Comparison of drug-eluting and bare metal stents for extracranial vertebral artery stenting

Abstract

Introduction

Drug-eluting stents of the first (DES I) and second generation (DES II) proved superior to bare metal stents (BMS) in the coronary territory. However, there are limited data on whether they have any advantage over BMS in vertebral artery stenosis (VAS).

Aim

To compare outcomes of DES (DES I, DES II) and BMS in the treatment of symptomatic extracranial VAS.

Material and methods

During 13-year study period (2003–2016), 392 consecutive patients underwent VAS angioplasty in 428 arteries, including implantation of 148 DES (DES I: 21; DES II: 127 lesions), and 280 BMS.

Results

The technical success rates for DES and BMS groups were 96.7% and 94.6% (p = 0.103), with similar periprocedural complication rates (1.4% vs. 2.2%; p = 0.565). VAS degree was reduced from 86 ±9.7 to 2.7 ±5.0% in DES (p < 0.001) and from 84.1 ±9.4 to 4.3 ±6.9% in BMS (p < 0.001). Angiography confirmed in-stent restenosis/occlusion (ISR/ISO) 50–99% in 53 (14.2%) and 21 (5.6%) out of 373 patients (409 arteries) with at least 6-month follow-up. ISR/ISO rates were similar in DES vs. BMS (22.8% vs. 19.4%; p = 0.635), as well as in DES I vs. DES II (6/19; 31.6% vs. 25/92; 27.2%, p = 0.325). Stainless steel (24/135; 17.8%) and cobalt-chromium (23/121;19%) BMS had significantly lower incidence of ISR/ISO, as compared to platinum-chromium (7/18; 38.9%), p = 0.034. ISR/ISO was associated with age (p = 0.01) and CRP level > 5 mg/l (p = 0.043), while greater stent length was associated with ISR only in the DES group (p = 0.024).

Conclusions

Our results do not support significant differences in ISR/ISO rates between DES and BMS, although differences between particular stent types and ISR rates require further investigation.

Summary

To date, in contrast to the coronary territory, there are few data regarding comparison of drug-eluting stents (DES) and bare metal stents (BMS) in vertebral artery stenosis (VAS). In our study, we compared DES (first and second generation) and BMS in the treatment of symptomatic extracranial VAS during a 13-year period. The results do not support significant differences in in-stent restenosis/in-stent occlusion (ISR/ISO) rates between DES and BMS in the long-term follow-up, although differences between particular stent types and ISR rates require further investigation.

Introduction

The origin and the V1 segment of the vertebral artery (VA) are a common site for atherosclerotic occlusive disease, and they constitute the second most frequent atherosclerosis involvement in the territory of the large supra-aortic arteries, just behind the internal carotid artery location [1–3]. VA lesions lead to signs and symptoms of posterior fossa ischemia (PFI), with significant morbidity and mortality, which may be as high as 30% [4].

Of note, one-quarter of ischemic strokes are located in the vertebra-basilar territory (VBT) and around 20% of posterior circulation strokes occur in the setting of extracranial vertebral artery stenosis (VAS) [2]. In addition, patients experiencing VBT transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) have a 25% to 35% risk of stroke within 5 years [5].

The optimal therapeutic management of extracranial VAS is debatable [5]. Three potential methods of treatment are available, medical therapy, surgical reconstruction, and endovascular interventions, but no clear indications have been established [3]. Medical treatment with antiplatelet agents and vasodilators is widely accepted in patients with symptomatic VAS [6].

If symptoms persist, invasive methods of treatment can be used [3]. Open vascular surgery includes endarterectomy, surgical bypass, and carotid-vertebral transposition in referential centers with satisfactory results have been reported [6]. However, with the increasing development of endovascular device technology, percutaneous angioplasty of VAS has become an alternative option to surgery [3, 7], with provisional stent implantation that favors the short- and long-term outcome in comparison to balloon angioplasty alone [8].

The real milestone of endovascular interventions was introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES), initially the first (DES I), and then the second generation (DES II), which in the coronary territory were found superior to bare metal stents (BMS) [9, 10]. However, there are limited data indicating whether DES I and DES II have any advantage over BMS in the posterior circulation territory, namely VAS.

Aim

Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to evaluate the immediate and long-term outcome of endovascular VAS procedures performed at our institution between 2003 and 2016 in respect of safety and long-term efficacy with special regard to different stent types used. Also, we aimed to identify potential risk factors associated with stenosis recurrence (stent patency).

Material and methods

The registry is a consecutive series of patients with signs and symptoms of PFI seen at our institution, in whom stent-supported angioplasty was performed during a 13-year period (between the years 2003 and 2016). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and the study was approved by the local ethics committee, and the study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Of the 392 consecutive patients in the registry, 428 endovascular procedures with stent implantation were performed for V0-V1 segment lesions.

Group I comprised 280 lesions covered with BMS in 270 patients (195; 72.2% male), with the mean age of 67.5 ±8.6 years.

Group II comprised 148 lesions covered with DES in 144 patients (98; 68.1% male), with the mean age of 66.6 ±8.5 years. Group II was additionally subdivided into subgroups of patients who had DES I (21 lesions) and DES II implantation (127 lesions).

Detailed study groups characteristics, as well as indications for the endovascular treatment, are presented in Table I. In brief, inclusion criteria for revascularization were either symptomatic patients with at least 60% lumen diameter stenosis or patients who underwent endovascular treatment of symptomatic subclavian artery disease complicated by a plaque shift with subsequent significant flow limitation in the vertebral artery requiring VA stenting. All patients underwent neurological examination by a site neurologist prior to VA stenting procedure, and re-assessment before hospital discharge. Collected information included demographics, risk factors, clinical description of symptoms, neurologic deficits, and results of diagnostic testing.

Table I.

Patient baseline characteristics and indications for treatment

Parameter	DES (n = 144)	BMS (n = 270)	P-value
Demography:
Age [years]	66.6 ±8.5	67.5 ±8.6	0.080
Men, n (%)	98 (68.1)	195 (72.2)	0.375
Comorbidities, n (%):
Coronary artery disease	89 (61.8)	149 (55.2)	0.194
Previous myocardial infarction	41 (28.5)	72 (26.7)	0.694
Previous percutaneous coronary intervention	43 (29.9)	69 (25.6)	0.348
History of coronary artery bypass grafting	15 (10.4)	36 (13.3)	0.389
Previous carotid artery stenting	34 (23.6)	56 (20.7)	0.500
Carotid artery occlusion	32 (22.2)	73 (27)	0.284
Previous percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in peripheral vascular disease	6 (4.2)	17 (6.3)	0.367
Previous carotid endarterectomy	8 (5.6)	7 (2.6)	0.124
Hypertension	138 (95.8)	268 (99.3)	0.016
Dyslipidaemia	133 (92.4)	264 (97.8)	0.008
Diabetes mellitus	45 (31.3)	69(25.6)	0.217
Insulin therapy	15 (10.4)	26 (9.6)	0.798
Symptomatic peripheral artery disease	32 (22.2)	53 (19.6)	0.533
Indications for treatment, n (%):
Vertigo, dizziness	136 (94.4)	252 (93.3)	0.657
VBS stroke	65 (45.1)	114 (42.2)	0.568
VBS TIA	35 (24.3)	65 (24.1)	0.958
Occipital lobe stroke	15 (10.4)	26 (9.6)	0.798
Recurrent syncope	25 (17.4)	55 (20.4)	0.460
Tinnitus	1 (0.7)	4 (1.5)	0.485

Continuous data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; categorical data are given as the count (percentage).

Endovascular procedure

One day before the procedure, patients received a 300 mg loading dose of clopidogrel, followed by 75 mg o.d. for 1 month after BMS and 6–12 months after DES implantation. Patients were on aspirin 75 mg o.d., which was continued indefinitely afterwards.

Access to VA was obtained through a femoral or radial approach with a 6 Fr sheath, as determined by the patient’s anatomy. During VA stenting procedures all patients were monitored for vital parameters and neurologically.

After the artery cannulation, heparin was given to achieve an activated coagulation time of 250 to 300 s. Over a 0.035-inch diagnostic wire a 6 Fr guiding catheter was advanced toward the VA ostium. Then the lesion was crossed with a 0.014 inch coronary guide wire. All VA stenting procedures were unprotected. Direct stenting was performed when possible and the stent type was within the individual responsibility of each interventionist (Figures 1 A–C). The old-generation DES cohort included sirolimus (n = 14) and paclitaxel (n = 7) eluting stents and the second-generation DES group included everolimus (n = 57), biolimus (n = 35) and zotarolimus (n = 36) eluting stents (Table II). BMS included cobalt-chromium (n = 123), stainless steel (n = 139) and platinum-chromium (n = 18).

Figure 1.

A – Right vertebral artery critical stenosis (white arrow). B – Balloon post-dilatation after balloon-expandable Multi-Link Vision (BMS – cobalt-chromium; Abbott) 3.5 mm × 12 mm direct stenting. C – Final angiography showing optimal effect of VA stenting. D – Angiography confirming in-stent restenosis (white arrow). E – Sprinter (Medtronic) 3.0 mm × 15 mm balloon pre-dilatation. F – Dior (Eurocor) 3.5 mm × 15 mm drug-eluting balloon (DEB) dilatation. G – Final angiography of re-angioplasty

Table II.

Procedural data and stent type

Parameter	DES (n = 148)	BMS (n = 280)	P-value
Right VA, n (%)	79 (53.4)	118 (42.1)	0.037
Left VA, n (%)	71 (48)	162 (57.9)
Transradial approach, n (%)	10 (6.8)	16 (5.9)	0.668
Contralateral VA occlusion, n (%)	13/140 (9.3)	23/260 (8.9)	0.884
V0/V1 segment, n	148	275	0.041
Old generation DES, n (% of DES):
Sirolimus-eluting stent	14 (9.4)	n/a
Paclitaxel-eluting stent	8 (5.3)	n/a
Second generation DES, n (% of DES):
Everolimus-eluting stent	57 (38)	n/a
Biolimus-eluting stent	35 (23.3)	n/a
Zotarolimus-eluting stent	36 (24)	n/a
Stainless-steel, n (%)	n/a	139 (49.6)
Cobalt-chromium, n (%)	n/a	123 (44)
Platinum-chromium, n (%)	n/a	18 (6.4)
Stenosis severity – angio (%):
Pre-treatment, mean ± SD	86.0 ±9.7	84.1 ±9.4	0.056
Post-treatment, mean ± SD	2.7 ±5	4.3 ±6.9	0.014
Stent diameter, mean ± SD [mm]	3.4 ±0.5	4.2 ±0.8	< 0.001
Stent length, mean ± SD [mm]	12 ±3.9	11.9 ±2.7	0.323
Direct stenting, n (%)	110 (73.3)	221 (78.9)	0.279
Maximum inflation pressure, mean ± SD [atm]	11.6 ±2.4	11.7 ±2.4	0.265
Maximum post-dilatation balloon pressure, mean ± SD [atm]	16.7 ±3.2	16.2 ±3.2	0.056
Simultaneous VAS + SAS, n (%)	6 (4)	9 (6.1)	0.653

Two stents implanted to cover one lesion. Continuous data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; categorical data are given as the count and percentage. VAS + SAS – vertebral and subclavian artery stenting.

Before and after stent deployment, the degree of stenosis was calculated with quantitative angiography. Technical success was defined as post-interventional residual stenosis < 30%.

Patients’ follow-up

Clinical performance and complications within 30 days, in-stent restenosis/occlusion (ISR/ISO) and overall survival were compared between DES and BMS groups. Clinical success was defined as technical success with resolution of vertebro-basilar insufficiency (VBI) symptoms.

Vascular imaging included carotid and vertebral artery duplex ultrasonography (DUS) or computed tomography angiography (CTA) in all patients performed before discharge, at 6 and 12 months, and then every year on outpatient visits, and conventional angiography if restenosis was suspected.

Repeated angiography was performed if in-stent restenosis/in-stent occlusion (ISR/ISO) was suspected on a noninvasive image combined with the presence of recurrent symptoms. In-stent restenosis was defined as a diameter stenosis ≥ 50% in the stented artery (Figures 1 D–G).

Incidence rates of major adverse cerebral and coronary event (MACCE), cardiovascular death or any death were recorded during the follow-up period. Data on MACCE were collected during the ultrasound visits. The final closing visit was done through telephone contact with a patient or an appointed family member. For patients lost to follow-up, the data on whether the patients were alive were obtained from the national health registry.

Statistical analysis

Comparisons between groups was made with Student’s t-test, one-way analysis of variance or the χ² test as appropriate.

Continuous variables are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables are expressed as the counts (percentages). Survival analysis included Kaplan-Meier plots, and comparison of survival in two or more samples was made for events.

Data were analyzed in two groups: DES vs. BMS or DES I vs. DES II vs. BMS.

The potential independent prognostic markers of ISR during the follow-up period were established from the 10 variables with a univariate analysis. In the case of p < 0.1 they were entered into a multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis model. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis were expressed as the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).

Statistica version 12 (StatSoft Poland) was used to analyze data. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

In the study period between April 2003 and January 2016, 392 consecutive patients underwent VA stenting in 428 arteries, including implantation of DES in 144 patients, and BMS in 270 patients.

Subjects in the BMS group, as compared to DES group, had higher prevalence of hypertension (p = 0.016) and hyperlipidemia (p = 0.008), whereas there were no significant differences with respect to the cardiovascular history and atherosclerosis risk factors as well as symptoms of PFI. The detailed clinical characteristics are summarized in Table I.

In 36 (9.2%) patients bilateral VA stenting was performed, whereas in the remaining 2 patients, 2 stents to V0 and V1 segments of the same artery were implanted. In all cases of double stenting, the DES was used. There were no patients with isolated VA take-off from the aortic arch.

Fifteen (3.8%) patients underwent endovascular treatment of symptomatic subclavian artery disease on the same session, including 2 patients with significant symptomatic plaque shift causing obstruction of the VA origin.

Detailed study procedure technique and stent types are presented in Table II. In brief, the stenosis degree was reduced from 86 ±9.7 to 2.7 ±5.0% in the DES group and from 84.1 ±9.4 to 4.3 ±6.9% in the BMS group (p < 0.001). The technical success rate was 96.7% for DES and 94.6% for BMS group (p = 0.103). The PFI symptoms resolved in 90.3% and 92.2% of patients in the DES and BMS cohort, respectively (p = 0.739).

Periprocedural complications occurred in 2 (1.4%) and 6 (2.2%) subjects in the DES and the BMS group respectively (p = 0.565), and they included one hematoma requiring transfusion and one non-flow limiting dissection in the DES group, and 3 TIAs, one hematoma with transfusion, one non-flow limiting dissection and one dissection requiring additional stent implantation in the BMS group. There were no ischemic strokes, myocardial infarction (MI) or any death within 30 days in either group.

MACCE and any death were analyzed during the median follow-up period of 45.4 months (range: 1–144 months) in the DES group and 59 months (range: 1–150 months) in the BMS group (p < 0.001). The observation was completed for 362 (92.3%) patients at the final outpatient follow-up visit, while 30 (7.7%) patients (24 in BMS and 6 in DES) were lost to follow-up. As per records of the General Electronic Population Register by the Ministry of Interior and Administration Database, 18 out of the 30 ‘lost-to-follow-up’ patients (16 in BMS and 2 in DES group) died.

Overall, there were 56 (14.3%) deaths. Out of 362 patients, acute MI was recorded in 16 (4.4%), while an ischemic cerebral event occurred in 10 (2.8%) patients (2 in DES and 8 in BMS group), including 9 with a probable relation to the VA stenting territory, whereas 1 was due to new onset atrial fibrillation. Vertigo, dizziness and syncope recurrence were noted in 41 (11.3%) patients.

Renal impairment (elevated creatinine level > upper limit norm (ULN)) was related to higher mortality (Figure 2 A). No difference was detected in survival curves related to MI and stroke between DES vs. BMS cohorts (Figure 2 B). However, the all-cause mortality was the highest for patients in whom the old-generation DES was implanted (Figure 2 C).

Figure 2.

A – Survival according to the level of creatinine. B – Survival related to MI or stroke. C – Overall survival curves

In 373 patients who completed at least a 6-month follow-up period with DUS/CTA examination, 409 revascularized vertebral vessels were subjected to further analysis (Table III). ISR/ISO exceeding 50% was suspected in 84 (22.5%) patients on DUS, and 16 (4.3%) on CTA. Angiography confirmed ISRs > 50% in 53 (14.2%) patients and ISOs in 21 (5.6%) managed conservatively. All patients with ISR > 70% underwent subsequent endovascular treatment with either plain balloon angioplasty (14 patients), drug-eluting balloon (22 patients) or DES stent implantation (17 patients).

Table III.

ISR/ISO and no ISR/ISO analysis

Parameter	BMS			DES
	ISR/ISO (n = 54)	No ISR/ISO (n = 220)	P-value	ISR/ISO (n = 31)	No ISR/ISO (n = 105)	P-value
Age [years]	65 ±8	68.2 ±8.7	0.012	63.4 ±8.5	67.1 ±8.4	0.013
Men, n (%)	36 (8.8)	161 (39.3)	0.340	23 (5.6)	71 (17.3)	0.486
Women, n (%)	18 (4.4)	59 (14.4)		8 (1.9)	34 (8.3)
Time to detection of ISR/ISO, mean ± SD [month]	20.5 ±21.3	n/a	n/a	15.8 ±12	n/a	0.228
C-reactive protein, mean ± SD [mg/l]	4.14 ±4.2	3.74 ±6.59	0.103	4.43 ±3.07	2.9 ±3.41	0.334
Low-density lipoprotein, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	2.47 ±0.83	2.58 ±0.82	0.298	2.61 ±1.03	2.49 ±0.76	0.120
Creatinine, mean ± SD [μmol/l]	89.7 ±19.5	93 ±35.6	0.45	90 ±24.4	88.6 ±23.1	0.94
Glucose, mean ± SD [mmol/l]	6.03 ±1.36	6.04 ±1.57	0.088	5.44 ±0.83	6.19 ±2.1	0.59
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	17 (31.5)	52 (23.6)	0.234	6 (19.4)	36 (34.3)	0.114
Hypertension, n (%)	54 (100)	208 (94.5)	0.265	30 (96.8)	97 (92.4)	0.387
Left vertebral artery, n (%)	32* (7.8)	127 (31.1)	0.725	16 (3.9)	50 (12.2)	0.696
Right vertebral artery, n (%)	22* (5.1)	93 (22.7)		15 (3.7)	55 (13.4)
Stent diameter, mean ± SD [mm]	4.22 ±0.78	4.23 ±0.76	0.32	3.41 ±0.49	3.40 ±0.54	0.23
Stent length, mean ± SD [mm]	11.8 ±2.1	11.9 ±2.8	0.72	13.5 ±3.1	11.6 ±4.1	0.024
Biolimus, n	n/a	n/a	n/a	4	27	0.159 0.063#
Everolimus, n	n/a	n/a	n/a	11	41
Zotarolimus, n	n/a	n/a	n/a	10	24
Paclitaxel, n	n/a	n/a	n/a	3	2
Sirolimus, n	n/a	n/a	n/a	3	11
Stainless steel, n	24	111	0.103 0.034**	n/a	n/a	n/a
Cobalt-chromium, n	23	98		n/a	n/a	n/a
Platinum-chromium, n	7	11		n/a	n/a	n/a

^*One patient with left and right vertebral artery ISR/ISO

^**p-value for stainless steel and cobalt-chromium vs platinum-chromium BMS.

^#P-value for paclitaxel and zotarolimus vs. other types of DES.

The overall ISR/ISO rate was 19.8% with no significant difference between DES and BMS groups (22.8% vs. 19.4%; p = 0.635). Out of 19 old-generation DES, 6 (31.6%) ISRs occurred, whereas out of the 92 second-generation DES, there were 25 (27.2%) ISRs (p = 0.325).

Recurrent ISR/ISO was noted in 3 patients, subsequently treated with drug-coated balloon (n = 2) and plain balloon angioplasty (n = 1).

In the BMS group, long-term patency was obtained significantly more often with stainless steel (24/135, 17.8%) and cobalt-chromium (23/121, 19%), as compared to platinum-chromium BMS (7/18, 38.9%), p = 0.034.

By contrast, in the DES group, implantation of biolimus stent was associated with the lowest restenosis rate (4/31, 12.9%), as compared to everolimus (11/52, 21.2%), sirolimus (3/14, 21.4%), zotarolimus (10/34, 29.4%) and paclitaxel (3/5, 60%), p = 0.135.

Among analyzed clinical and procedural parameters (Tables III, IV), younger age was related to ISR risk, both in the BMS (p = 0.012) and the DES (p = 0.013) group, while greater stent length was associated with ISR only in the DES group (p = 0.024) (Table III). In the survival analysis, elevated C-reactive protein level above 5 mg/l was significantly associated with ISR/ISO risk (p = 0.041) (Figure 3). In the BMS group, data favored implantation of stainless steel or cobalt chromium BMS over platinum-chromium BMS, while in DES group no independent parameter with the multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis was identified in terms of ISR (Table IV).

Table IV.

Factors associated with in-stent restenosis identified by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis

Parameter	Univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis HR (95% CI); p-level	Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis HR (95% CI); p-level
Age	0.96 (0.94–0.99); 0.002	0.96 (0.92–0.99); 0.05
Hyperlipidemia	0.85 (0.27–2.69); 0.78	–
Hypertension	0.58 (0.08–4.15); 0.58	–
Intervention on RVA vs. LVA	0.92 (0.59–1.42); 0.69	–
Stent diameter	5.58 (0.01–17.2); 0.912	–
Stent length	1.43 (0.01–8.28); 0.988	–
CRP	1.01 (0.98–1.04); 0.36	–
Stent type:
Stainless steel/cobalt chromium vs. platinum-chromium BMS	0.22 (0.10–0.78); 0.001	0.28 (0.13–0.64); 0.002
Paclitaxel/zotarolimus vs. biolimus/everolimus DES	0.55 (0.27–1.15); 0.114	–

Figure 3.

Survival without ISR/ISO according to the level of CRP

Discussion

Endovascular treatment of vertebral artery origin stenosis greater than 50%, in patients with PFI symptoms that are present despite optimal medical therapy (OMT: risk factor modifications, antiplatelet and statin therapies), is commonly accepted, as recurrence rates of vertebrobasilar territory ischemic strokes are high, especially in the first days and few weeks after the event [11, 12].

In line, stent-supported angioplasty of VAS is encouraged by low or very low periprocedural complication rates of death and ischemic stroke, rarely exceeding 1–1.5% in large-volume dedicated centers. Our series of 428 cases showed 3 (0.7%) periprocedural TIAs, and no major strokes or deaths. Also, in smaller studies, the perioperative outcomes are good [3, 5]. E.g. in the Vertebral Artery Ischaemia Stenting Trial (VIST) comparing risks and benefits of VAS stenting plus OMT for recently symptomatic VAS with OMT alone, in a group of 48 patients who received stent for extracranial VAS, 1 (2.1%) patient had a nonfatal stroke within 30 days of intervention, with no deaths [5]. This randomized study showed a non-significantly lower number of fatal and nonfatal stroke or TIA in the proximal VAS stenting plus OMT arm as compared to OMT alone (log rank p = 0.07) [5].

Controversially, the enthusiasm for endovascular treatment of the vertebral artery origin stenosis, in patients refractory to OMT, is somewhat limited by inconsistent reports concerning recurrent stenosis [3, 13].

The rate of significant ISR (greater than 50%) after either BMS or DES is extremely variable in the literature. After BMS use, the ISR rate can reach 48-55% and when DES are used it can reach 63% [3, 13–16].

In the Eberhardt et al. review of 300 interventions for proximal VAS, ISR occurred in 26% of cases after a mean of 12 months (range: 3–25 months) [17]. In this context, our long-term results are good, as the ISR rate was 19.8% for the whole study group, with no significant differences in crude ISR rates between the BMS and the DES groups.

Nevertheless, recently, a rising number of case series support the use of DES in endovascular treatment of VAS, which relates to the reduced rate of ISR/ISO, as compared to BMS in long-term follow-up [14, 18].

The expectation from DES is a decrease in ISR through inhibition of smooth muscle and endothelial proliferation. Although experience described in the coronary literature largely supports such practice, DES I in cardiac procedures have been found to be associated with clot formation in some cases, resulting in thrombosis at the stent site [10, 19]. Recently, second generation DES were introduced with the scope to overcome the limitations of the first generation DES.

Consistently, the average ISR rates in patients with VAS were calculated at 29.6% (range: 3–55%) from 12 case series with BMS use and at 14.1% (range: 0–63%) from 7 case series with DES use [3].

Furthermore, in one reported study, BMS (HR = 2.02; p < 0.05) was even independently associated with an increased risk of ISR [20].

Our data indicate large variations between ISR rates and type of the stent implanted within the analyzed subgroups. In the BMS group, we observed significantly higher rates of ISR when a platinum-chromium stent was used (38.9%), as compared to stainless steel (17.8%) and cobalt-chromium (19%) BMS, whereas in the DES group the best outcome was noted for the biolimus stent (12.9%), everolimus (21.2%), and sirolimus (21.4%), as compared to zotarolimus (29.4%) and paclitaxel (60%) coated stents.

In contrast, Song et al. found ISR of 20.2% (19/94) at 1 year for stainless steel and cobalt-chromium BMS, compared to 6.3% (7/112) in sirolimus (n = 73) and paclitaxel-coated (n = 52) DES I [21]. The stent type may also matter during the intracranial interventions in the vertebrobasilar territory [22].

In Langwieser’s study, the ISR was 23%, concerning the stent type, self-expandable BMS were associated with a significant higher ISR rate compared to balloon-expandable stents (p = 0.012), and although not statistically significant, there was a lower ISR rate in DES compared to BMS (p = 0.068) [23].

As most case series with stenting of VAS include patients with either intracranial and extracranial VAS, as well as using different types of stents, data on the relationship between particular stent type and ISR risk are missing or not available [24].

Again, more experience is available in the coronary territory; e.g. a meta-analysis of Navarese et al. showed that everolimus DES reduced the odds of repeat revascularization compared with paclitaxel-eluting stents, but zotarolimus-Endeavor stents increased the odds compared with sirolimus-eluting stents [9].

The major limitation in the DES choice is the former availability of stent diameters present on the market. Most DES suffered from size limitations (up to 4 mm), and for that reason we were not able to randomize patients to BMS and DES groups for direct head-to-head comparisons. However, in both our present and a previously reported study, although DES had mean lower diameter as compared to BMS, this fact had no impact on the ISR rates [25].

This issue seems relevant, as some studies indicate that stent diameter is an important indicator of ISR risk [26, 27]. E.g. in the study of Zhou et al., ISR rates were found to be associated with tortuosity of extracranial VA and lower stent diameter [26]. This is in line with our previous findings concerning carotid and subclavian artery stenosis, where stent diameter along with inflammatory status, and patient age were independently associated with ISR [28–31].

In contrast, in the study of Song et al., stent diameter and length were not associated with ISR risk, but the mean stent diameter was quite large (BMS: 4.4 ±0.7 mm vs. DES I: 4.1 ±0.8 mm), whereas diabetes (HR = 2.66, p = 0.022) and smoking (HR = 3.85, p = 0.015) predicted the need for repeated revascularization [21]. In our study stainless steel and cobalt chromium BMS was associated with IRS risk reduction as compared to platinum-chromium BMS implantation, while younger patient age and stent length in the DES group increased the risk of ISR/ISO. In the study by Werner et al. of vertebral artery origin lesions, stent compression/recoil was found by angiography in 11 (39%) of the patients who received a paclitaxel-eluting stent at a mean follow-up of 16 months, which limited the long-term outcome [32].

The constant development of drugs released by stents and type of material allow better long-term outcomes to be achieved compared to old-generation stents.

One obvious limitation of the study is the lack of patient randomization to the BMS and the DES. However, as the time period of study enrollment is long (since year 2003), DES were not available at the beginning. Later DES of a limited diameter were available (less than 4 mm in diameter), not suitable for larger vertebral arteries. For that reason a direct head-to-head comparisons between DES and BMS is not possible. We observed differences between stent type and IRS prevalence, but the lack of statistical significance between DES subtypes is probably attributable to the low numbers of some stents.

Conclusions

Both DES and BMS vertebral artery stenting can be performed safely with high technical success and a low periprocedural complication rate. No significant difference in ISR/ISO between DES and BMS was noted in the long-term follow-up, but in the subgroups analysis paclitaxel DES as well as platinum-chromium BMS had the highest ISR/ISO rates.