The Efficacy And Safety Of Apatinib Treatment For Patients With Metastatic Or Recurrent Cervical Cancer: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Background

This study was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of apatinib in patients with metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer.

Methods

Twenty-six patients with metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer and treated with apatinib until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity were included in this multicenter, retrospective, observational study from January 2016 to April 2018. The primary end point was progression free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and toxicity. Toxicities were assessed according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.

Results

A total of 26 metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer patients were enrolled in this study. No complete response (CR) occurred, 4 patients (15.4%) showed partial response (PR), 11 patients (42.3%) had stable disease (SD), and 11 patients (42.3%) had progressive disease (PD), with DCR of 57.7% and ORR of 15.4%. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0–6.3 months) and overall survival (OS) was 7.0 months (95% CI: 5.1–8.9 months) respectively. The most common adverse effects were hand-foot syndrome (50.0%), secondary hypertension (26.9%) and fatigue (26.9%). Three patients discontinued treatment due to grade 3 toxicities (one case for hand-foot syndrome, two cases for diarrhea) and 6 patients required dose reduction because of adverse effects.

Conclusion

Apatinib seems active in heavily-pretreated metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer. The adverse effects were moderate but manageable.

Introduction

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women worldwide.1 Although improved screening and human papillomavirus immunization, approximately 98,900 newly are diagnosed and 30,500 women still die from this disease each year in China.2 The current standard treatment of cervical cancer is surgery in the early stages and concurrent cisplatin chemotherapy and pelvic radiation in locally advanced lesions. However, patients with recurrent or metastatic cancers have a poor prognosis with limited treatment options. Thus, it is urgent to discover novel active drugs against this disease.

Apatinib is an oral, highly potent tyrosine-kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(VEGFR-2).3 Currently, apatinib has been demonstrated efficacy in various cancer types, including ovarian cancer,4,5 breast cancer,6 gastric cancer,7,8 lung cancer9 and liver cancer.10 Preclinical data showed that apatinib markedly induced apoptosis and G1-phase arrest, suppressed cell growth, and decreased colony formation ability of cervical cancer cells, indicating apatinib had the potential anti-tumor effects in cervical cancer.11 However, the treatment of apatinib in patients with cervical cancer is still unclear. Thus, this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of apatinib in metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer in China.

Methods

Patients

A total of 26 metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer patients who administered aptinib between January 2016 and April 2018 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University and Wenzhou oncology Hospital were enrolled in this study. Eligibility criteria were as followed: age≥18 years; pathologically confirmed as cervical cancer; at least one measurable lesion according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1;12 definition of metastasis or recurrence: demonstration of measurable tumor according to CT/MRI/PET-CT. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University and informed consent was obtained from each patient before the initiation of the study.

Treatment

Apatinib was provided as tablets to be administered orally daily. Patients administered aptinib at 250 or 500mg daily until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The dosage of the apatinib was determined by the attending physician based on the patient’s age, body weight, general status, and tolerance. Performance status, blood pressure, complete blood count, urine, liver and kidney function were monitored during treatment. Four weeks were defined as one cycle. Only patients who had finished at least one cycle apatinib therapy and evaluated the efficacy were included in this study (Two patients were excluded because they only administered apatinib for 1–2 weeks. One patient stopped the treatment because the treatment was beyond her financial burden, the other patient stopped the treatment because of family reasons, thus, a total of 26 patients were enrolled in the current study.).

Efficacy And Safety Assessments

The efficacy evaluation was evaluated according to the RECIST 1.1 criteria,12 including complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD). The objective response rate (ORR) was defined as the proportion of eligible patients who achieved a confirmed CR or PR. Disease control rate (DCR) was defined as the proportion of patients who achieved CR, PR, and SD for at least 8 weeks. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from initiation of apatinib to the date of disease progression or death, whichever occurred first. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from initiation of apatinib to death or the last follow-up visit. CT/MRI/PET-CT was done after 2–3 months of treatment. The deadline for the follow-up time was October 1, 2018.

Apatinib related toxicities were evaluated and graded according to the National Cancer Institute. Toxicities were assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE).13

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS version 24.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL). Continuous data were expressed as the median (range) and categorical variables were presented as percentages. Median PFS and OS were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Patient Characteristics

A total of 26 patients with cervical cancer were included in this retrospective study. Patient characteristics at baseline are summarized in Table 1. The median age was 58 years (range=36-72 years). Twenty-three patients were diagnosed as squamous cervical cancer, two patients were adenocarcinoma and one patient was adenosquamous carcinoma. All 26 individuals were confirmed as patients with metastatic or recurrent disease. The most common sites of metastatic disease were lymph nodes (61.5%), lung (34.6%) and bone (26.9%). 15 (57.7%) patients presented with at least one site of visceral metastasis. In addition, 18 of 26 patients (69.2%) were pretreated (defined as the treatment after the confirmation of metastasis or recurrence) with chemoradiotherapy, 4 patients with chemotherapy and 2 patients with radiotherapy. Only two patients received no chemotherapy or radiotherapy after confirmed as metastatic or recurrent disease. None of the patients was pretreated with other anti-angiogenic therapy, such as bevacizumab.

Table 1.

The Baseline Patients’ Characteristics

Characteristics	Results
Age (years)	58 (36–72)
Histology, n (%)
Squamous cell carcinoma	23 (88.5%)
Adenocarcinoma	2 (7.7%)
Adenosquamous carcinoma	1 (3.8%)
Differentiation
Unknown	14 (53.8%)
I-II	6 (23.1%)
III	6 (23.1%)
Metastatic or recurrent sites, n (%)
Lymph nodes	16 (61.5%)
Lung	9 (34.6%)
Bone	7 (26.9%)
Liver	5 (19.2%)
Pelvic	5 (19.2%)
Brain	4 (15.4%
Rectum	1 (3.8%)
Visceral metastasis, n(%)
Yes	15 (57.7%)
No	11 (42.3%)
Prior therapy *n (%)
Chemo+ Radiotherapy	18 (69.2%)
Chemotherapy	4 (15.4%)
Radiotherapy	2 (7.7%)
No	2 (7.7%)

Note: *Prior treatment after the confirmation of metastasis or recurrence.

Abbreviation: n, number of patients.

Safety

All 26 patients received at least one dose of apatinib and were included in survival and safety analyses. Finally, 21 patients (80.8%) started from 500 mg daily, in which 6 patients experienced dose reduction to 250mg because of intolerable toxicity, and the other 5 patients (19.2%) started from a dose of 250mg daily. Three patients discontinued treatment due to intolerable toxicity, which was grade 3 hand-foot syndrome and grade 3 diarrhea.

Detailed toxicities encountered in the study are presented in Table 2. Most toxicities were mild (grade 1 to 2) and manageable. Only three patients occurred grade 3 adverse effects. No treatment-related death was documented during the drug administration. Four patients suffer no obvious toxicity. Hand-foot syndrome was the most common toxicity, in which one patient suffered grade 3 and discontinued treatment. Secondary hypertension occurred in 7 patients (26.9%). Seven patients (26.9%) developed fatigue in grade 1–2. Two patients suffered grade 3 diarrhea and caused discontinued treatment. Other rare side effects were anorexia, hematologic toxicities, nausea, and liver dysfunction, mainly as grade 1 to 2.

Table 2.

Treatment-Related Toxicities

Adverse Event	Grade1 n	Grade2 n	Grade3 n	Grade4 n	Total n(%)
Hand and foot syndrome	4	8	1	0	13(50.0%)
Secondary hypertension	1	6	0	0	7(26.9%)
Fatigue	3	4	0	0	7(26.9%)
Anorexia	1	5	0	0	6(23.1%)
Neutropenia	0	4	0	0	4(15.4%)
Thrombocytopenia	0	4	0	0	4(15.4%)
Diarrhea	0	2	2	0	4(15.4%)
Liver dysfunction	1	1	0	0	2(7.7%)
Nausea	0	2	0	0	2(7.7%)

Abbreviation: n, number of patients.

Efficacy

Median follow-up time was 5.0 months (range, 3 to 24 months) and 16 of 26 patients were dead. Among the 26 patients, there were four with PR (15.4%), 11 with SD (42.3%) and 11 patients (42.3%) with PD. However, no CR occurred. The overall response rate was 15.4%. The disease control rate (CR plus PR plus SD) was 57.7%. Additionally, the median disease control duration was 5 months (range=3-24), and 5 out of 15 patients (33.3%) had a disease control duration ≥6 months.

Median PFS and OS were 3.0 (95% CI 0–6.3) and 7.0 (95% CI 5.1–8.9) months, respectively (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

(A) OS in 26 patients with metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer after apatinib treatment. (B) PFS in 26 patients with metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer after apatinib treatment.

Discussion

Women with metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer are still incurable with a 15-20% 1-year-OS.14 Cisplatin-based chemotherapy palliates symptoms and prolongs PFS of these patients, and thus, represents the standard of treatment for this population.15,16 However, the low response rate and relatively short OS are disappointing. The presented study evaluated the efficacy and safety of apatinib among patients with advanced cervical cancer. Our results showed a 57.7% DCR and a median PFS of 3 months. Interestingly, our study showed a high rate of DCR and a long period of PFS, however, CR and PR were 0% and 15.4%, respectively. Current viewpoints suggested that the potential benefit from novel targeted agents was mediated through disease stabilization processes rather than tumor shrinkage.17–19 Therefore, the primary end point of this study was determined as PFS. Accordingly, apatinib seemed to be efficacious for patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer.

Angiogenesis is a critical process for cancer development and metastasis, including cervical cancer. Target angiogenic pathway is shown to be an effective strategy for controlling cervical cancer progress, especially for advanced cervical cancer.20–22 Bevacizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against VEGF-A, was the first clinically available anti-angiogenic agent. On August 14, 2014, this targeted agent was approved in the treatment of persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer with cisplatin and paclitaxel chemotherapies. According to a recent review paper, the response rate of bevacizumab ranged from 34-48%, and the PFS presented as 3.4–8.2m for recurrent, persistent, or metastatic cervical cancer.23 The largest trial (GOG 240) reported a prolonged OS by 3.7 months in patients with recurrent, persistent, or metastatic cervical cancer by bevacizumab combined with standard chemotherapy.20 Overall, the use of bevacizumab in cervical cancer showed effective and safe, but with high costs.23 Previous studies also evaluated alternative antiangiogenic strategies, including cetuximab and sunitinib. Cetuximab(C226), an antibody that inhibits EGFR activity, did not indicate additional benefit beyond cisplatin therapy alone along with adequately tolerated in advanced, recurrent, and previously treated cervical cancers.21 Along similar lines, sunitinib malate, multitargeted TKI, showed no objective responses in pretreated patients with locally advanced or metastatic cervical cancer.24 Compared with previously reported anti-VEGF drugs, apatinib showed a relative high disease control rate and a long PFS. Further prospective studies with larger sample size need to confirm this observation.

The main challenge regarding antiangiogenic effects in clinical practice is drug resistance and response rate across patients. Thus, it is important to select relative appropriate patients. It was reported that bevacizumab seemed to be less effective in patients with adenocarcinoma than in those with squamous cancer in a Phase III Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG 240) study.20 Our study only enrolled two cases of adenocarcinoma, in which one presented SD and another case showed PR. Considering the small size in the current study, inadequate data cannot make a definitive judgment regarding histology. In addition, it was widely reported that single-agent activity of angiogenesis inhibitors was limited and combination with standard chemotherapy was recommended. Actually, most the previous studies presented bevacizumab efficiency combined with chemotherapy.23 Only in GOG227C study, single bevacizumab showed active in treating recurrent CC with a OS 7.3 m and PFS 3.4 m.15 A probable explanation for these findings is antiangiogenic therapies could create or remodel an environment suitable for normalization of the stable vascular endothelial cells, thus, result in increased tumor uptake of chemotherapy.25,26 In the presented study, the majority of patients previously received platinum-based chemotherapy after diagnosed as metastasis or recurrence. Only two patients refused chemotherapy and selected single apatinib. Interestingly, both of these two patients showed PD. Thus, apatinib may be a promising targeted agent for the heavily- pretreated advanced cervical cancer. We would suggest use apatinib in combination with one or more traditional chemotherapeutic drugs.

Hypertension, proteinuria, and hand-foot syndrome are the most common adverse events related to anti-angiogenic agents.27 Our current study showed the most frequently observed side effect were hand-foot syndrome, hypertension and fatigue, which were generally consistent with previously reported in ovarian cancer and breast cancer.4,17 Interestingly, hand-foot syndrome is the most frequently observed side effect in the current study, in addition, one patient discontinued treatment because of grade 3 hand-foot syndrome. The mechanism of hand-foot syndrome is probably due to the damage of the capillary endothelium in hands and feet as well as keratinocyte apoptosis and inflammation by inhibiting VEGF.27 Clinically, the management of hand-foot syndrome has always been a tough thing. One patient in our study discontinued treatment because of grade 4 hand-foot syndrome. Thus, prophylactic measures, including moisturization for hand and foot, protection of pressure-sensitive areas, herbal medicine immersion and supplementation of multi-vitamin should be considered. Overall, in the current study, apatinib by a dosage of 250–500 mg daily is tolerable for most heavily pretreated advanced cervical cancer. Furthermore, no unusual toxicities were identified among all the 26 patients. Thus, apatinib seemed not only active in treating metastasis or recurrent cervical cancer but also safe.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that apatinib was potentially an effective drug for patients with heavily pretreated metastasis or recurrent cervical cancers. The toxicities were moderated but manageable. Thus, patients with advanced cervical cancer can tolerate and benefit from apatinib therapy, which makes apatinib therapy a promising option.

Abbreviations

VEGFR-2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2; RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors; CR, complete response; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease; ORR, objective response rate; DCR, disease control rate; PFS, progression-free survival; OS, overall survival; CTCAE, common terminology criteria for adverse events.

Ethical Approval

This study has been approved by The First Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University’s ethics committee and has been performed according to the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was written by all individual participants included in the study.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No. LY19H160021), Technology Development Funds of Wenzhou City (Y20150046) and the Young Talent Fund of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.