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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2017 May 20;37(5):673–677. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.05.18

锯齿状息肉与传统腺瘤风险因素对比及结直肠癌适宜筛查年龄

Comparison of risk factors for serrated polyps and conventional adenoma and the suitable age to start colorectal cancer screening

代 倩 1, 刘 江 1, 钟 慕晓 1, 朱 薇 1, 张 亚历 1,*
PMCID: PMC6780467  PMID: 28539293

Abstract

目的

对锯齿状息肉(SPs)及传统腺瘤(CA)相关风险因素进行分析、对比,探讨两类息肉风险因素间异同。

方法

收集南方医院消化内镜中心2012~2015行全结肠镜及息肉病理检查的病例。随机选取健康对照103例,SPs 100例,CA 115例,采集各病例性别、年龄、身高、体质量等临床数据。运用SPSS软件,先对各因素进行组间多重比较,对具有显著性的因素再纳入多因素logistic回归分析,得到风险因素及其OR值。

结果

SPs平均发病年龄48.87岁(95%CI 47.22-50.52),较CA更早(P=0.038)。以青年组为参照,中年组发生SPs风险增加2.31倍(95%CI 1.46-3.65)、CA风险增加4.10倍(95%CI 2.50-6.72);老年组发生SPs风险增加2.77倍(95%CI 1.52-5.04)、CA风险增加6.00倍(95%CI 3.26-11.05)。其中,年龄与CA的发生较SPs关系更为密切(老年组:OR=2.14,95%CI 1.21-3.78,P=0.009)。男性较女性SPs发病风险增加2.75倍(95%CI 1.50-5.07)、CA增加2.19倍(95%CI1.22-3.95)。BMI每增加1个单位,SPs发病风险增加1.18倍(95%CI 1.06-1.30)、CA增加1.20倍(95%CI 1.09-1.32)。

结论

两类息肉风险因素类别相同,可使用同一方案进行高危人群筛查。SPs平均发病年龄早于50岁且有可能快速进展为癌,提早CRC筛查年龄值得考虑。

Keywords: 锯齿状息肉, 传统腺瘤, 风险因素, 筛查

Keywords: serrated polyps, adenoma, risk factor, screening


结直肠癌(CRC)为消化系统常见恶性肿瘤,为癌症致死的常见病因。WHO发布的2012年全球癌症状况结果显示,2012年全球新增癌症病例1410万人,其中CRC新增病例136万人,总例数位居第3[1]。大肠息肉为消化系统常见病,与CRC的发生密切相关,其主要包含两种息肉类型,即锯齿状息肉(SPs)和传统腺瘤(CA)[2],其中锯齿状息肉又包含三种亚型:增生性息肉、无蒂平坦型锯齿状息肉伴或不伴细胞异型性及传统锯齿状腺瘤。大多数CRC由传统腺瘤经传统的“腺瘤-腺癌途径”发展而成,而目前有研究认为,大约有1/3的CRC由锯齿状息肉经“锯齿状途径”演变而来[3]。锯齿状息肉与传统腺瘤虽同属大肠息肉,但为两类不同的病变[2],有必要分别对其进行研究。CRC筛查可发现并切除尚处于癌前阶段的大肠息肉,降低CRC的死亡率[4]。在我国,主要有粪便隐血试验及结肠镜两种筛查手段。结肠镜可直接观察肠粘膜,且是唯一可以直接切除大肠息肉的筛查手段,在条件允许情况下,应作为首选。但对所有人群进行肠镜筛查无疑会增加患者经济负担及内镜医师工作量,不利于医疗资源的高效利用,因此,针对高危人群进行肠镜筛查更为可行。既往已有研究对比分析两类息肉风险因素间差异,但对性别、年龄等因素的作用仍存在争议[5-10]。本研究通过对病例的系统回顾,对锯齿状息肉及传统腺瘤的相关风险因素进行分析、对比,为两类病变高危人群的筛查提供参考信息,同时对两类病变高危人群是否需要进行“差异化”管理进行探讨。

1. 资料和方法

1.1. 一般资料

1.1.1. 病例入组

收集南方医院消化内镜中心2012年1月~2015年12月行全结肠镜检查及息肉病理检查的病例。按以下纳入标准进行初选,(1)实验组:年满18周岁;第1次行全结肠镜检查;病理诊断为传统腺瘤或锯齿状息肉;(2)对照组:年满18周岁;第1次行全结肠镜检查;肠镜检查未见异常。对初选病例按以下排除标准予以剔除:恶性肿瘤患者;炎症性肠病患者;曾行结肠切除术者;遗传性的CRC综合征患者(如家族性腺瘤性息肉病、遗传性非息肉性结肠癌、增生性息肉综合征、P-J综合征);数据不全者。从入选病例中随机抽取健康对照103例,锯齿状息肉100例(增生性息肉66例,无蒂平坦型锯齿状息肉伴或不伴细胞异型性21例,传统锯齿状腺瘤13例),传统腺瘤115例(轻度不典型增生71例,中度不典型增生34例,重度不典型增生10例)。

1.1.2. 数据收集

收集各病例临床数据:性别、年龄、身高、体质量、高血压病史、糖尿病史、吸烟史、饮酒史、CRC家族史,血脂四项:甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)。

1.2. 方法

运用IBM SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行统计分析,双侧检验,P<0.05为差异具有显著性。计量资料单因素分析采用ANOVA、Welch-Satterthwaite's t' test。计数资料单因素分析采用Chi-square test。多重比较采用Dunnett T3检验。对具有显著性的风险因素纳入二分类logistic回归分析及多分类logistic回归分析,给出显著性变量的优势比(OR)及95%可信区间(95%CI)。

2. 结果

2012年1月~2015年12月共行肠镜检查150 137例,其中传统腺瘤4 654例,检出率为3.10%,锯齿状息肉436例,检出率为0.29%。按病例筛选标准选取健康对照组103例,其中男52例,女51例,年龄19~83岁,平均年龄44.29岁,锯齿状息肉组100例,男73例,女27例,年龄21~82岁,平均年龄48.87岁,传统腺瘤组115例,男80例,女35例,年龄21~78岁,平均年龄53.28岁。各组描述统计资料见表 1

1.

各组临床数据比较

Comparison of clinical characteristics of the 3 groups

Characteristics Healthy Control (n=103) Serrated polyps (n=100) Conventional adenoma (n=115) P
a: Heterogeneity of variance, use Welch-Satterthwaite's t' test; b: BMI: body mass index.
Agea (year) 44.29±13.38 48.87±11.78 53.28±10.23 <0.001
Age group (n)
 Young (18-44 years) 52 31 14
 Middle age (45-59 years) 37 48 60
 Old (60-years) 14 21 41
Male [n(%)] 52(50.5) 73(73.0) 80(69.6) 0.001
BMIa, b (Mean±SD, kg/m2) 22.28±3.32 23.58±2.63 23.71±3.00 0.002
Hypertension [n(%)] 24(23.3) 22(22.0) 18(15.7) 0.317
Diabetes [n(%)] 11(10.7) 14(14.0) 10(8.7) 0.460
Smoke [n(%)] 14(13.6) 23(23.0) 25(21.7) 0.179
Drink [n(%)] 14(13.6) 23(23.0) 25(21.7) 0.589
CRC family history [n(%)] 17(16.5) 20(20.0) 17(14.8) 0.840
TG (mmol/L) 1.58±1.28 1.64±0.91 1.90±2.07 0.248
TC (mmol/L) 4.96±1.46 5.10±1.15 5.18±1.19 0.428
HDL-C (mmol/L) 1.19±0.35 1.13±0.30 1.12±0.32 0.334
LDL-C (mmol/L) 3.05±1.08 3.25±0.85 3.24±0.89 0.204

2.1. 年龄、性别、BMI为锯齿状息肉的风险因素

表 2单因素分析中,健康对照组平均年龄44.29岁(95%CI 42.42-46.16),小于锯齿状息肉组48.87岁(95%CI 47.22-50.52)(P<0.001)。锯齿状息肉组男性患者占73.0%,明显高于健康对照组50.5%(P=0.001)。锯齿状息肉组BMI平均值23.58(95%CI 23.06-24.10),高于健康对照组22.28(95% CI 21.63-22.93,P=0.007)。锯齿状息肉组与健康对照组在高血压病史、糖尿病史、吸烟史、饮酒史、CRC家族史、血脂四项间差异均不具有显著性。

2.

各显著性风险因素组间多重比较

Multiple comparisons of significant risk factors among the 3 groups

Serrated polyps (SPs) vs Healthy control Conventional adenoma (CA) vs Healthy control SPs vs CA
Statistics P Statistics P Statistics P
a: Heterogeneity of variance, use Dunnett T3 test for multiple comparisons.
Agea I-J=-6.226 <0.001 I-J=-8.991 <0.001 I-J=-2.765 0.038
Gender χ2=10.871 0.001 χ2=8.281 0.004 χ2=1.057 0.589
BMIa I-J=-1.298 0.007 I-J=-1.435 0.003 I-J=-0.137 0.978

将具有显著性的风险因素纳入二分类logistic回归分析(表 3),按世界卫生组织对年龄段的划分,将病人分为青年组(18~44岁)、中年组(45~59岁)、老年组(60岁及以上),结果显示年龄、性别、BMI均为锯齿状息肉相关风险因素。以青年组做参照,中年组患锯齿状息肉风险增加2.31倍(OR=2.31,95%CI 1.46-3.65,P<0.001),老年组风险增加2.77倍(OR=2.77,95%CI 1.52-5.04,P=0.001)。男性较女性患病风险增加2.75倍(OR=2.75,95%CI 1.50-5.07,P=0.001)。患者BMI值每增加1个单位则风险增加1.18倍(OR=1.18,95% CI 1.06-1.30,P=0.002)。

3.

各显著性风险因素logistic回归分析结果

Logistic regression analysis for significant risk factors

Case-control comparisona Case-case comparisonb
Serrated polyps(SPs) Conventional adenoma(CA) CA vs SPs
OR 95%CI P OR 95%CI P OR 95%CI P
a: Use binary logistic regression analysis for case-control comparison; b: Use multinomial logistic regression analysis for case-case comparison.
Age <0.001 <0.001
Young (18-44 years) 1 1 1
Middle age (45-59 years) 2.31 1.46, 3.65 <0.001 4.10 2.50, 6.72 <0.001 1.74 1.06, 2.84 0.027
Old (60-years) 2.77 1.52, 5.04 0.001 6.00 3.26, 11.05 <0.001 2.14 1.21, 3.78 0.009
Male sex 2.75 1.50, 5.07 0.001 2.19 1.22, 3.95 0.009
BMI 1.18 1.06, 1.30 0.002 1.20 1.09, 1.32 <0.001

2.2. 年龄、性别、BMI为传统腺瘤的风险因素

表 2,单因素分析中,传统腺瘤组平均发病年龄53.28岁(95%CI 51.85-54.72),高于健康对照组(P<0.001)。传统腺瘤组男性患者占69.6%,明显高于健康对照组(P=0.004)。传统腺瘤组BMI平均值23.71(95%CI 23.16-24.27),同样高于健康对照组(P=0.003)。而传统腺瘤组与健康对照组在高血压病史、糖尿病史、吸烟史、饮酒史、CRC家族史、血脂四项间差异亦不具有显著性。

表 3,将具有显著性的风险因素纳入二分类logistic回归分析,以青年组作为参照,中年组患传统腺瘤的风险增加4.10倍(OR=4.10,95%CI 2.50-6.72,P<0.001),老年组增加6.00倍(OR=6.00,95% CI 3.26-11.05,P<0.001)。男性较女性风险增加2.19倍(OR=2.19,95%CI 1.22-3.95,P=0.009)。BMI值每增加1个单位,风险增加1.20倍(OR=1.20,95%CI 1.09-1.32,P<0.001)。

2.3. 锯齿状息肉平均发病年龄早于传统腺瘤,年龄与传统腺瘤的发生关系更为密切

对比两组患者临床数据,锯齿状息肉组较传统腺瘤组平均发病年龄更早(P=0.038),两组患者性别、BMI、吸烟史、饮酒史、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、CRC家族史、血脂四项间差异均无统计学意义(表 2)。

将年龄纳入多分类logistic回归分析(表 3),以青年组为参照,中年组发生传统腺瘤的风险是发生锯齿状息肉的1.74倍(OR=1.74,95%CI 1.06-2.84,P=0.027),老年组发生传统腺瘤的风险是发生锯齿状息肉的2.14倍(OR=2.14,95%CI 1.21-3.78,P=0.009)。

3. 讨论

本研究通过分析两类息肉患者临床数据发现,年龄、性别、BMI均为锯齿状息肉及传统腺瘤的风险因素。随着年龄的增长锯齿状息肉及传统腺瘤的发病风险均逐步增大,与以往研究结果一致[7]。虽然年龄均为两类息肉的风险因素,但其与传统腺瘤的发生关系更为密切,研究发现中年组发生传统腺瘤的风险是锯齿状息肉的1.74倍,而老年组发生传统腺瘤的风险是锯齿状息肉的2.14倍,但既往有文献报道两类息肉患者的年龄分布并无差异[6],对此尚需进一步研究。已有研究表明男性为传统腺瘤的风险因素之一[8],本研究发现对比健康对照组,两息肉组患者中男性占比均显著大于女性,性别间差异可能与雌激素水平有关[11],也可能与男性吸烟、饮酒较多、精神压力大相关。随着人们生活水平的提高,肥胖越来越常见,一项韩国的研究发现,BMI偏高会增加成年人患传统腺瘤的风险[12],而最近的一篇meta分析亦指出BMI与锯齿状息肉的发生密切相关[13]。本研究分析发现,随着BMI指数的增大,患者发生锯齿状息肉及传统腺瘤的风险亦逐步增高,与既有研究结果一致。而3组在高血压病史、糖尿病史、吸烟史、饮酒史、CRC家族史、血脂四项间差异均不具有显著性,与以往研究结果存在差异[11, 14],这可能与样本量、地区、人种、饮食习惯等因素有关。综上,两类息肉风险因素类别间并无差异,风险强度方面,仅年龄与传统腺瘤的发生关系更为密切,因此,对两类息肉高危人群的筛查可考虑使用同一方案。对于男性、BMI偏高者,随着年龄的增长,应积极进行肠镜检查,及时发现并切除息肉病变,降低CRC风险。

国外指南多推荐50岁开始进行CRC筛查[15-17],2008年亚太共识意见同样建议50岁即开始CRC筛查,且对于5~9 mm的大肠息肉应积极行内镜下切除[11]。本研究发现锯齿状息肉的平均发病年龄48.87岁,早于亚太共识意见推荐的开始CRC筛查的时间。Shinichi Ban[18]曾报道过8例微小无蒂平坦型锯齿状息肉癌变的病例,这些病变的最大直径均不超过10 mm,但部分已经发生粘膜下浸润,且恶变息肉的浸润深度与病变大小之间并无明显关联,提示某些无蒂平坦型锯齿状息肉可能很快进展为癌。Erichsen研究[19]亦发现无蒂平坦型锯齿状息肉或传统锯齿状腺瘤患者发展为CRC的风险与传统腺瘤患者相似或更高。因此,针对锯齿状息肉高危人群,提早CRC的筛查年龄值得考虑。但另一方面,锯齿状息肉的检出率低,有文献报道,在中国有症状的人群中,锯齿状息肉的肠镜检出率仅为0.53%[20],本研究仅为0.29%,这一数字在普通人群中势必更低,如果提早筛查年龄,势必增加患者经济负担及医师工作量,不利于医疗资源的高效利用。然而,国外也有学者提出将CRC的肠镜筛查年龄提前到40岁,因为选择50岁开始筛查,主要基于50岁后CRC的发病率增速加快这一原因,而腺瘤发展为腺癌常需要数年时间,如果在此期间发现并切除腺瘤也许能有效防止CRC的发生[21]。综上,不管对于锯齿状息肉还是传统腺瘤,是否应该提早CRC的筛查年龄仍有待商榷。

综上所述,本研究分析对比了锯齿状息肉及传统腺瘤的相关风险因素,发现两类息肉的风险因素均为年龄、男性及BMI,为高危人群的识别提供了参考信息,有利于医疗资源的高效利用。同时,两类病变风险因素类别间并无差异,风险强度方面,仅年龄与传统腺瘤的发生关系更为密切,因此,对两类病变高危人群的筛查可考虑使用同一方案。同时,基于本研究结果,对CRC适宜的筛查年龄做了探讨。但本研究受限于单中心回顾性研究的局限性和样本量较小,也许不能有效的发现某些潜在的风险因素及锯齿状息肉和传统腺瘤风险因素间可能存在的其他差异。因此,对两类病变高危人群的筛查以及是否需要对两类病变高危人群进行“差异化”管理还有待进一步研究。

Biography

代倩,在读硕士研究生,E-mail: whnwy38@163.com

Funding Statement

广东省科技基金(2012B050600020)

Contributor Information

代 倩 (Qian DAI), Email: whnwy38@163.com.

张 亚历 (Yali ZHANG), Email: zyl41531@163.com.

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