.8%) patients had oesophageal varices and no significant difference was found between groups (P = .483; Table 2).

Table 2.

Main characteristics of patients with and without erectile dysfunction

No ED (>21 pts) (n = 29) ED (≤21 pts) (n = 51) P‐value
Child‐Pugh score, n (%)
A: 30 (37.5%) 14 (48.3%) 16 (31.4%) .089
B: 35 (43.75%) 13 (44.8%) 22 (43.1%)
C: 15 (18.75%) 2 (6.9%) 13 (25.5%)
MELD, mean ± SD 11.3 ± 3.6 13.4 ± 3.9 .021
Aetiologies, n (%)
ALD: 38 (47.5%) 11 (37.9%) 27 (52.9%) .491
Viral: 25 (31.3%) 10 (34.5%) 15 (29.4%)
Viral/ALD: 7 (8.8%) 4 (13.8%) 3 (5.9%)
Others: 10 (12.5%) 4 (13.8%) 6 (11.8%)
HVPG, mean ± SDa 13.6 ± 7.3 17.9 ± 5.6 .028
Previous hepatic decompensation, n (%) 9 (31%) 28 (55%) .040
Presence of oesophageal varices, n (%)b 15 (57%) 30 (64%) .483
HCC baseline, n (%)
No: 71 (88.8%) 27 (93.1%) 44 (86.3%) .353
Yes: 9 (11.2%) 2 (6.9%) 7 (13.7%)
Age, mean ± SD 49 (±10.4) 55 (±8) .006
BMI, mean ± SD 25.6 (±4) 27.2 (±4.2) .091
Art. HTN, n (%)
No: 54 (67.5%) 25 (86.2%) 29 (56.9%) .007
Yes: 26 (32.5%) 4 (13.8%) 22 (43.1%)
Diabetes, n (%)
No: 55 (68.8%) 25 (82.8%) 30 (58.8%) .011
Yes: 25 (31.2%) 4 (17.2%) 21 (41.2%)
Depression, n (%)
No: 67 (83.8%) 25 (86.2%) 42 (82.4%) .653
Yes: 13 (16.3%) 4 (13.8%) 9 (17.6%)
Antidepressive medication, n (%)
No: 73 (91.3%) 27 (93.1%) 46 (90.2%) .658
Yes: 7 (8.8%) 2 (6.9%) 5 (9.8%)
Beta‐blockerc (n = 75), n (%)
No: 35 (46.7%) 16 (57.1%) 19 (40.4%) .160
Yes: 40 (53.3%) 12 (42.9%) 28 (59.6%)
Active Smoker, n (%)
No: 47 (58.8%) 13 (44.8%) 34 (66.7%) .056
Yes: 33 (41.3%) 16 (55.2%) 17 (33.3%)
Libido, n (%)
Normal 17 (58.6%) 9 (17.6%) <.001
Impaired 12 (41.4%) 42 (82.4%)
BT, median (95%CI) 1.47 (0.18‐3.68) 1.2 (0.13‐1.97) .051
TT, median (95%CI) 7.32 (1‐12.87) 4.73 (0.52‐10.92) .026
PRL, median (95%CI) 12.6 (5.13‐38.9) 11.4 (4.3‐40.9) .993
LH, median (95%CI) 6.25 (1.44‐12.3) 6.3 (1.42‐16.64) .580
FSH, median (95%CI) 6.85 (2.82‐27.93) 7.1 (2‐28.64) .857
SHBG, mean ± SD 108.18 ± 48.2 93.43 ± 36.8 .204
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BT, bioavailable testosterone; ED, erectile dysfunction; FSH, follicle‐stimulating hormone; HVPG, hepatic venous pressure gradient; LH, luteinizing hormone; MELD, model for end‐stage liver disease score; PRL, prolactin; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; TT, total testosterone.

a

HVPG was available in 48 patients.

b

Status on oesophageal varices was available in 74 patients.

c

BB status was available in 75 patients, in 5 patients no information on BB intake was available owing to uncertain duration and frequency of BB intake.

Information on HVPG values was available in a subgroup of 48 patients. Mean HVPG was 16.2 ± 6.6 mm Hg. Absolute HVPG was significantly higher in patients with ED (17.9 ± 5.6 vs 13.6 ± 7.3, P = .028, Figure 3). HVPG was independently associated with presence of ED in our multivariate model (OR: 1.11 (1.002‐1.23); P = .045; Table 3).

Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate binary regression analysis to determine independent risk factors for presence of erectile dysfunction

Univariate OR (95% CI) Univariate P‐value MV Model 1, First‐Step OR (95% CI); P‐value MV Model 1, Last‐Step OR (95% CI); P‐value MV Model 2, First‐Step OR (95% CI); P‐value MV Model 2, Last‐Step OR (95% CI); P‐value
CPS B:1.48 (0.55‐3.99) .438
C: 5.687 (1.09‐29.7) .039
MELD 1.15 (1.02‐1.28) .019 1.2 (0.99‐1.46); P = .059 1.19 (1.03‐1.36); P = .015
HVPGa 1.11 (1.007‐1.232) .036 1.10 (0.99‐1.22); P = .068 1.11 (1.002‐1.23); P = .045
Previous hepatic decompensation 2.71 (1.04‐7.07) .042 2.5 (0.59‐10.9); P = .207
Presence of esophageal varicesb 1.41 (0.54‐3.7) .483
Creatinine 22.29 (1.4‐354.6) .028
Albumin 0.915 (0.84‐0.99) .038 1.07 (0.89‐1.28); P = .48
Age 1.078 (1.018‐1.141) .010 1.07 (0.98‐1.18); P = .129 1.08 (0.99‐1.18); P = .086
BMI 1.106 (0.982‐1.246) .096
Art. HTN 4.74 (1.44‐15.62) .011 4.86 (0.83‐26.6); P = .080 6.36 (1.16‐34.85); P = .033 2.94 (0.64‐13.58); P = .167
DM 4.37 (1.33‐14.44) .015 7.98 (1.22‐52.31); P = .030 7.4 (1.31‐41.75); P = .023 3.42 (0.59‐19.87); P = .172 4.29 (0.79‐23.37); P = .092
BBc 1.97 (0.76‐5.07) .163
HCC 2.15 (0.42‐11.1) .362
Anti‐Depressive Medication 1.47 (0.27‐8.09) .660
Depression 1.34 (0.37‐4.81) .654
Active Smoker 0.41 (0.16‐1.035) .059
Impaired Libido 6.61 (2.36‐18.55) <.001 2.44 (0.57‐10.51); P = .23
BT 0.401 (0.18‐0.91) .028 1.09 (0.28‐4.25); P = .90
TT 0.837(0.71‐0.98) .029
PRL 1.01 (0.959‐1.06) .715
LH 1.06 (0.93‐1.21) .379
FSH 1.009 (0.945‐1.077) .785
SHBG 0.991 (0.979‐1.004) .163
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MV Model 1 First‐step: Odds‐ratio for all variables included in the multivariate binary regression model (stepwise‐backwards; variables: MELD, Albumin, Age, art. HTN, DM, Libido, previous hepatic decompensation and BT).

MV Model 1 Last‐step: Odds‐ratio for variables still significantly associated with presence of ED in the last‐step of the multivariate binary regression model (stepwise‐backwards).

MV Model 2 First‐step: Odds‐ratio for all variables included in the multivariate binary regression model in the subgroup of patients with available HVPG (stepwise‐backwards; variables: art. HTN, DM, HVPG).

MV Model 2 Last‐step: Odds‐ratio for variables still significantly associated with present of ED in the last‐step of the multivariate binary regression model in the subgroup of patients with available HVPG.

a

HVPG was available in 48 patients.

b

Status on esophageal varices was available in 74 patients.

c

BB status was available in 75 patients, in 5 patients no information on BB intake was available due to uncertain duration and frequency of BB intake.

3.3. Erectile dysfunction and comorbidities

Twenty‐five (31.2%) patients had diabetes and 26 (32.5%) had a history/current arterial hypertension at study inclusion and both factors were significantly associated with presence of ED (OR: 4.38 [1.33‐14.44] P = .011; OR: 4.74 [1.44‐15.62] P = .007; Table 2, Figure 4). The mean age was significantly higher in patients with ED (49 vs 55 years; P = .006). BB status was available in 75 patients. In 5 patients, no information on BB intake was available owing to uncertainties regarding the duration and frequency of BB intake. Importantly, BB intake was not associated with ED (P = .160, Figure 4). Other comorbidities such as depression, intake of antidepressive medication, smoking and high BMI were not associated with the presence of ED (Table 2), while we observed an association between low libido and ED (P < .001).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Distribution of model for end‐stage liver disease score (mean ± SD) and hepatic venous pressure gradient (mean ± SD) over erectile dysfunction

3.4. Erectile dysfunction and sexual hormones

PRL, LH, FSH and SHBG did not differ between patients with ED, or without ED (Table 2). TT (P = .026) was significantly lower in ED, whereas BT marginally missed significance (P = .051). Both BT and TT significantly decreased over CPS stages (P < .001, Table 1).

3.5. Uni‐ and multivariate binary regression analysis

Child‐Pugh score C, MELD, previous hepatic decompensation, creatinine, age, arterial hypertension, diabetes, low libido, low BT and increasing HVPG were associated with the presence of ED in univariate binary regression analysis (Table 3). In multivariate models, arterial hypertension (OR: 6.36 [1.16‐34.85]; P = .033), diabetes (OR: 7.4 [1.31‐41.75]; P = .023), increasing MELD score (OR: 1.19 [1.03‐1.36]; P = .015) and increasing HVPG (n = 48; OR: 1.11 [1.002‐1.23]; P = .045) were independent risk factors for the presence of ED (Table 3, Models 1 and 2).

4. DISCUSSION

In this study, we investigated the prevalence of ED, and moreover, whether cirrhosis itself, comorbidities or the combination of both drive the development of ED. Hence, we could show that liver dysfunction, an increasing HVPG as well as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus seem to be the key risk factors for ED in male cirrhotics (Table 3). Since our data suggests history and/or current arterial hypertension as a significant risk factor for ED, one could argue that our fairly well cohort (none with HE, mean MELD 12.7) explains the 33% classified with arterial hypertension. Significantly, higher MELD scores and absolute HVPG values were found in patients with ED (Figure 3). In the subgroup of patients (n = 48) with available information on HVPG, increasing absolute HVPG levels were independently predictive of ED, suggesting that portal hypertension is of relevance. This association could be explained because of the altered haemodynamic state in splanchnic circulation in patients with portal hypertension. Since non‐endocrine vasculogenic disorders can cause ED and this is attributed to either arterial inflow or venous outflow disorders7, one could argue that these haemodynamic alterations directly impair physiological penile erection. Previous studies found conflicting results with regard to the impact of chronic liver disease (CLD)/cirrhosis on prevalence and severity of ED. Whether cirrhosis is the major driver of ED in those patients has not yet been clarified. The presence of comorbidities and type of CLD was not significantly associated with ED in 1 study,16 whereas alcohol intake, tobacco use and cardiovascular disease was found to be the only significant risk factor for ED in OLT candidates.25 Serum albumin and age have been described as significant independent factors for ED (64 chronic hepatitis and 53 cirrhosis).15Another study compared ED in alcoholics with vs without cirrhosis vs diabetics and found no difference between the groups.13 Only 1 study reported multivariate data in a relatively small cohort of 69 patients (34 with cirrhosis) and found cirrhosis, arterial hypertension, depression and serum albumin as significant independent factors.26 However, a different IIEF‐5 cut‐off than suggested in the literature was used. We found multifactorial disorders significantly associated with the presence of ED indicating that not only comorbidities, but also liver disease contributes towards evolvement (Table 3, Figures 2, 3, 4). No significant difference in the distribution of BB intake was seen in patients with or without ED (Figure 4). This is especially interesting, since a majority of patients with cirrhosis receive BB to decrease portal pressure and prevent variceal (re)bleeding.27, 28 However, a large meta‐analysis29 did not support the conventional judgement of clinicians that BB therapy is associated with a relevant risk of sexual dysfunction and our data is in line with that conclusion.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Distribution of Child‐Pugh score over erectile dysfunction

Age, overall health status and emotional function have been strongly related to the presence of ED in a large epidemiological study.30 Furthermore, hypogonadism and especially low testosterone levels have been described in patients with cirrhosis and it is thought that this could be an explanation for the high prevalence of ED.11 However, oral testosterone supplementation seemed to have no effect on sexual dysfunction in cirrhosis.11, 31 Intramuscular testosterone supplementation showed positive effects on muscle and bone mass32 but data on sexual function was not described, and thus, further studies on the possible improvement of ED are warranted. Another hypothesis suggests that reduced serum albumin may affect the ratio of free albumin to bound testosterone with a possible altered testosterone response.11 Even though we found significantly lower testosterone values in patients with ED, this was not significantly associated with the presence of ED in multivariate analysis. About 45% of testosterone is bound to SHBG, another 50% to albumin and approximately 2% circulates as free testosterone. BT sums up free testosterone and albumin‐bound testosterone. Thus, testosterone in the blood stream is highly protein‐bound.33 There is controversy whether TT or BT is the better way to measure bioactive testosterone in cirrhotic men. Hyperoestrogenism and low androgens, as part of a negative‐feedback loop, contribute towards increased production of SHBG, which then leads to reduction in biologically active free testosterone because of increased binding,33, 34 and hence one could argue that free testosterone is therefore underestimating the “real” testosterone status. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that free testosterone /BT is a better marker of bioactive androgens than TT especially in states of altered albumin and SHBG production.33 Regarding measurement of overall testosterone in cirrhosis, TT seems to be the more effective marker because it measures testosterone levels independently of alterations in protein production (SHBG‐bound, albumin‐bound and free). Studies evaluating sexual dysfunction before and after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) found controversial results35, 36, 37, 38 and the prevalence seems to be similar to prior OLT.39 Arterial hypertension and diabetes have been previously associated with ED10, 40, 41 and also studies in other chronic disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease found high prevalence rates.42 Depression43 and low HRQOL44 were associated with ED in chronic hepatitis C patients and we could show in our cohort that low libido, most likely owing to the burden of the disease, is significantly decreased in patients with ED. With regard to aetiology, we found no difference in the distribution of ED (Table 2). The prevalence of ED in alcoholic cirrhosis is described with 50%‐70%12, 13, 14 and with 40%‐92% in viral cirrhosis.14, 15, 16, 26 In chronic hepatitis, the prevalence ranged between 9% and 78%15, 26 with most studies reporting prevalence rates around 40%‐50%.16, 17, 43, 44, 45 Hence, it seems that once cirrhosis develops, the prevalence of ED is high irrespective of aetiology and this is also confirmed by our data. To our best knowledge, only 2 studies investigated ED in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and found a prevalence of 45%46 and 67.5%47 respectively. It was interesting to note that in the latter study metabolic syndrome was present in 57.5% of patients and was diagnosed more common in patients with ED and this is in line with the results presented in our study. PDE‐5 inhibitors have been studied to lower portal pressure in cirrhosis but results are conflicting.48, 49, 50, 51 Furthermore, decrease in arterial blood pressure was reported.51 No studies investigated the effect of PDE‐5 inhibitors on ED in cirrhosis. Such studies are highly warranted although the previously reported negative effect on systemic blood pressure advises caution.

A substantial bias of studies investigating subjective matters such as ED is always underreporting and/or sugar‐coated information. Talking about sexuality per se is often an unsaid taboo in modern society and ED is associated with stigma. Furthermore, a selection bias regarding patients with very severe disease, mostly CPS C, cannot be avoided since most of those patients either present with overt hepatic encephalopathy (and were not included in our study because of potentially unreliable answers) and/or sexual inactivity. Owing to the social stigma of severe impaired sexual function, one could argue that patients with most severe liver disease suffer from sexual inactivity because of their severe disease and declined to participate in the study. Although this might be true, sexual inactivity is hard to account for because the IIEF‐5 was not designed to measure sexual inactivity and secondly because patients might sugarcoat information. Nevertheless, in our cohort, 30 patients reported sexual inactivity but no association with severity of liver disease was seen, though further evaluation of sexual inactivity should be part of future studies.

In conclusion, ED in patients with cirrhosis is highly prevalent. Our results indicate that along with commonly known risk factors such as arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, liver dysfunction and portal hypertension too play a key role in the evolvement of ED. Studies evaluating the effect of PDE‐5 inhibitors on ED in cirrhosis are highly warranted.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors do not have any disclosures to report.

Supporting information

 

Click here for additional data file. (16.1KB, docx)

Paternostro R, Heinisch BB, Reiberger T, et al. Erectile dysfunction in cirrhosis is impacted by liver dysfunction, portal hypertension, diabetes and arterial hypertension. Liver Int. 2018;38:1427–1436. 10.1111/liv.13704

Funding information

The authors have nothing to disclose regarding the work under consideration for publication.

Handling Editor: Christophe Bureau

Rafael Paternostro and Birgit B. Heinisch have contributed equally to the preparation of the manuscript.

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