Table 1. Summary of Article Findings.
CA: carcinoma; CI: confidence interval; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; HI: high intensity; MI: moderate intensity; OR: odds ratio; OS: oxidative stress; PA: physical activity; ROS: reactive oxidative stress; TNF: tumor necrosis factor
♀: female; ♂: male; 1°: primary prevention; 2°: secondary prevention; 3°: tertiary prevention
| Author, publication year | Study design | Sex of participants | Age of participants (in years) | Location of cancer diagnosis | Findings supporting positive effects of OS with exercise/PA | Findings supporting negative effects of OS with exercise/PA | Exercise as CA prevention reported |
| Filaire et al., 2013 [6] | Narrative review | ♀ and ♂ | Not available | Lung | MI PA reduces OS and future tumor development risk | Exhausting PA increases DNA damage and may increase cancer risk which may be related to the degree of OS | 1°, 2°, 3° |
| Gago-Dominguez et al., 2007 [16] | Narrative review | Not available | Not available | Breast | Physical exercise can induce OS and subsequent apoptosis of pre-malignant and malignant cells protecting against breast CA | Lymphocyte counts and function decreases with exhaustive exercise | 1° |
| Rebillard et al., 2013 [18] | Narrative review | Not available | Not available | Prostate | PA has a protective effect from prostate cancer; MI exercise reduces ROS | Exhaustive exercise increases ROS | 1° |
| McTiernan, 2008 [17] | Narrative review | Not available | Not available | Breast, colon, prostate | PA might reduce systemic inflammation alone or in combination with a reduction in body weight or change in body composition | Not available | 1°, 2°, 3° |
| Jones et al., 2009 [14] | Pilot study | 7 ♀ 5♂ | Mean 67 ± 8 | Lung | All systemic inflammatory markers except TNF-a were lower following exercise training | Not available | 2°, 3° |
| Jones et al., 2011 [15] | Pilot study | 8 ♀, 8 ♂ | Mean 63 ± 10 | Lung | Not available | Chronic aerobic training was associated with a significant increase in biomarkers of OS | 2°, 3° |
| McCullough et al., 2012 [3] | Case-control | ♀ 1,053 cases and 1,102 controls | Range 20 - 98 | Breast | A 30% risk reduction was observed in the third quartile of PA (OR = 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52 - 0.95) | Highest quartile of PA experienced a 16% risk reduction (OR = 0.84, 95% CI, 0.63 - 1.13) | 1° |
| Allgayer et al., 2008 [19] | Randomized control trial | 17 in MI groups 12♂/5♀ 27 in HI group 15♂/12♀ | 58 ± 3 in MI; 59 ± 1 in HI | Colon | MI exercise decreases OS | HI exercise increases OS | 2°, 3° |