Abstract
Objectives: To assess the predictive values of myenteric and submucosal plexitis for postoperative endoscopic recurrence of Crohn's disease (CD). Methods: A retrospective study of CD patients who underwent intestinal resection between 1995 and 2013 in the Department of Surgery 2, Tokyo Women's Medical University was performed. Proximal resection margins were analyzed and plexitis was evaluated by counting the number of inflammatory cells in myenteric and submucosal plexuses. The sizes of the most severely inflamed ganglion (MIG) were measured. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for postoperative endoscopic recurrence. Results: Of the 51 included patients, 40 patients underwent colonoscopy after surgery. Endoscopic recurrence was observed in 21 patients (52.5%). Mean duration (±standard deviation) from surgery to recurrence was 49.7±34.7 months. Endoscopic recurrence rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 5.0%, 24.1%, and 45.1%, respectively. Submucosal plexitis and myenteric plexitis were observed in 36 (90.0%) and 37 patients (92.5%), respectively. On multivariate analysis, initial intestinal resection, rate of plexitis <50%, size of the MIG in the myenteric plexus ≥867 μm2, and total number of inflammatory cells in the submucosal plexus ≥8 were independent risk factors for postoperative endoscopic recurrence. Conclusions: Pathological findings of proximal resection margins, especially submucosal plexitis and large sizes of myenteric plexus, are predictive of postoperative endoscopic recurrence in CD.
Keywords: Crohn's disease, postoperative recurrence, risk factor, submucosal plexitis, myenteric plexitis
Introduction
Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that can affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract1). Even in the era of biologics (infliximab and adalimumab), surgery is still needed within 5 years after diagnosis in 25% to 33% of patients2). However, surgery is not curative and postoperative recurrence is still a major problem. Recurrence can be defined in several ways depending on the diagnostic modality used, with clinical, endoscopic, and surgical recurrences being most commonly reported. Among these, endoscopic recurrence occurs earlier than the other types of recurrence3), occurring in approximately 22%, 56%, and 74% of patients by 1, 5, and 10 years after surgery, respectively4). Common relapse sites for CD lesions are the anastomosis and neoterminal ileum5,6).
Several risk factors have been identified for postoperative recurrence of CD. Smoking, history of previous intestinal resection, penetrating disease, and perianal disease are the commonly reported clinical risk factors7-9). Similarly, several histological factors have been studied to identify risk factors for postoperative recurrence. However, the predictive abilities of most of the histological factors, including granulomas and pathological involvement of resection margins, remain controversial5,10-12).
In CD patients, inflammatory infiltrates associated with both the submucosal and myenteric nerve plexuses have been observed13). In 2006, Ferrante et al.14) first identified the presence of myenteric plexitis in the proximal resection margin as a predictor of postoperative endoscopic recurrence of CD. Several studies to date have proposed the possibility of myenteric or submucosal plexitis as a predictor of postoperative recurrence15-18). However, the definition of plexitis and the optimal methods for evaluation have yet to be firmly established. The aims of the current study were to reveal the occurrence rate of plexitis and to assess the predictive value of myenteric and submucosal plexitis in the proximal resection margin of the intestine for postoperative endoscopic recurrence of CD.
Methods
Patients
A retrospective study of a single-center cohort was performed. Between January 1995 and March 2013, a total of 240 patients underwent surgery for intestinal lesions of CD in the Department of Surgery 2 at Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan. Patients with ileocolonic or colonic resection and ileocolonic or colo-colonic anastomosis, and who were over 20 years of age at the time of the study, were included in this study. Exclusion criteria were absence of a labeled proximal margin and unavailability for postoperative follow-up for more than 2 years. Fifty-one patients met all the inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study was approved by the ethics review board of Tokyo Women's Medical University (Ethical Committee Approval No. 3549-R). All study participants provided written informed consent prior to study enrollment.
Clinical data collection
For each patient, the following data were extracted from medical charts: demographic information, clinical setting of CD (age at onset, disease duration, Montreal classification19), etc.), past medical history, and smoking status. Surgery-related data were also recorded, including age at surgery, pre- and postoperative treatments, surgical indications, type of surgery, type of anastomosis, presence or absence of residual lesions, and postoperative complications.
Postoperative recurrence
Surgical recurrence was defined as recurrence at the anastomotic site necessitating an operation. Endoscopic recurrence was scored according to Rutgeerts' endoscopic scoring system20). Significant endoscopic recurrence was defined as Rutgeerts' score of i2 or higher confined to the anastomotic site (within 2.5 centimeters from the anastomosis to both oral and anal side).
Pathological examination
The proximal resection margins of 46 ileocolonic resections and 5 colonic resections were analyzed by one expert pathologist (T.Y.) and the first author (S.N.), both of whom were blinded to the postoperative outcomes of the patients.
Each sample was fixed in 20% formalin and analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Immunochemistry of serial sections was used to detect T-lymphocytes (anti-CD3 antibody) and mastocytes (anti-CD117 antibody). Sections were treated with 3% H2O2 in Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 10 min to block endogenous peroxidase, and they were transferred to 5% skim milk at room temperature (RT) for 10 min. The tissue was incubated with anti-CD3 (M7254, mouse, 1:1,000, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and anti-CD117 (A4502, rabbit, 1:1,000, Dako) antibodies, overnight at 4°C. Microwave antigen retrieval with Tris-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (pH 9.0) was performed for CD3. After washing, the tissue was treated with a solution of EnVision kit/HRP (K5027, Dako) at RT for 30 min. The color was developed with the chromogen diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride, and the slides were counterstained with hematoxylin.
Each resection specimen was assessed for the typical lesions of CD, including inflammatory infiltrates, erosions, crypt abscesses, and granulomas. Special attention was paid to the enteric nervous system. The myenteric and submucosal plexuses were assessed independently. The number of ganglia (defined as an accumulation of neuronal cell bodies and Schwann cells, with at least two neural cell bodies) within five millimeters from the proximal margin was counted. Adjacent ganglia without intervening structures such as blood vessels were counted as one plexus. Plexitis was defined as the presence of one or more inflammatory cells contiguous with or within an enteric ganglion. Plexitis was evaluated based on the appearance of the most severely inflamed ganglion (MIG). The number of inflammatory cells (mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes) contiguous with or within each ganglion was counted, and one ganglion in which the number of inflammatory cells was the largest was selected. The severity of plexitis in the MIG was graded according to the classification system proposed by Ferrante et al. as mild (G1) if the MIG contained <4 inflammatory cells, moderate (G2) if it contained 4-9 cells, or severe (G3) if it contained ≥10 cells14). Dimensions of the MIG were measured using a digital photomicrographic camera (DP26; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The MIG of each resection specimen was also assessed using both CD3-stained and CD117-stained slides to count the numbers of T-lymphocytes and mastocytes, respectively. Some examples of each staining are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Pathological assessment of the intestinal plexus.
a: Submucosal plexitis with mononuclear cells contiguous to the ganglion (blue arrows). (H&E staining, 400×).
b: Submucosal plexitis with T-cell lymphocytes within and contiguous with the ganglion (black arrows). (immunostaining with anti-CD3 antibody, 400×).
c: Submucosal plexitis with a mastocyte contiguous with the ganglion (red arrow). (immunostaining with anti-CD117 antibody, 400×).
Statistical analysis
JMP Pro11 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was used for all statistical analyzes. All quantitative variables are reported as means (± standard deviation). Cumulative probabilities of surgical and endoscopic recurrence-free survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate analysis (non-parametric Wilcoxon two-sample test for continuous variables and chi-squared test for categorical variables) was performed to look for possible predictors of postoperative endoscopic recurrence. When considering continuous variables for dichotomous analysis, cut-off values were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, using the outcome event as a classification variable. To identify independent risk factors for postoperative endoscopic recurrence using multivariate analysis, all significant variables evaluated on univariate analysis were integrated into multiple logistic regression. The logistic model was assessed with R-squared, an index of contribution to the model, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Values of P<0.05 were considered significant.
Results
Baseline characteristics of the patients
The baseline characteristics of the 51 patients (38: male) are shown in Table 1A. The mean age at diagnosis was 24.9±9.7 years and the mean disease duration was 113.3±92.0 months. Eleven (21.5%) patients had perianal disease and 13 (25.4%) were active smokers. The majority of patients were on medical therapy at the time of surgery.
Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics and Pathological Findings of the 51 Included Patients.
| n (%) | Mean count | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) Baseline characteristics | |||||
| Age at the time of surgery (Y) | 34.2±10.7 | ||||
| Disease duration (M) | 113.3±92.0 | ||||
| Montreal classification | |||||
| Disease location L1/L2/L3/L4 | 9 (17.6) /3 (5.9) /39 (76.5) /0 (0) | ||||
| Disease behavior B1/B2/B3 | 2 (3.9) /26 (51.0) /23 (45.1) | ||||
| Preoperative treatment | |||||
| 5-ASA/Steroids/IM/Anti-TNFα/Exclusive parenteral nutrition | 40 (78.4) /21 (41.2) /13 (25.4) / 7 (13.7) /28 (54.9) | ||||
| Previous intestinal resection | 23 (45.0) | ||||
| Type of surgery (Ileocolonic/Colonic resection) | 46 (90.2) /5 (9.8) | ||||
| Open/Laparoscopic surgery | 30 (58.8) /21 (41.2) | ||||
| Emergency operation | 4 (7.8) | ||||
| Anastomosis (Stapled/ Hand-sewn) * | 41/49 (83.6) /8/49 (16.3) | ||||
| Presence of residual lesion** | 18/48 (37.5) | ||||
| Postoperative complications+ | 14 (27.4) | ||||
| Postoperative treatment | |||||
| IM/Anti-TNFα/Therapy intensification | 15 (29.4) /24 (47.0) /22 (43.1) | ||||
| (B) Pathological findings | |||||
| Granulomas/Erosions/Crypt abscess/Inflammatory infiltration of mucosa | 5 (9.8) /1 (1.9) /1 (1.9) /6 (11.7) | ||||
| 1) Submucosal plexus | 2) Myenteric plexus | ||||
| n (%) | Mean count | n (%) | Mean count | ||
| Ganglia analyzed | 9.4±6.7 | 5.8±3.0 | |||
| Ganglia with plexitis | 5.5±5.3 | 3.4±2.3 | |||
| Plexitis | 45 (88.2) | 47 (92.1) | |||
| Size of MIG (μm2) | 428.6±795.2 | 1,685.8±1,438.8 | |||
| Cellular infiltrates | |||||
| Mononuclear cells | 43 (84.3) | 3.5±7.1 | 47 (92.1) | 3.5±3.1 | |
| Polymorphonuclear leukocytes | 10 (19.6) | 0.7±2.7 | 12 (23.5) | 0.5±1.2 | |
| T-lymphocytes* | 19 (37.2) | 1.9±7.9 | 33 (64.7) | 2.1±2.4 | |
| Mastocytes* | 29 (56.8) | 1.2±2.3 | 9 (17.6) | 0.2±0.7 | |
| 1)+2) | |||||
| Total ganglia analyzed | 15.3±8.3 | ||||
| Total ganglia with plexitis | 9.0±6.7 | ||||
*Data were unavailable in 2 cases. **Data were unavailable in 3 cases.
*T-lymphocytes and mastocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry. All other items were examined on HE slides.
+Clavien-Dindo classification ≥2.
n: Number; Y: Years; M: Months; IM: Immunomodulators; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; MIG: Most severely inflamed ganglion.
Therapy intensification: postoperative usage of immunomodulators or anti-TNFα in patients who were naïve to these drugs before surgery.
Postoperative recurrence
Data for postoperative evaluation of the anastomotic site by colonoscopy were available from 40 patients (78.4%). The mean duration from surgery to endoscopic investigation was 33.6±31.9 months. Endoscopic recurrence (Rutgeerts score ≥ i2) was observed in 21 patients (52.5%). The mean interval between surgery and endoscopic recurrence was 49.7±34.7 months. Endoscopic recurrence rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 5.0%, 24.1%, and 45.1%, respectively. Surgical recurrence was observed in four patients (10.0%). The mean interval between surgery and surgical recurrence was 67.7±41.0 months. Surgical recurrence rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 0.0%, 2.5%, and 8.4%, respectively.
Pathological findings
The pathological features of the 51 patients are summarized in Table 1B. Granulomas were present in 5 patients (9.8%). Submucosal plexitis was observed in 45 patients (88.2%), while myenteric plexitis was observed in 47 patients (92.2%).
Correlation between severity of plexitis and postoperative endoscopic recurrence
The severity of plexitis in the MIG was identified by pathological examination of resected specimens in the 40 patients who underwent colonoscopy after surgery. Submucosal plexitis was absent (G0), G1, G2, and G3 in 4, 23, 11, and 2. Endoscopic recurrence was observed in 2 (50.0%), 11 (47.8%), 6 (54.5%), and 2 (100.0%) in each grade. Myenteric plexitis was absent (G0), G1, G2, and G3 in 3, 19, 15, and 3. Endoscopic recurrence was observed in 1 (33.3%), 10 (52.6%), 7 (46.7%), and 3 (100.0%) in each grade. Endoscopic recurrence rates in each grade were almost the same in both submucosal plexus (p=0.564) and myenteric plexus (p=0.339), except in G3, which showed recurrence rates of 100% for both submucosal and myenteric plexus. G3 plexitis was observed only in patients with endoscopic recurrence in both submucosal and myenteric plexuses.
Risk factors for postoperative endoscopic recurrence
Univariate analysis of the risk factors for postoperative endoscopic recurrence was performed in 40 patients and the variables tested are shown in Table 2A and 3A. Surgery performed before the year 2004 (p=0.044), initial intestinal resection (p=0.011), rate of plexitis (number of ganglia with plexitis/number of ganglia analyzed) <50% (p=0.031), size of the MIG in the myenteric plexus ≥867 μm2 (p=0.009), and total number of inflammatory cells in the submucosal plexus ≥8 (p=0.044) were associated with an increased risk of endoscopic recurrence. On multivariate analysis, initial intestinal resection, rate of plexitis <50%, size of the MIG in the myenteric plexus ≥867 μm2, and total number of inflammatory cells in the submucosal plexus ≥8 were independently associated with endoscopic recurrence. R-squared of the logistic model was 0.598 and the area under the ROC curve was 0.934.
Table 2.
Univariate Analysis of Clinical Risk Factors Associated with Postoperative Endoscopic Recurrence.
| Variable | (A) Endoscopic recurrence | (B) Endoscopic recurrence in 3Y | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=21) | No (n=19) | Cut-off | P | Yes (n=21) | No (n=19) | Cut-off | P | ||
| Male sex | 15 (71.4) | 14 (73.7) | 0.873 | 5 (55.6) | 12 (63.2) | 0.700 | |||
| Age at diagnosis (Y) | 8 (38.1) | 12 (63.2) | ≥23 | 0.113 | 3 (33.3) | 2 (10.5) | ≥38 | 0.141 | |
| Age at the time of surgery (Y) | 6 (28.6) | 10 (52.6) | ≥37 | 0.120 | 3 (33.3) | 3 (15.8) | ≥45 | 0.290 | |
| Disease duration (M) | 2 (9.5) | 2 (10.5) | ≥278 | 0.915 | 8 (88.9) | 9 (47.4) | ≥57 | 0.035 | |
| Montreal classification | |||||||||
| L1 (vs. L2 & L3) | 4 (19.0) | 4 (21.1) | 0.874 | 1 (11.1) | 5 (26.3) | 0.359 | |||
| B3 (vs. B1 & B2) | 9 (42.9) | 8 (57.1) | 0.961 | 4 (44.4) | 7 (36.8) | 0.700 | |||
| Perianal disease | 2 (9.5) | 4 (21.1) | 0.307 | 0 (0) | 2 (10.5) | 0.312 | |||
| Active smoking | 6 (28.6) | 3 (15.8) | 0.333 | 2 (22.2) | 2 (10.5) | 0.408 | |||
| Preoperative treatment | |||||||||
| 5-ASA | 17 (81.0) | 15 (78.9) | 0.874 | 7 (77.8) | 16 (84.2) | 0.678 | |||
| Steroids | 11 (52.4) | 6 (31.6) | 0.183 | 5 (55.6) | 8 (57.1) | 0.505 | |||
| IM | 5 (23.8) | 5 (26.3) | 0.855 | 4 (44.4) | 5 (26.3) | 0.337 | |||
| Anti-TNFα | 2 (9.5) | 3 (15.8) | 0.549 | 1 (11.1) | 3 (15.8) | 0.741 | |||
| Exclusive parenteral nutrition | 9 (42.9) | 13 (68.4) | 0.104 | 4 (44.4) | 14 (73.7) | 0.131 | |||
| +Preoperative anemia | 15 (71.4) | 16 (84.2) | 0.333 | 5 (55.6) | 15 (78.9) | 0.200 | |||
| +Preoperative low serum albumin level | 14 (66.7) | 11 (57.9) | 0.567 | 6 (66.7) | 10 (52.6) | 0.483 | |||
| +Preoperative high serum CRP level | 10 (47.6) | 9 (47.9) | 0.987 | 4 (44.4) | 10 (52.6) | 0.685 | |||
| Year of operation (before 2004) | 8 (38.1) | 2 (10.5) | 0.044 | 1 (11.1) | 3 (15.8) | 0.741 | |||
| Initial intestinal resection | 16 (76.2) | 7 (36.8) | 0.011 | 6 (66.7) | 10 (52.6) | 0.483 | |||
| Emergency operation | 3 (14.3) | 1 (5.3) | 0.342 | 1 (11.1) | 2 (10.5) | 0.457 | |||
| Laparoscopic surgery (vs. open) | 10 (47.6) | 6 (31.6) | 0.301 | 4 (44.4) | 8 (42.1) | 0.907 | |||
| Stapled anastomosis (vs. hand-sewn) | 19 (90.5) | 15 (78.9) | 0.505 | 8 (88.9) | 15 (78.9) | 0.701 | |||
| Presence of residual lesion | 7 (33.3) | 4 (21.1) | 0.446 | 3 (33.3) | 4 (21.1) | 0.468 | |||
| Postoperative complications | 6 (28.6) | 4 (21.1) | 0.583 | 2 (22.2) | 6 (31.6) | 0.608 | |||
| Postoperative treatment | |||||||||
| IM | 5 (23.8) | 7 (36.8) | 0.369 | 4 (44.4) | 5 (26.3) | 0.337 | |||
| Anti-TNFα | 11 (52.4) | 8 (57.1) | 0.515 | 6 (66.7) | 10 (52.6) | 0.483 | |||
| Therapy intensification | 9 (42.9) | 10 (52.6) | 0.536 | 6 (66.7) | 10 (52.6) | 0.483 | |||
P values were calculated by chi-squared tests.
+Based on the criterion value of the hospital.
Y: Years; M: Months; IM: Immunomodulators; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; CRP: C-reactive protein.
Table 3.
Univariate Analysis of Pathological Risk Factors Associated with Postoperative Endoscopic Recurrence.
| Variable | (A) Endoscopic recurrence | (B) Endoscopic recurrence in 3Y | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=21) | No (n=19) | Cut-off | P | Yes (n=9) | No (n=19) | Cut-off | P | ||
| Granulomas | 4 (19.0) | 1 (5.3) | 0.188 | 2 (22.2) | 2 (10.5) | 0.408 | |||
| Inflammatory infiltration of mucosa | 0 (0) | 3 (15.8) | 0.058 | 0 (0) | 3 (15.8) | 0.207 | |||
| Number of ganglia | |||||||||
| 1) Submucosal plexus | |||||||||
| Number analyzed | 9 (42.9) | 5 (26.3) | ≥11 | 0.273 | 6 (66.7) | 6 (31.6) | ≥11 | 0.079 | |
| Ganglia with plexitis | 6 (28.6) | 2 (10.5) | ≥9 | 0.154 | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0) | ≥19 | 0.033 | |
| Rate of plexitis (%) | 14 (66.7) | 15 (78.9) | ≥40 | 0.385 | 4 (44.4) | 13 (68.4) | ≥55 | 0.225 | |
| 2) Myenteric plexus | |||||||||
| Number analyzed | 21 (100) | 17 (89.5) | ≥3 | 0.127 | 1 (11.1) | 4 (21.1) | ≥8 | 0.521 | |
| Ganglia with plexitis | 6 (28.6) | 6 (31.6) | ≥5 | 0.835 | 2 (22.2) | 7 (36.8) | ≥5 | 0.439 | |
| Rate of plexitis (%) | 14 (66.7) | 16 (84.2) | ≥38 | 0.200 | 6 (66.7) | 16 (84.2) | ≥38 | 0.290 | |
| 1)+2) | |||||||||
| Number analyzed | 18 (85.7) | 12 (63.2) | ≥10 | 0.099 | 9 (100) | 12 (63.2) | ≥11 | 0.035 | |
| Ganglia with plexitis | 6 (28.6) | 3 (15.8) | ≥14 | 0.333 | 2 (22.2) | 1 (5.3) | ≥22 | 0.175 | |
| Rate of plexitis (%) | 10 (47.6) | 3 (15.8) | <50 | 0.031 | 5 (55.6) | 16 (84.2) | ≥47 | 0.102 | |
| Size of MIG | |||||||||
| Submucosal plexus (μm2) | 9 (42.9) | 4 (21.1) | ≥413 | 0.141 | 9 (100) | 18 (94.7) | ≥46 | 0.483 | |
| Myenteric plexus (μm2) | 18 (85.7) | 9 (47.4) | ≥867 | 0.009 | 6 (66.7) | 3 (15.8) | ≥2966 | 0.007 | |
| Cellular infiltrates | |||||||||
| 1) Submucosal plexus | |||||||||
| Mononuclear cells | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0) | ≥6 | 0.086 | 8 (88.9) | 17 (89.5) | ≥1 | 0.962 | |
| Polymorphonuclear leukocytes | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0) | ≥3 | 0.086 | 3 (33.3) | 0 (0) | ≥3 | 0.007 | |
| Total cells | 4 (19.0) | 0 (0) | ≥8 | 0.044 | 9 (100) | 18 (94.7) | ≥1 | 0.483 | |
| *T-lymphocytes | 4 (19.0) | 2 (10.5) | ≥2 | 0.451 | 1 (11.1) | 1 (5.3) | ≥5 | 0.574 | |
| *Mastocytes | 15 (71.4) | 9 (47.4) | ≥1 | 0.120 | 1 (11.1) | 1 (5.3) | ≥5 | 0.574 | |
| 2) Myenteric plexus | |||||||||
| Mononuclear cells | 8 (38.1) | 3 (15.8) | ≥5 | 0.114 | 5 (55.6) | 7 (36.8) | ≥4 | 0.350 | |
| Polymorphonuclear leukocytes | 2 (9.5) | 0 (0) | ≥5 | 0.167 | 2 (22.2) | 0 (0) | ≥5 | 0.003 | |
| Total cells | 7 (33.3) | 3 (15.8) | ≥6 | 0.200 | 3 (33.3) | 2 (10.5) | ≥9 | 0.141 | |
| *T-lymphocytes | 10 (47.6) | 10 (52.6) | ≥2 | 0.751 | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0) | ≥13 | 0.139 | |
| *Mastocytes | 5 (23.8) | 1 (5.3) | ≥1 | 0.100 | 4 (44.4) | 1 (5.3) | ≥1 | 0.011 | |
P values were calculated by chi-squared tests.
*T-lymphocytes and mastocytes were detected by immunohistochemistry.
Y: years; MIG: Most severely inflamed ganglion.
Next, to eliminate the confounding effects of a prolonged interval between surgery and endoscopic recurrence on the endoscopic recurrence rate, endoscopic recurrence was limited to within 3 years from surgery. Among the 40 patients studied, 28 patients underwent colonoscopy within 3 years from surgery. Endoscopic recurrence was observed in nine of these patients (32.1%). The median interval between surgery and endoscopic recurrence was 20.6±9.8 months. On univariate analysis, disease duration ≥57 months (p=0.035), number of submucosal ganglia with plexitis ≥19 (p=0.033), number of analyzed submucosal and myenteric ganglia ≥11 (p=0.035), size of the MIG in the myenteric plexus ≥2,966 μm2 (p=0.007), number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the submucosal plexus ≥3 (p=0.007), number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the myenteric plexus ≥5 (p=0.003), and number of mastocytes in the myenteric plexus ≥1 (p=0.01) were associated with an increased risk of endoscopic recurrence (Table 2B and 3B). Multivariate analysis did not identify any of these variables as significantly associated with short-term endoscopic recurrence.
Dimensions and inflammatory infiltrates in the MIG
In the preceding results, the size of the MIG in the myenteric plexus was an independent risk factor for endoscopic recurrence. However, the number of inflammatory infiltrates in the myenteric plexus was not a predictor of endoscopic recurrence. Conversely, in the submucosal plexus, the number of inflammatory infiltrates was an independent risk factor, whereas the size of the MIG was not. Therefore, the differences in dimensions and number of inflammatory infiltrates per unit area of the MIG (number of inflammatory infiltrates in MIG/dimensions of MIG (μm2) × 100) between the recurrence and non-recurrence groups were investigated. The results of the univariate analysis are shown in Table 4. The MIG in both the submucosal and myenteric plexuses tended to be larger in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group, while the number of cellular infiltrates per unit area tended to be smaller in the recurrence group, although neither difference was significant.
Table 4.
Univariate Analysis of Endoscopic Recurrence and Dimensions and Inflammatory Infiltrates in the Most Severely Inflamed Ganglion (MIG).
| Variable | Endoscopic recurrence | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=21) | No (n=19) | |||
| (1) Submucosal plexus | ||||
| Size of MIG (μm2) | 597.4±1172.1 | 276.9±247.2 | 0.284 | |
| Number of inflammatory infiltrates/* | 0.86±0.63 | 1.20±0.90 | 0.233 | |
| (2) Myenteric plexus | ||||
| Size of MIG (μm2) | 1999.4±1530.3 | 1433.7±1438.0 | 0.136 | |
| Number of inflammatory infiltrates/* | 0.28±0.24 | 0.35±0.34 | 0.694 | |
P values were calculated by non-parametric Wilcoxon tests.
*Number of inflammatory infiltrates in MIG/Size of MIG (μm2) ×100.
Discussion
In CD, postoperative recurrence is still a major problem, which may lead to significant morbidity and impaired quality of life. Even though the involved intestines are removed surgically, 50% to 70% of operated patients experience recurrence4,5). Furthermore, 30%-70% of the patients will require another intestinal resection2,3,21). A recent study confirmed that it is essential to choose postoperative treatments based on the individual risk of recurrence for the prevention of postoperative recurrence22).
Inflammatory recurrence at the site of anastomosis, which can be observed endoscopically, appears earlier than clinical symptoms23). This study therefore focused on endoscopic recurrence as one of the endpoints that could be evaluated objectively using Rutgeert's endoscopic scoring system20). Endoscopic recurrence rate of the present study was 52.5% and the mean duration from surgery to recurrence was about 4 years. Endoscopic recurrence rate varies depending on studies; in one study, the rate was 50% in 3 years, while in another it was 50% in 5 years after surgery, which were close to our result4,8).
The present study showed that initial intestinal resection, rate of plexitis <50%, size of the MIG in the myenteric plexus ≥867 μm2, and ≥8 inflammatory cells in the submucosal plexus were associated with postoperative endoscopic recurrence.
Since Ferrante et al. first demonstrated the association between myenteric plexitis and postoperative recurrence14), several similar studies have been conducted15-18,24). However, appropriate methods of pathological analysis have not been firmly established, and the precise measurements were not mentioned in any of the preceding studies. Therefore, in the current study, certain protocols for microscopic examination of the proximal margins were established. First, the observation area was limited to within 5 mm from the proximal margin. Nerve bundles and ganglia showing only one neural cell body were also excluded from the definition of plexus. In previous studies, total numbers of inflammatory infiltrates in H&E-stained slides and on immunostaining (for anti-CD3 and anti-CD117 antibodies) were counted to assess the severity of plexitis. However, in the present study, numbers for each slide were counted separately because it was noticed that cells observed in the slides were often different due to the thickness (3 μm) of each serial section (some cells appeared while others disappeared in consecutive slides). Particular value was placed on the results observed in H&E slides because H&E staining is the most common staining procedure and is performed routinely. Therefore, using the results of microscopic observation of H&E slides would be clinically useful.
Even though the pathological examination methods in the present study were not identical to those in preceding studies, multivariate analysis showed that the presence of ≥8 inflammatory cells in the submucosal plexus is an independent risk factor for endoscopic recurrence. This result was similar to that of a study by Misteli et al., which showed that severe myenteric plexitis is a risk factor for surgical recurrence17). The results of the second analysis, the outcome of which was endoscopic recurrence within 3 years after surgery, also revealed that ≥3 polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the submucosal plexus, ≥5 polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the myenteric plexus, and ≥1 mastocytes in the myenteric plexus increased the risk of endoscopic recurrence, although these were not significant factors on multivariate analysis. In some previous studies, submucosal mastocytes and eosinophils were associated with an increased risk of postoperative recurrence15,16). Degranulation of mastocytes and eosinophils involves the release of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, these cells have been reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Mastocytes are closely associated with peptidergic nerves in the gut and are related to hyperplastic nerves. They contain mediators such as tryptase, which inactivates vasoactive intestinal peptide. The release of mediators is upregulated during acute inflammation25,26). Eosinophils contain granules, the main contents of which are cytotoxic cationic proteins. The release of neurotoxic granular products from eosinophils may explain the alterations in enteric nerve function seen in CD27). Plexitis characterized by infiltration of mastocytes or eosinophils might therefore be associated with inflammation and lead to postoperative recurrence.
The result of the multivariate analysis also showed that the rate of plexitis <50% was an independent risk factor for endoscopic recurrence, which was contrary to the previous results. The rate of plexitis was not revealed in the preceding studies. Therefore, we could only speculate that the severity of plexitis in MIG, not the number of ganglia with plexitis, was an important predictive factor of recurrence.
The current study also paid special attention to the size of the MIG. When ganglia were examined microscopically, the size of ganglia was found to vary considerably among patients, particularly in the myenteric plexus. Therefore, the sizes of the MIG in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses were compared between recurrence and non-recurrence groups. Although not significant, the sizes of the MIG in both submucosal and myenteric plexuses were larger in the recurrence group. In CD, transmural inflammation is associated with lesions of enteric nerve system, such as neuronal hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and an irregular increase in number of nerve fibers and ganglia. Therefore, we estimated that the large size of MIG might reflect the severity of inflammation13,14). However, the number of cellular infiltrates per unit area of the MIG in both submucosal and myenteric plexuses was smaller in the recurrence group and the difference was more evident in the submucosal plexus. From these findings, we hypothesized that the size of the MIG in the myenteric plexus might be an efficient predictor of postoperative recurrence, while the number of cellular infiltrates in the submucosal plexus could also be a predictor of recurrence. Moreover, the size of the MIG may be a more reliable indicator than the number of cellular infiltrates. This is because the evaluation of plexitis, which requires counting the number of cellular infiltrates, would involve significant inter-observer variability, since evaluation methods, such as the definition of “one plexus” and “inflammatory cells contiguous with a ganglion,” have not yet been firmly established. On the other hand, the size of the plexus represents a more objective evaluation parameter that can be easily measured on H&E slides. Since this is the first study focusing on the size of the MIG as a histopathological predictor of postoperative recurrence of CD, further studies are needed to confirm the accuracy of this finding. Establishment of pathological examination procedures is essential for the precise evaluation of plexitis.
On multivariate analysis, the values of odds ratios were too large to evaluate and some values of the 95% confidence interval (CI) were undetectable. On the other hand, the results of R-squared and the area under the ROC curve showed high accuracy of the logistic model, which might support the probability of each variable being a risk factor for endoscopic recurrence. However, we were unable to identify meaningful clinical risk factors for postoperative endoscopic recurrence. The only independent clinical risk factor was the lack of previous intestinal resection, which was contrary to the common theory that previous surgery for CD is a risk factor for recurrence28,29). One of the clinical factors that might have influenced this difference in the results of the present and previous studies was postoperative treatment, especially anti-TNF therapy. Of the 40 patients who underwent postoperative colonoscopy, 23 patients had no history of intestinal resection. Twelve (52.1%) of these patients were treated with anti-TNF after surgery, of whom 9 (39.1%) had recurrence. On the other hand, in 17 patients with history of previous intestinal resection, 7 (41.1%) were treated with anti-TNF and 2 (11.7%) of them had recurrence. From these findings, postoperative anti-TNF therapy had little influence on endoscopic recurrence in this study. Other reasons for the difference are considered to be as follows. First, the cohort in the present study was not large enough due to the retrospective, single-center design. This represents a limitation of the study. Second, the study period was very long, spanning 18 years. Moreover, timing and indication for postoperative endoscopic evaluation was not fixed and we were unable to determine when exactly recurrences appeared. Furthermore, we could have failed to detect recurrence in asymptomatic cases. Third, significant disparities were seen in continuous variables that did not show normal distributions, which may have impacted the analyses.
In conclusion, initial intestinal resection, rate of plexitis <50%, submucosal plexitis with ≥8 inflammatory cells, and a myenteric plexus with size ≥876 μm2 in the proximal resection margin were predictive of postoperative endoscopic recurrence in CD. Pathological examination of the proximal resection margin in the surgical specimen may help to estimate the risk of postoperative recurrence. In particular, the size of the MIG in the myenteric plexus and the number of inflammatory cells in the submucosal plexus are likely to be effective biological markers for predicting recurrence of CD after surgical resection.
Conflicts of Interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful for the statistical support provided by Dr. Satoru Shimizu (Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Women's Medical University) and for the pathology support provided by Dr. Noriyuki Shibata (Department of Pathology 1, Tokyo Women's Medical University) and Dr. Yoji Nagashima (Department of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University).
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