Table 2.
Characteristics of the mcr-positive Salmonella Typhimurium monophasic clone ST34 found in different studies worldwide.
| Year of Publication | Country | Year of Sampling | mcr type | Colistin MIC | Host | Sample Source | Sample Type | No. of Samples | No. of Salmonella Isolates | No of mcr Positive ST34 | Plasmid Type Detected | Comments | Travel History |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016 | China [10] | 2007–2015 | mcr-1 | 16 mg/L | Animals | Duck, chicken, swine | Faecal | 276 | 22 | 5 | IncI2, IncHI2 | ||
| 2016 | England and Wales [9] | 2012–2015 | mcr-1 | 4–8 mg/L | Human | Human | Faeces | >24，000 | 17，684 | 4 | IncX4, IncHI2 | Thailand, Cambodia | |
| 2016 | Portugal [17] | 2002–2015 | mcr-1 | 4–8 mg/L | Human and Animals | Faeces/blood, Pork meat/carcass | 1010 | 1010 | 11 | IncHI2, IncX4 | Carried metal tolerance genes, (carrying pcoD + silA on the chromosome) | ||
| 2017 | Denmark [25] | 2009–2017 | mcr-1 and mcr-3 | Human | Human | Stool, blood or urine | 2500 | 10 [1 (mcr-1 + mcr-3); and 9 (mcr-3)] | IncHI2A, IncHI2, IncN, TrfA, IncQ1, ColRNAI, IncA/C2, IncFII, IncX1, IncFIC(FII), IncI2 | Four of the patients had travelled to Thailand and one to Vietnam before onset of disease; three patients had unknown travel history. | |||
| 2017 | China [23] | 2013–2014 | mcr-1 | 1–2 mg/L | Animals | Pigs | Cecum | 1780 | 142 | 19 | IncHI2 | ||
| 2017 | China [21] | 2014 | mcr-1.6 | 4 mg/L | Human | Human | Rectal swab | 1 | 1 | IncP | |||
| 2017 | Columbia [20] | 2012–2016 | mcr-1 | Human | Human | Stool, urine | 5887 | 13 | 3 | ColpVC, IncQ1, IncFIA, IncHI1A, IncHI1B | |||
| 2018 | Australia [11] | 2016–2017 | mcr-3 | 4 mg/L | Humans and animals | Human, pigs | 971 | 80 | 56 | The isolate from the case-patient who travelled to Vietnam | |||
| 2018 | Canada [24] | 2013 | mcr-3.2 | >4 mg/L | Human | Human | Faecal | 1 | 1 | IncHI2 | Man with previous travel history to Thailand | ||
| 2018 | China [22] | 2014 | mcr-1 | 8 mg/L | Animals | Pigs | Prepared pork that is ready-to-eat | 3200 | 30 | 1 | IncHI2, IncHI2A | ||
| 2019 | China [19] | 2007– 2016 | mcr-1 | 8 mg/L | Human | Human | Faeces | 62 | 62 | 3 | IncI2, IncHI2 | Patients with infectious diarrhoea. 2 were infants and the other was 15 years old. | |
| 2019 | China [18] | 2006–2016 | mcr-1 | 4–8 mg/L | Human | Human | Faeces | 134868 | 12053 | 37 | IncHI2, IncI2, IncX4 | Among the 37 patients infected with mcr-1-positive Salmonella, 33 (89%) were aged under 5 years. | |
| 2019 | Germany [26] | mcr-5 | 4 mg/L | animals | pigs | Faeces and meat | 315 | 8 | ColE-like, IncX1 | ||||
| 2019 | USA [12] | 2014–2016 | mcr-3.1 | >4 mg/L | Human | Human | Faecal | 100 | 1 | IncHI2 | 18 years old man with previous travel history to China |