Table 2.
Evidence of lung involvement from retrospective cohort studies and clinical observations from the field.
| Date | Country | Virus | No of Cases | No of Deaths | CFR | Clinical Evidence | Diagnostic Evidence | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jun–Nov 1976 | Sudan | SUDV | 284 | 151 | 53% | Chest pain 153 (83%), Cough 90 (49%) of 183 patients |
2 autoptic findings with proliferative thickening of alveolar septa | WHO. Bull WHO 1978 [40] |
| Aug 1976 | Zaire | EBOV | 318 | 280 | 88% | Cough 36% in 208 deceased patients, 18% in 34 serogically confirmed patients | Clinical evidence | WHO. Bull WHO 1976 [40] |
| Jun 1977 | Zaire | EBOV | 1 | 1 | 100% | No respiratory sign | Clinical evidence | Heymann DL. J Infect Dis 1980 [41] |
| Aug–Sep 1979 | Sudan | SUDV | 34 | 22 | 65% | No respiratory sign | Clinical evidence | Baron RC. Bull WHO 1983 [42] |
| 1989 | Philippine | RESTV | 3 | 0 | 0% | No respiratory sign | Clinical evidence | Miranda ME. Lancet 1991 [43] |
| 1990 | USA | RESTV | 4 | 0 | 0% | No respiratory sign | Clinical evidence | CDC. MMWR 1990 [44] |
| 1994 | Cote d’Ivoire | TAIFV | 4 | 0 | 0% | No respiratory sign | Clinical evidence | Le Guenno B. Lancet 1995 [45] |
| Dec 1994–Feb 1995 | Gabon | EBOV | 52 | 31 | 60% | No respiratory sign | Clinical evidence | Georges AJ. J Infect Dis 1999 [46] |
| May–Jul 1995 | Zaire | EBOV | 315 | 250 | 79% | Dyspnea 55 (25%) of 209 | Clinical evidence | Khan AS. J Infect Dis 1999 [47] |
| Jan–Apr 1996 | Gabon | EBOV | 60 | 45 | 75% | No respiratory sign | Clinical evidence | Georges AJ. J Infect Dis 1999 [46] |
| Jul 1996–Mar 1997 | Gabon | EBOV | 37 | 21 | 57% | No respiratory sign | Clinical evidence | Georges AJ. J Infect Dis 1999 [46] |
| Oct 2000–Jan 2001 | Uganda | SUDV | 425 | 224 | 53% | No data | Clinical evidence | Okware SI. Trop Med Int Health 2002 [48] |
| Oct 2001–Jul 2002 | Gabon, DRC | EBOV | 124 | 96 | 77% | Article not available | No data | WHO. Week Epi Rec 2003 [49] |
| Dec 2002–Apr 2003 | DRC | EBOV | 143 | 128 | 90% | No data | Clinical evidence | Formenty P. Med Trop 2003 [50] |
| Nov–Dec 2003 | DRC | EBOV | 35 | 29 | 83% | No data | Clinical evidence | WHO. Week Epi Rec 2004 [49] |
| Apr–Jun 2004 | Sudan | SUDV | 17 | 7 | 41% | Cough in 11 of 13 cases, 85% | Clinical evidence | WHO. Week Epi Rec 2005 [49] |
| April 2005 | DRC | EBOV | 12 | 10 | 83% | No data | No data | Article not avalaible |
| Aug–Nov 2007 | DRC | EBOV | 264 | 187 | 71% | No data | No data | WHO. Week Epi Rec 2007 [49] |
| Dec 2007–Jan 2008 | Uganda | BDBV | 149 | 37 | 25% | No data | No data | MacNeil AJ. Infect dis 2011 [51] |
| Dec 2008–Feb 2009 | DRC | EBOV | 32 | 15 | 47% | No data | No data | WHO. Glob Aler Resp 2009 [52] |
| May 2011 | Uganda | SUDV | 1 | 1 | 100% | No respiratory symptoms –Respiratory failure | Clinical evidence | Shoemaker T. EID 2012 [53] |
| Jun–Aug 2012 | Uganda | SUDV | 17 | 7 | 41% | No data | No data | Albarino CG. Virol 2013 [54] |
| Jun–Nov 2012 | DRC | BDBV | 35 | 13 | 36% | No data | No data | Albarino CG. Virol 2013 [54] |
| Dec 2013–Jan 2016 | Western Africa | EBOV | 28,616 | 11,310 | 39% | Cough, dyspnoea, pulmonary oedema, pneumonia | Viral replication markers in sputum samples | Baize S. N Engl J Med 2014 [3] |
| Aug–Nov 2014 | DRC | EBOV | 66 | 49 | 74% | Difficult breathing 21.4% Cough 18% |
Clinical evidence | Maganga GD. N Eng J Med 2014 [55] |
| May 2017 | DRC | EBOV | 8 | 4 | 50% | Cough 25% | Clinical evidence | Nsio J. J Infect Dis 2019 [56] |
| May–Jul 2018 | DRC | EBOV | 54 | 33 | 61% | Difficult breathing 34.4% | Clinical evidence | The Ebola Outbreak Epidemiology Team Lancet 2019 [38] |
| August 2018–ongoing | DRC | EBOV | 2620 | 1762 | 67% | No data | No data | WHO, 2019 [57] |
CFR—Case Fatality Rate, DRC—Democratic Republic of Congo, SUDV—Sudan Ebolavirus, RESTV—Reston Ebolavirus, BDBV—Bundibugyo Ebolavirus, EBOV—Ebola virus, TAIFV—Tai Forest Ebolavirus.