Table 1.
Summary of various nanoparticles for passive and active delivery for brain trauma applications a.
| NP Components | Therapeutic Mechanism | NP Size (nm) | NP Zeta Potential (mV) | Disease Model | Accumulation and Retention | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanodrug with tetra ethylene glycol | α-tocopherol in the NP acts as an antioxidant and releases ibuprofen to reduce neuroinflammation | 186 | Not reported | Mice TBI: CCI |
Accumulation shown after 36 h of intraperitoneal and intravenous injection | Behavior study showed significance for OFT (ambulatory) after IV injection, as compared to the saline group and not in IP. | [55] |
| Oxygen reactive polymer | Thioether group acts as antioxidant | 8 | Not reported | Mice TBI: CCI |
Accumulated in damaged brain and retained for 18 h | Reduced neurodegeneration, astrogliosis, and activated microglia | [56] |
| Core-Cross-linked NPs | Thioether group acts as antioxidant | 16 | Not reported | Mice TBI: CCI |
Accumulation shown within 1 h injection with retention for >2 h | Reduces intracellular ROS concentration in human astrocytes | [60] |
| PEGylated hydrophilic carbon cluster (PEG-HCC) |
Oxygen radical annihilation at graphitic domains of the carbon particles. | 50 | Not reported | Rat mild TBI: (CCI) |
6 h determine SO and NO levels | Restoration of CBF normalized oxidative radical profile (SO and NO levels) | [79] |
| PLGA NPs encapsulated with cerebrolysin |
Cerebrolysin is a mixture of neuroprotective peptides | 250–330 | −13 mV | Mice TBI: stab wound |
Not reported | Thwarts the edema formation at longer time points compared to bolus injection | [42] |
| PLGA NPs with/ without 800 CW coating |
None | 200 | −39 mV | Mice TBI: cryolesion |
Accumulation shown within 1 h of injection with retention for >48 h | NPs with 800 CW displayed preferential binding to intracellular proteins of cells that have lost membrane integrity | [72] |
| PLGA NPs coated with PX with BDNF encapsulation | BDNF acts as a neuroprotectant | 170 | Not reported | Mice TBI: closed head injury weight drop |
Not reported | Significantly increased BDNF delivery and improved neurological and cognitive deficits | [41] |
| Polysorbate 80 PBCA NP HRP or EGFP | None | 150 | Not reported | Rat TBI: FPI |
Not reported | HRP or EGFP delivered via PBCA NPs cross BBB and distributed near injury region |
[84] |
| Porous silicon NPs conjugated with targeting peptide (CAQK) loaded with siRNA against GFP | Not reported | 20 | Not reported | Mice TBI: penetrating brain injury |
Accumulated in brain for 2 h | Higher accumulation with 70% silencing of GFP expression | [85] |
| Targeted peptide from RVG, porous silicon NP graphene oxide (GO) coating with siRNA | None | 190 | +22.1 mV | Mice TBI: penetrating brain injury |
Not reported | Increased (2.5-fold) delivery of siRNA via GO coated NPs compared to non-coating NPs | [86] |
a TEG (tetra ethylene glycol), CCI (controlled cortical impact), OFT (open field test), i.v. (intravenous), i.p. (intraperitoneal), PEG (polyethylene glycol), FPI (fluid percussion injury), MMP (matrix metallopeptidase), CBF (cerebral blood flow), NO (nitrate radical), PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)), PX (poloxamer 188), BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), PBCA (polybutylcyanoacrylate), HRP (horse radish peroxidase), GFP (green fluorescent protein), EGFP (enhanced GFP), RVG (rabies virus glycoprotein).