miR-650 promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and invasion by targeting ING4 through Wnt-1/β-catenin pathway

Abstract

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most frequent cancer worldwide with a poor 5-year survival. miR-650 acts as an oncogene and regulates tumor progress in various cancers. Molecular mechanisms of miR-650 in NSCLC cell proliferation and invasion was studied. The mRNA levels of miR-650 and special genes were calculated using RT-qPCR. MTT and transwell assays were applied to measure the proliferative and invasive ability. Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the survival of NSCLC patients. miR-650 was upregulated in NSCLC and upregulation of miR-650 was associated with a poor overall survival of NSCLC, while the results of ING4 demonstrated the opposite results. miR-650 promoted proliferation and invasion through Wnt-1/β-catenin pathway by targeting inhibitor of growth 4 (ING4) in A549 cells. ING4 was a direct target gene of miR-650 and the expression of ING4 was mediated by exogenous altering the expression of miR-650. Remarkably, alterations of ING4 expression eliminated the functions of miR-650 on the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC. miR-650 enhanced A549 cell proliferation and invasion through Wnt-1/β-catenin pathway by directly targeting the 3′-UTR of ING4 mRNA. The newly identified miR-650/ING4 axis provides a novel insight into the pathogenesis of NSCLC.

Introduction

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 80% of lung cancer and is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide (1). Despite great advances in therapeutic methods, the 5-year overall survival of NSCLC is still <15% (2). Therefore, it is urgent to explore novel biomarkers for disease prevention and clinical treatment of NSCLC.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous, non-coding small RNAs with 19–25 nucleotides in length (3,4). miRNAs binding to the 3′-UTR of target mRNA to incise the target mRNAs or inhibit the translation of proteins at post-transcriptional level (3). Accumulating evidence has identified that miRNAs participate in multiple processes of cancer, including cell growth, metastasis and apoptosis (5). miR-650 functions as an oncogene and is overexpressed in multiple diseases, including colorectal cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, osteosarcoma and glioma (6–9). Mraz et al indicated that the expression of miR-650 was high and affected the biology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (10). Moreover, miR-650 affected the release of allograft rejection-associated cytokines from HRGECs and regulated chemotaxis of macrophages (11). However, miR-650 inhibited the proliferation and metastasis through targeting to Gfi1 in oral cancer and leukemia (12,13). Therefore, we investigated miR-650 expression and the roles of miR-650 in NSCLC.

Inhibitor of growth 4 (ING4) is a member of IMG family, which is involved in nucleoprotein modification by acetylation of histone (14,15). ING4 containing a highly conserved C-terminal plant homeodomain finger motif, may regulate several biological activities, including DNA repair, cell cycle and apoptosis (16). Moreover, ING4 has been reported to be a tumor suppressor gene in various cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer and clear cell renal carcinoma (17–21). Downregulation of ING4 improved angiogenesis of transformed gastric epithelial cells (22). ING4 inhibited cell proliferation, cell cycle progress, migration and invasion in melanoma (23). Moreover, Chen et al demonstrated that ING4 suppressed tumor angiogenesis and acted as a prognostic marker in human colorectal cancer (24). In lung cancer, ING4 suppressed the proliferation and increased apoptosis, and ING4 overexpression enhanced radiosensitivity (25). In this study, miR-650 was validated to be upregulated in NSCLC and upregulation of miR-650 improved the overall survival of NSCLC, while ING4 demonstrated the opposite results. miR-650 promoted cell proliferation and invasion and ING4 could partially reverse the function of miR-650. ING4 was confirmed as a direct and functional target of miR-650, and miR-650 enhanced Wnt-1/β-catenin pathway in A549 cells.

Patients and methods

Tissue samples

Forty-nine NSCLC patients were collected at Jining No. 1 People's Hospital (Jining, China) from January 2015 to June 2018 and 49 pairs of cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues were obtained. The tissue specimens were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C. None of the patients accepted any treatment prior to surgery and the patient details are shown in Table I.

Table I.

miR-650 expression and clinicopathological features in 49 non-small cell lung cancer.

		miR-650 expression
Clinicopathological features	Cases (n=49)	26 High (%)	23 Low (%)	P-valuea
Sex				0.469
Male	25	12 (48.0)	13 (52.0)
Female	24	14 (58.3)	10 (41.7)
Age (years)				0.648
≤60	23	13 (56.5)	10 (43.5)
>60	26	13 (50.0)	13 (50.0)
Tumor size (mm)				0.124
≤5.0	27	17 (63.0)	10 (37.0)
>5.0	22	9 (40.9)	13 (59.1)
TNM stage				0.016a
I–II	26	18 (69.2)	8 (30.8)
III–IV	23	8 (34.8)	15 (65.2)
Local invasion				0.066
T1-T2	26	17 (65.4)	9 (34.6)
T3-T4	23	9 (39.1)	14 (60.9)
Lymph node metastasis				0.029a
0–2	23	16 (69.6)	7 (30.4)
>2	26	10 (38.5)	16 (61.5)
Histology				0.765
Adenocarcinoma	33	18 (54.5)	15 (45.5)
Squamous	16	8 (50.0)	8 (50.0)

^aP-values are calculated with Chi-square test.

The Ethics Committee of Jining No. 1 People's Hospital approved this study. Patients who participated in this research had complete clinical data. The signed informed consents were obtained from the patients or the guardians.

Cell lines and culture condition

Two human lung cell lines, A549 (cat. no. CCL-185) a lung adenocarcinoma and NCI-H460 (cat. no. HTB-177) a large cell carcinoma and one normal bronchial epithelial cell line MRC-5 (cat. no. CCL-171) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection. RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was utilized to culture all the cells at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂.

Cell transfection

The miR-650 mimic, the miR-650 inhibitor and negative control (NC) were designed and synthesized by GenePharma, while pcDNA3.1-ING4 and pcDNA3.1-NC vectors were purchased from Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd. A549 cells at 70% confluence in 6-well plates were transfected with the vectors by Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). After incubated for 6 h at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂, the cells were replaced with fresh normal RPMI-1640 medium in each well.

Total RNA extraction and RT-qPCR

The TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was applied to extract total RNA from tissue samples and cell lines. For the quantification of ING4 mRNA, the PrimeScript RT reagent kit (Takara Bio) was utilized to perform reverse transcription. The temperature conditions for reverse transcription were as follows: 37°C for 15 min and 85°C for 5 sec. SYBR Premix Ex Taq (Takara Bio, Inc.) was applied to carry out qPCR on Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-time PCR System (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The expression of miR-650 was determined by using TaqMan microRNA assay (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). GAPDH and U6 served as internal control for ING4 and miR-650 respectively. PCR conditions were as follows: 1 cycle of 95°C for 30 sec, followed by 40 cycles of a two-step cycling program (95°C for 5 sec; 60°C for 30 sec). PCR primer sequences were as follows: miR-650 forward 5′-AGAGGAGGCAGCGCTCT-3′ and reverse 5′-CAGTGCGTGTCGTGGAGT-3′; U6 forward, 5′-GCTTCGGCAGCACATATACTAAAAT-3′, reverse, 5′-CGCTTCACGAATTTGCGTGTCAT-3′; ING4 forward 5′-TTTCAGAGGGAGGGTCCTTT-3′ and reverse 5′-GCCAGAGCCTAGATGACCTG-3′; GAPDH forward, 5′-CTGGGCTACACTGAGCACC-3′, reverse, 5′-AAGTGGTCGTTGAGGGCAATG-3′. The 2^−∆∆Cq method was applied to assess the relative expression of the mRNA levels of miR-650 and ING4 (26).

Western blot analysis

RIPA containing protease inhibitors (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was adopted to extract the total proteins on ice. Total protein concentration was quantified using BCA assay kit (Beyotime Biotechnology), equal amounts of proteins (50 μg) were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, and transferred onto PVDF membranes (EMD Millipore). Then the membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat milk to block the non-specific antigen, and then the primary antibodies were incubated at 4°C at room temperature for 1.5 h overnight with anti-ING4 antibody (cat. no. ab113425; dil 1:1,000), anti-Wnt1 (cat. no. ab15251; dil 1:1,000) anti-β-catenin (cat. no. ab16051; dil 1:1,000) and anti-GADPH antibody (cat. no. ab125247; dil 1:3,000) all from Abcam. After the membranes were washed with TBST, the corresponding secondary antibody was incubated with HRP-conjugated (dil 1:4,000; Abcam) at room temperature for 2 h. Enhanced chemiluminescence solution (Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was adopted to visualize the protein bands and then were analyzed with AlphaEase FC 4.0.1 software (ProteinSimple).

CCK8 assay

CCK8 (Dojindo) was employed to calculate the capacity of cell proliferation. A549 cells at density 3,000 cells/well, were seeded into 96-well plates and cultured for 24, 48, 72 or 96 h at 37°C. Subsequently, each well was added with 10 µl CCK8 reagent and incubated 2 h. Finally, microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories) was employed to determine cell proliferation with the absorbance at 450 nm.

Transwell assays

Transwell chambers (8 µM pore size, Corning Inc.) covered with Matrigel (BD Biosciences) were applied to measure the capacity of cell invasion. A549 cells were suspended in normal medium without FBS, and 200 µl were seeded into the upper chamber, while the lower chambers were filled with 500 µl RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 20% FBS functioned as the attractant. After incubation for 48 h, the cells remaining on the upper surface of the membranes were removed by cotton swabs, whereas the invaded cells were fixed and stained by paraformaldehyde and 10% crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck Millipore) respectively. Microscopy (Olympus Corporation; magnification, ×200) was employed to count the invaded cell numbers in five fields.

Luciferase reporter assay

To verify the putative targets of miR-650, we adopted bioinformatics tool TargetScan (http://targetscan.org/) to predict the candidate genes. The binding site at mRNA 3′-UTR was mutated from UGCCUCC to ACGGAGG, and then inserted into pmirGlo vectors, which were designated as pmirGlo-ING4-WT and pmirGlo-ING4-MUT. Both the wild-type and the mutant sequences and miR-650 mimic were co-transfected in A549 cells. Dual Luciferase Assay System (Promega Corporation) was employed to calculate the firefly luciferase activity with renilla luciferase activity as the normalization.

Statistical analysis

SPSS 19.0 was used to analyze all the data and presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The one way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc test and student's t-test (for comparisons between two groups) were employed to perform the statistical analysis. The relationship between expression of miR-650 and clinical and the pathological variables was analyzed using Pearson's χ² test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Overexpression of miR-650 is associated with poor prognosis

miR-650 expression in NSCLC tissues and their matched adjacent normal tissues was calculated by RT-qPCR. The mRNA levels of miR-650 were lower in normal lung tissues than that in NSCLC tissues (P<0.0001) (Fig. 1A). To verify the connection between the expression of miR-650 and overall survival of NSCLC patients, the survival curves were plotted. As shown in Fig. 1B, patients with higher expression of miR-650 had a shorter OS than those with lower expression (P=0.0227). To investigate the relationship between miR-650 and NSCLC clinicopathological characteristics, 49 patients were divided into two groups according to miR-650 expression, sex, age, tumor size, TNM stage, local invasion, lymph node metastasis and histology. Statistical differences were detected by chi-square test and it was found that miR-650 was associated with tumor size (P=0.016) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.029) (Table I).

Figure 1.

Overexpression of miR-650 is associated with poor prognosis. (A) The expression levels of miR-650 were lower in normal lung tissues than in NSCLC tissues. (B) Patients with higher expression of miR-650 had a shorter OS than those with lower expression. NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; NT, normal tissue. ***P<0.001.

miR-650 enhances cell proliferation and invasion in NSCLC

Expression of miR-650 was calculated in NSCLC cell lines (A549 and NCI-H460) and a bronchial epithelial cell line (MRC-5). Similar to results in tissues, miR-650 was overexpressed in NSCLC A549 cells (P=0.0004) and NCI-H460 (P=0.0014) versus that in normal MRC-5 cells (Fig. 2A), which suggested that miR-650 may play important roles in growth and metastasis of NSCLC. The miR-650 mimic or miR-650 inhibitor as well as the negative control (NC) was transfected with A549 cells. We measured the expression of miR-650 by RT-qPCR, and it demonstrated that miR-650 was upregulated in A549 cells transfected miR-650 mimic (P<0.0001), while downregulated after transfected with miR-650 inhibitor (P=0.0013) (Fig. 2B). Subsequently, CCK8 and Transwell assays were performed to calculate the proliferative and invasive abilities of miR-650. As expected, the cell proliferation (P=0.0008) and invasion (P=0.0004) were enhanced by miR-650 mimic, whereas, miR-650 reduced the proliferative (P=0.0019) and invasive (P=0.0044) capacities in A549 cells (Fig. 2C and D), which illustrated that miR-650 acted as an oncogene in NSCLC.

Figure 2.

miR-650 enhances cell proliferation and invasion in NSCLC. (A) miR-650 was overexpressed in NSCLC cell lines A549 and NCI-H460 versus that in normal MRC-5 cells. (B) miR-650 was upregulated in A549 cells following transfection of miR-650 mimic, while it was downregulated after transfected with miR-650 inhibitor. (C and D) the cell proliferation and invasion were enhanced by miR-650 mimic, whereas, miR-650 reduced the proliferative and invasive capacities in A549 cells. NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; NC, negative control. **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.

ING4 is a target gene of miR-650

TargetScan was adopted to explore the potential targets of miR-650, and ING4 was identified (Fig. 3A). To evaluate whether miR-650 directly targeted the 3′-UTR of ING4 mRNA, luciferase reporter assay was performed. A549 cells were co-transfected with the miR-650 mimic and pmirGlo-ING4-WT or pmirGlo-ING4-MUT. As expected, we discovered that the miR-650 mimic reduced the luciferase activity of pmirGlo-ING4-WT (P=0.0010), whereas the activity of pmirGlo-ING4-MUT was not altered (P=0.8645) (Fig. 3B). To verify that the expression of ING4 was mediated by miR-650, RT-qPCR was applied to assess ING4 expression in A549 and NCI-H460 cells when exogenously altered by miR-650. It was shown that miR-650 mimic decreased ING4 expression (P=0.0024 and 0.0364) while miR-650 inhibitor enhanced the expression of ING4 in A549 and NCI-H460 cells (P=0.0007 and 0.0044) (Fig. 3C).

Figure 3.

ING4 is a target gene of miR-650. (A) TargetScan predicted that miR-650 targeted the 3′-UTR of ING4 mRNA. (B) miR-650 mimic reduced luciferase activity of pmirGlo-ING4-WT, whereas, the activity of pmirGlo-ING4-MUT was not altered. (C) The mRNA level of ING4 was improved by miR-650 mimic while it was decreased by miR-650 inhibitor in A549 and NCI-H460 cells. ING4, inhibitor of growth 4; NC, negative control.*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ^#P>0.05.

miR-650 regulates NSCLC progress through ING4/Wnt1/β- catenin signaling pathway

ING4 expression was measured by RT-qPCR in cancer and adjacent normal lung tissues, and it was demonstrated that ING4 expession was low in NSCLC tissues versus adjacent normal lung tissues (P<0.0001) (Fig. 4A). Thus, the association between the expression of ING4 and the 5-year overall survival was detected and it was established that downregulation of ING4 predicted poor prognosis (P=0.0254) (Fig. 4B). Moreover, ING4 expression in cells was calculated and the RT-qPCR results indicated that ING4 was downregulated in A549 and NCI-H460 cells versus MRC-5 (P=0.0008 and 0.0022) (Fig. 4C). The correlation between miR-650 and ING4 levels and the expression of miR-650 had a negative association with ING4 expression in NSCLC tissues (P=0.0181) (Fig. 4D). The expression of Wnt1 and β-catenin was restrained by miR-650 inhibitor in A549 cells (Fig. 4E).

Figure 4.

miR-650 regulates NSCLC progress through ING4/Wnt1/β-catenin signaling pathway. (A) ING4 expression was low in NSCLC tissues compared with the adjacent normal lung tissues. (B) Downregulation of ING4 predicts poor prognosis. (C) ING4 is downregulated in A549 and NCI-H460 cells compared with that in MRC-5 cells. (D) miR-650 expression has a negative connection with ING4 expression in NSCLC tissues. (E) Expression of Wnt1 and β-catenin was restrained by miR-650 inhibitor in A549 cells. NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; ING4, inhibitor of growth 4. **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.

ING4 reverses partial roles of miR-650 on cell proliferative and invasive abilities

To verify the functions of ING4 in miR-650 overexpressed cells, pcDNA3.1-ING4 plasmid was transfected into miR-650 overexpressed A549 cells (P=0.0075), as shown in Fig. 5A. Subsequently, CCK8 and Transwell assays demonstrated that ING4 suppressed the proliferation and invasion compared with cells only transfected with miR-650 mimic (P=0.0030 and 0.0427) (Fig. 5B and C). These data demonstrated that ING4 reversed partial roles of miR-650 on NSCLC cell proliferation and invasion. In addition, miR-650 mimic inhibited the expression of ING4, while the expression of Wnt1 and β-catenin was increased. Re-expression of ING4 reversed the reduction of Wnt1 and β-catenin in A549 (Fig. 5D). The results indicated that miR-650 promoted NSCLC cell proliferation and invasion by targeting ING4 through Wnt-1/β-catenin pathway.

Figure 5.

ING4 reverses partial roles of miR-650 on NSCLC cell proliferative and invasive abilities. (A) RT-qPCR effiency of transfecting pcDNA3.1-ING4 plasmid in miR-650 overexpressed A549 cells. (B and C) CCK8 and Transwell assays demonstrated that ING4 suppressed the proliferation and invasion compared with cells only transfected with miR-650 mimic. (D) miR-650 promoted the EMT of NSCLC cells by targeting ING4 through Wnt-1/β-catenin pathway. NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; ING4, inhibitor of growth 4; NC, negative control. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.

Discussion

Non-small cell lung cancer, including lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma, has a high morbidity and mortality (2,27). Therefore, it is urgent to explore new biomarkers for disease prevention and clinical treatment of NSCLC.

miRNAs bind to the 3′-UTR of the target mRNA to incise the target mRNAs or to inhibit the translation of proteins at post-transcriptional level (3). miR-650 has been reported to act as a prognostic factor and contributed to the docetaxel chemoresistance in lung adenocarcinoma (28). Our results were consistent with these findings. miR-650 was overexpressed in NSCLC and upregulation of miR-650 predicted poor 5-year overall survival. Moreover, You et al (29) indicated that miR-650 enhanced cell proliferation, migration and EMT through binding to ING4 in colorectal cancer and Zeng et al (30) in hepatocellular carcinoma. Consistent with all the above findings, we discovered that miR-650 promoted cell proliferation and invasion by targeting ING4 in NSCLC. However, miR-650 suppressed disease progress of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and high-risk non-metastatic colorectal cancer (31,32). Therefore, we considered that the expression of miR-650 had tissue specificity.

ING4 acted as a tumor suppressor, and was a potential target for tumor therapy (33,34). ING4 suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in melanoma (35). Similarly, ING4 inhibited cell growth, invasion of EMT and suppressed tumor angiogenesis (36). Moreover, ING4 suppressed cell proliferation, invasion and enhanced apoptosis in osteosarcoma (37). Our results are consistent with all these findings. ING4 expression was low in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and downregulation of ING4 predicted poor prognosis. ING4 has been reported to be a target of several miRNAs, including miR-330, miR-423 and miR-761 (38–40). We discovered that ING4 was a direct target of miR-650 and miR-650 mediated the expression of ING4 through directly binding to the 3′-UTR of mRNA. Moreover, miR-650 suppressed Wnt-1/β-catenin pathway by targeting ING4 in A549 cells. In addition, ING4 reversed the effects of miR-650 in proliferation and invasion in A549 cells.

In brief, miR-650 was upregulated in NSCLC and upregulation of miR-650 indicated a shorter overall survival of NSCLC, while ING4 demonstrated the opposite results. miR-650 promoted cell proliferation and invasion through Wnt-1/β-catenin pathway by binding to ING4. ING4 was able to partially reverse the function of miR-650 in cell proliferation and invasion.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Authors' contributions

XT wrote the manuscript. YD performed RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. XiaW and XiuW were responsible for CCK8, transwell and luciferase reporter assays. LZ analyzed and interpreted the patients' data. HB helped with statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The Ethics Committee of Jining No. 1 People's Hospital (Jining, China) approved this study. Patients who participated in this research had complete clinical data. The signed informed consents were obtained from the patients or the guardians.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.