Abstract
Purpose
The 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) included several significant changes. We aim to evaluate this staging system compared to the 7th edition AJCC staging system and European Neuroendocrine Tumors Society (ENETS) system.
Materials and Methods
We used Korean nationwide surgery database (2000-2014). Of 972 patients who had undergone surgery for PNET, excluding patients diagnosed with ENETS/World Health Organization 2010 grade 3 (G3), only 472 patients with accurate stage were included.
Results
Poor discrimination in overall survival rate (OSR) was noted between AJCC 8th stage III and IV (p=0.180). The disease-free survival (DFS) curves of 8th AJCC classification were well separated between all stages. Compared with stage I, the hazard ratio of II, III, and IV was 3.808, 13.928, and 30.618, respectively (p=0.007, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001). The curves of OSR and DFS of certain prognostic group in AJCC 7th and ENETS overlapped. In ENETS staging system, no significant difference in DFS between stage IIB versus IIIA (p=0.909) and IIIA versus IIIB (p=0.291). In multivariable analysis, lymphovascular invasion (p=0.002), perineural invasion (p=0.003), and grade (p < 0.001) were identified as independent prognostic factors for DFS.
Conclusion
This is the first large-scale validation of the AJCC 8th edition staging system for PNET. The revised 8th system provides better discrimination compared to that of the 7th edition and ENETS TNM system. This supports the clinical use of the system.
Keywords: Validation, Neoplasm staging, Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
Introduction
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) account for less than 2% of total pancreatic cancer [1] and about 10% of tumor arising from pancreas [2]. Rare incidence and indolent biologic behavior have made it difficult to understand disease entity and establish staging tools for this disease [3,4]. However, the development of imaging technology in recent decades has led to sharp increase in incidence and prevalence [5]. In fact, a proposal for a TNM classification to help stratify the prognosis was not made until 2006 by Rindi et al. [6]. This proposal was ultimately adopted by European Neuroendocrine Tumors Society (ENETS) and has been validated in the subsequent studies [7-12]. Meanwhile, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for PNET was first isolated from exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma staging system in 2010 based on studies by Bilimoria et al. [13]. The same classification criteria as in exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma were applied to PNET in this study. After that, numerous studies have evaluated the suitability of the AJCC 7th classification [12,14-16]. Of these, two large cohort studies [7,14] have shown that the proportion of patients in stage III of the AJCC 7th edition, which is classified as unresectable case, is relatively small. In particular, poor discrimination between stage II and III was reported by Rindi et al.’s investigation [7]. Furthermore, many studies have raised questions about whether it is appropriate to apply pancreatic adenocarcinoma staging to PNET with other biological characteristics [7,11,14,17,18]. These findings support the need for revision of the AJCC 7th system for PNET.
As a result, the newly revised AJCC 8th staging system introduces the classification criteria asserted by ENETS and shows several significant changes (Tables 1-3). At first, PNET staging system has come out separate system and applied to the only G1 (ENETS/World Health Organization [WHO] 2010 grade 1), G2 (ENETS/WHO 2010 grade 2), and well-differentiated G3 tumors (ENETS/WHO 2010 grade 3) [19]. The remaining poorly differentiated G3 (ENETS/WHO 2010 grade 3) neuroendocrine carcinoma follows staging of exocrine pancreatic cancer. Second, the size of the tumor has become an important criterion to distinguish the T category and invasion of soft tissue around the pancreas was excluded from staging criteria. Third, adjacent organs invasion has been categorized as T4 category, together with unresectable cases such as major vascular invasion. Fourth, M1 category has been subsided according to metastatic sites.
Table 1.
The definition of AJCC 7th, 8th staging and the ENETS staging for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
| AJCC 7th staging classification | AJCC 8th staging classification | |
|---|---|---|
| T1 | Limited to the pancreas, ≤ 2 cm in greatest dimension | Tumor limited to the pancreas, < 2 cm |
| T2 | Limited to the pancreas, > 2 cm in greatest dimension | Tumor limited to the pancreas, 2-4 cm |
| T3 | Beyond the pancreas but without involvement of the superior mesenteric artery | Tumor limited to the pancreas, > 4 cm, or invading the duodenum or common bile duct |
| T4 | Involvement of the celiac axis or uperior mesenteric artery (unresectable tumor) | Tumor invades adjacent structuresa) |
| N0 | No regional lymph node metastasis | No regional lymph node metastasis |
| N1 | Regional lymph node metastasis | Regional lymph node metastasis |
| M0 | No distant metastasis | No distant metastasis |
| M1 | Distant metastasis | Distant metastasis |
| M1a | Metastasis confined to liver | |
| M1b | Metastasis in at least one extrahepatic siteb) | |
| M1c | Both hepatic and extrahepatic metastases |
AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; ENETS, European Neuroendocrine Tumors Society.
Adjacent structures include stomach, spleen, colon, adrenal gland, or the wall of large vessels (celiac axis or the superior mesenteric artery),
Extrahepatic sites include lung, ovary, nonregional lymph node, peritoneum, and bone).
Table 2.
Prognostic stage groups based on AJCC 7th, 8th staging and the ENETS staging
| AJCC 7th prognostic stage groups |
AJCC 8th and ENETS prognostic stage groups |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stage | T | N | M | Stage | T | N | M |
| IA | T1 | N0 | M0 | I | T1 | N0 | M0 |
| IB | T2 | N0 | M0 | II (A)a) | T2 | N0 | M0 |
| IIA | T3 | N0 | M0 | II (B)a) | T3 | N0 | M0 |
| IIB | T1-3 | N1 | M0 | III (A)a) | T4 | N0 | M0 |
| III | T4 | Any N | M0 | III (B)a) | Any T | N1 | M0 |
| IV | Any T | Any N | M1 | IV | Any T | Any N | M1 |
AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; ENETS, European Neuroendocrine Tumors Society.
Stage II (A/B) and III (A/B) are only used in ENETS system.
Table 3.
Cross-tabulation presenting cancer staging distributions
| AJCC 8th I | AJCC 8th II | AJCC 8th III | AJCC 8th IV | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AJCC 7th I | 167 | 141 | 0 | 0 |
| AJCC 7th II | 0 | 69 | 73 | 0 |
| AJCC 7th III | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| AJCC 7th IV | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 |
AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer.
However, several studies have been published that question whether the ENETS system should be accepted as a new staging system [7,10,11]. In particular, stage IIIB (any T N1 M0) has a relatively better prognosis than IIIA (T4 N0 M0) in these studies. In fact, the AJCC 8th manual does not distinguish between specific substages (IIA vs. IIB and IIIA vs. IIIB) unlike ENETS system. In addition, defining adjacent organ invasion and major vascular invasion as the same T4 has an unnatural aspect in that it may confuse the concept of “resectable” or “unresectable.”
Given these, we aim to validate the AJCC 8th staging system in the present study. For this purpose, survival curves were compared according to AJCC 7th, AJCC 8th system, and ENETS system. In addition, multivariate analysis was performed to determine the effect of each system on prognosis.
Materials and Methods
1. Patients and data collection
Using Korean Tumor Registry System–Biliary Pancreas (KOTUS-BP) and Korean Pancreas Surgery Club (KPSC) database, 972 patients who underwent surgery for PNET during 2000-2014 were identified. Seventeen Korean cancer centers provided data on PNET. Data from following centers was prospectively collected from electronic medical records and retrospectively reviewed: Seoul National University College of Medicine (n=302), Asan Medical Center (n=228), Samsung Medical Center (n=175), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (n=82), Yonsei University College of Medicine (n=65), Gangnam Severance Hospital (n=33), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital (n=23), Seoul St. Mary's Hospital (n=17), Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center (n=12), National Cancer Center (n=9), Chung-Ang University Hospital (n=5), Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital (n=5), Gyeongsang National University Hospital (n=5), Chonbuk National University Medical School (n=4), Chonnam National University Medical School (n=3), Dong-A University Hospital (n=3), and Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital (n=1). Of these patients, 500 (51.4%) were excluded, including 409 (42.1%) with no acquired lymph nodes, 36 (3.7%) with insufficient information to define T category and M category according to AJCC and ENETS classifications, 14 (1.4%) whose tumor grade was not analyzed, one (0.1%) without follow-up data and 40 (4.1%) with G3 tumor grade. The remaining 472 patients (214 males and 258 females) with a median age of 54.7 years were enrolled in this study.
Variables collected for the database included age at diagnosis, gender, type of surgery, tumor size, location, adjacent organs invasion, margin status, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), ENETS-WHO 2010 tumor grading [19], mitotic count, Ki67 index, and tumor stage by PNET, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; ENETS, European Neuroendocrine Tumors Society; WHO, World Health Organization; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer. a) Twelve cases with total pancreatectomy, 10 cases with open pancreatic biopsy and 2 cases of hepatopancreatoduodenectomy, b) No. of valid PNETs, c) Stage II (A/B) and III (A/B) are only used in ENET system.
7th AJCC classification [20]. In order to validation of 8th AJCC and ENETS classification, restaging was performed. To achieve this, data on tumor size and adjacent organs involved were used. Special attention has been given to the registration of pathologic reports analyzed in our database according to ENETS/WHO 2010 grading. If information on the tumor grade is missing, each center is requested to supplement and achieve it as much as possible. The overall survival time was defined as the time from the first diagnostic date to the date of death or last known follow-up. Recurrence-free survival time was measured from the date of initial diagnosis until recurrence.
2. Statistical analysis
Overall survival rate (OSR) and disease-free survival rate (DFS) analyses were conducted using Kaplan-Meier curves. In order to access staging classification, log-rank tests were used. To identify independent prognostic factors, Cox proportional hazards regression was performed in multivariable analysis. The p-value less than 0.05 indicate statistical significance. Statistical analyses were conducted using the PASW Statistics ver. 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).
3. Ethical statement
This study was approved by Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (approval number: 2017-12-107). Because the study was based on retrospective analysis using existing medical records, informed consent was not required.
Results
1. Patient characteristics
Patient characteristics of the 472 patients are summarized in Table 4. Pancreaticoduodenctomy and distal pancreatectomy were performed in 210 (44.4%) and 179 (37.9%), respectively. Minimally invasive surgery, including laparoscopic and robotic surgery was conducted in 144 (30.5%). More than half of the patients had tumors located in the pancreatic head. The mean value of tumor size was 3.0±2.1 cm. Curative resection was achieved in 443 (93.8%). The proportion of LVI and PNI were 19.5% and 17.6%, respectively. The number of patients with G1 (n=319) nearly doubled compared to G2 (n=153). The median or mean number of lymph nodes dissected were 2 (0-65) and 5.1±8.4, respectively. Lymph node involvement was developed in 80 (16.9%). According to the 7th AJCC staging classification, only 4 (0.8%) was T4 category and 3 (0.6%) had prognostic stage group III. In 8th AJCC edition, the number of patients with T4 and prognostic stage group of III increased to 16 (3.4%) and 76 (16.1%), respectively. Among 472, the median time of follow-up was 54 months (25th to 75th percentiles, 39-147). The cumulative OSR at 5 years and 10 years was 92.4% and 79.4%, respectively. The cumulative DFS was 83.5% at 5 years and 76.4% at 10 years.
Table 4.
Clinical and pathological features of PNET
| Variable | No. (%) (n=472) |
|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 55.5 (15.0-78.0) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 214 (45.4) |
| Female | 258 (54.6) |
| Operation | |
| Pancreaticoduodenectomy | 210 (44.4) |
| Distal pancreatectomy | 179 (37.9) |
| Central pancreatectomy | 15 (3.1) |
| Enucleation | 44 (9.3) |
| Othersa) | 24 (5.3) |
| Type of operation | |
| Open | 328 (69.5) |
| Laparoscopic | 137 (29.0) |
| Robotic | 7 (1.5) |
| Tumor size (cm) | 3.0±2.1 |
| Tumor location | 469b) |
| Head only | 257 (54.8) |
| Body-tail only | 207 (44.1) |
| Head and body-tail or diffuse | 5 (1.1) |
| Resection margin status | |
| R0 | 443 (93.8) |
| R1 | 10 (2.1) |
| R2 | 19 (4.1) |
| Lymphovascular invasion | 92 (19.5) |
| Perineural invasion | 83 (17.6) |
| Grade (ENETS/WHO 2010) | |
| G1 | 319 (67.6) |
| G2 | 153 (32.4) |
| AJCC 7th T category | |
| T1 | 177 (37.5) |
| T2 | 157 (33.3) |
| T3 | 134 (28.4) |
| T4 | 4 (0.8) |
| AJCC 8th T category | |
| T1 | 177 (37.5) |
| T2 | 149 (31.6) |
| T3 | 130 (27.5) |
| T4 | 16 (3.4) |
| AJCC 7th & 8th N category | |
| N0 | 392 (83.1) |
| N1 | 80 (16.9) |
| AJCC 7th M category | |
| M0 | 453 (96.0) |
| M1 | 19 (4.0) |
| AJCC 8th M category | 466b) |
| M0 | 453 (97.3) |
| M1a | 10 (2.1) |
| M1b | 0 |
| M1c | 3 (0.6) |
| AJCC 7th prognostic stage group | |
| IA | 167 (35.4) |
| IB | 141 (29.9) |
| IIA | 73 (15.5) |
| IIB | 69 (14.6) |
| III | 3 (0.6) |
| IV | 19 (4.0) |
| AJCC 8th prognostic stage group | |
| I | 167 (35.4) |
| II (A)c) | 135 (28.6) |
| II (B)c) | 75 (15.9) |
| III (A)c) | 7 (1.5) |
| III (B)c) | 69 (14.6) |
| IV | 19 (4.0) |
PNET, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; ENETS, European Neuroendocrine Tumors Society; WHO, World Health Organization; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer.
Twelve cases with total pancreatectomy, 10 cases with open pancreatic biopsy and 2 cases of hepatopancreatoduodenectomy,
No. of valid PNETs,
Stage II (A/B) and III (A/B) are only used in ENET system.
2. DFS according to each staging system and tumor grade
As shown in Fig. 1A, there is no significant difference in DFS between AJCC 7th T3 versus T4 (p=0.071). By contrast, regarding AJCC 8th T category, significant difference was shown between all T categories (Fig. 1B). Regarding prognostic stage groups, some of the DFS curves of 7th AJCC classification overlapped (IB vs. IIA, p=0.204; IIB vs. III, p=0.276; and III vs. IV, p=0.896) (Fig. 1C). By contrast, DFS curves of 8th AJCC classification were well separated between all stages (Fig. 1D). Compared with stage I, the hazard ratio (HR) of II, III, and IV was 3.808, 13.928 and 30.618, respectively (p=0.007, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001). In ENETS staging system, there was no significant difference in DFS between stage IIB versus IIIA (p=0.909) and IIIA versus IIIB (p=0.291), respectively (Fig. 1D). Significant difference in DFS according to N category, AJCC 7th M category, and grade was observed (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001) (Fig. 1F, G, and I). No significant difference between AJCC 8th M1a versus M1c was found in DFS curves (p=0.268) (Fig. 1H).
Fig. 1.
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of disease-free survival (DFS) according to T category of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition (A), T category of AJCC 8th edition (B), 7th AJCC prognostic group (C), 8th AJCC prognostic group (D), European Neuroendocrine Tumors Society (ENETS) prognostic group (E), N category (F), 7th M category (G), 8th M category (H), and Grade (ENETS/World Health Organization [WHO] 2010) (I).
3. OSR according to each staging system and tumor grade
Fig. 2A shows that OSR curves according to 7th AJCC T category are not well separated. In 8th AJCC edition, there was no significant difference in OSR curves between T3 and T4 (p=0.568) (Fig. 2B). As shown in Fig. 2C and E, all OSR curves of AJCC 7th prognostic groups and ENETS overlapped. The 5-year and 10-year cumulative OSR according to AJCC 8th prognostic stage groups were as follows (Fig. 2D): IA (97.4% and 97.4%), IB (95.1% and 75.2%), IIA (90.0% and 72.7%), IIB (83.2% and 61.5%), III (100% and 0%), and IV (69.9% and 69.9%). Poor discrimination of curves was shown between III versus IV (p=0.180). Fig. IF, 2F, and G represented that significant difference in OSR according to N category, AJCC 7th M category and grade (p < 0.001, p=0.001, and p=0.030). Regarding 8th M category, OSR curves of all stages overlapped (Fig. 2H).
Fig. 2.
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of overall survival rate (OSR) according to T category of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition (A), T category of AJCC 8th edition (B), 7th AJCC prognostic group (C), 8th AJCC prognostic group (D), European Neuroendocrine Tumors Society (ENETS) prognostic group (E), N category (F), 7th M category (G), 8th M category (H), and grade (ENETS/World Health Organization [WHO] 2010) (I).
4. Prognostic factor analyses (risk factor for DFS)
In a univariable analysis of risk factor for DFS, sex (HR, 0.541; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.320 to 0.913; p=0.020), resection margin status (HR, 4.223; 95% CI, 1.896 to 9.406; p=0.001), LVI (HR, 6.951; 95% CI, 3.862 to 12.509; p < 0.001), PNI (HR, 5.940; 95% CI, 3.215 to 10.976; p=0.004), grade (HR, 8.403; 95% CI, 4.642 to 15.212; p < 0.001), AJCC 7th staging groups (compared with stage I: HR of II, 4.616; 95% CI, 2.629 to 8.103; p < 0.001; HR of III, 8.539; 95% CI, 1.984 to 36.745; p=0.004; and HR of IV, 13.872; 95% CI, 6.704 to 28.701; p < 0.001), and AJCC 8th staging groups (compared with stage I: HR of II, 3.808; 95% CI, 1.453 to 9.998; p=0.007; HR of III, 13.928; 95% CI, 5.341 to 36.319; p < 0.001; and HR of IV, 30.618; 95% CI, 10.749 to 87.219; p < 0.001) were revealed as significant factors. In a multivariable analysis, LVI (HR, 2.885; 95% CI, 1.494 to 5.571; p=0.002), PNI (HR, 2.474; 95% CI, 1.352 to 4.527; p=0.003), and grade (HR, 5.026; 95% CI, 2.516 to 10.043; p < 0.001) were identified as independent prognostic factors for DFS. The remaining factors such as sex (HR, 0.854; 95% CI, 0.478 to 1.524; p=0.592), resection margins status (HR, 1.223; 95% CI, 0.421 to 3.551; p=0.712), AJCC 7th staging groups (compared with stage I: HR of II, 0.855; 95% CI, 0.376 to 1.944; p=0.709; HR of III, 1.058; 95% CI, 0.202 to 5.538; p=0.947; and HR of IV, 0.761; 95% CI, 0.200 to 2.898; p=0.688), and AJCC 8th staging groups (compared with stage I: HR of II, 1.717; 95% CI, 0.628 to 4.693; p=0.292; HR of III, 2.058; 95% CI, 0.680 to 6.227; p=0.201; and HR of IV, 2.158; 95% CI, 0.541 to 8.613; p=0.276) were not significant in multivariable analysis. These results were summarized in Table 5.
Table 5.
Univariable and multivariable analysis of prognostic factor for disease-free survival
| Univariable analysis |
AJCC 7th multivariable analysis |
AJCC 8th multivariable analysis |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | ||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Female | 0.541 | 0.020 | 0.850 | 0.474-1.522 | 0.584 | 0.854 | 0.478-1.524 | 0.592 | |
| Resection margin status | |||||||||
| R0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| R1/R2 | 4.223 | 0.001 | 1.299 | 0.444-3.798 | 0.633 | 1.223 | 0.421-3.551 | 0.712 | |
| Lymphovascular invasion | |||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 6.951 | < 0.001 | 2.885 | 1.494-5.571 | 0.002 | 2.885 | 1.494-5.571 | 0.002 | |
| Perineural invasion | |||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 5.940 | 0.004 | 2.474 | 1.352-4.527 | 0.003 | 2.474 | 1.352-4.527 | 0.003 | |
| Grade (ENETS/WHO 2010) | |||||||||
| G1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| G2 | 8.403 | < 0.001 | 5.026 | 2.516-10.043 | < 0.001 | 5.026 | 2.516-10.043 | < 0.001 | |
| AJCC 7th stage | < 0.001 | 0.965 | |||||||
| I | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| II | 4.616 | < 0.001a) | 0.312b) | 0.855 | 0.376-1.944 | 0.709 | |||
| III | 8.539 | 0.004a) | 0.354b) | 1.058 | 0.202-5.538 | 0.947 | |||
| IV | 13.872 | < 0.001a) | 0.521b) | 0.761 | 0.200-2.898 | 0.688 | |||
| AJCC 8th stage | < 0.001 | 0.633 | |||||||
| I | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| II | 3.808 | 0.007a) | 0.006b) | 1.717 | 0.628-4.693 | 0.292 | |||
| III | 13.928 | < 0.001a) | < 0.001b) | 2.058 | 0.680-6.227 | 0.201 | |||
| IV | 30.618 | < 0.001a) | 0.024b) | 2.158 | 0.541-8.613 | 0.276 | |||
AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ENETS, European Neuroendocrine Tumors Society; WHO, World Health Organization.
p-values with stage I as the reference,
p-values with the previous stage as the reference.
5. Analysis of risk factor for OSR
In a univariable analysis of risk factor for OSR, age (HR, 1.033; 95% CI, 0.996 to 1.070; p=0.078), resection margin status (HR, 4.246; 95% CI, 1.599 to 11.276; p=0.004), LVI (HR, 3.058; 95% CI, 1.349 to 6.931; p=0.007), PNI (HR, 3.757; 95% CI, 1.410 to 10.011; p=0.008), grade (HR, 2.478; 95% CI, 1.146 to 5.360; p=0.021), AJCC 7th staging groups (compared with stage I: HR of II, 2.734; 95% CI, 1.444 to 5.174; p=0.002; HR of III, 3.445; 95% CI, 0.458 to 25.920; p=0.230; and HR of IV, 5.922; 95% CI, 2.182 to 16.069; p < 0.001), and AJCC 8th staging groups (compared with stage I: HR of II, 2.268; 95% CI, 0.893 to 5.758; p=0.085; HR of III, 4.459; 95% CI, 1.672 to 11.892; p=0.003; and HR of IV, 9.802; 95% CI, 2.967 to 32.386; p < 0.001) were significant factors. In a multivariable analysis, age was identified as independent risk factor for OSR (HR, 1.609; 95% CI, 1.028 to 1.111; p=0.001) and AJCC 8th staging groups was marginally significant (compared with stage I: HR of II, 4.357; 95% CI, 0.981 to 19.355; p=0.053; HR of III, 5.310; 95% CI, 1.001 to 28.154; p=0.050; and HR of IV, 6.509; 95% CI, 0.808 to 52.472; p=0.079). However, AJCC 7th staging groups was not significant (compared with stage I: HR of II, 2.440; 95% CI, 0.848 to 7.016; p=0.098; HR of III, 1.362; 95% CI, 0.135 to 13.713; p=0.793; and HR of IV, 1.757; 95% CI, 0.234 to 13.176; p=0.584) in multivariable analysis. Table 6 summarized these results.
Table 6.
Univariable and multivariable analysis of prognostic risk factor for overall survival rate
| Univariable analysis |
AJCC 7th multivariable analysis |
AJCC 8th multivariable analysis |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | HR | 95% CI | p-value | ||
| Age (continuous) | 1.033 | 0.078 | 4.053 | 1.826-8.998 | 0.001 | 1.069 | 1.028-1.111 | 0.001 | |
| Resection margin status | |||||||||
| R0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| R1/R2 | 4.246 | 0.004 | 2.228 | 0.457-10.875 | 0.322 | 1.855 | 0.404-8.517 | 0.427 | |
| Lymphovascular invasion | |||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 3.058 | 0.007 | 2.235 | 0.842-5.934 | 0.106 | 2.795 | 1.128-6.925 | 0.026 | |
| Perineural invasion | |||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 3.757 | 0.008 | 1.549 | 0.555-4.329 | 0.404 | 1.779 | 0.696-4.549 | 0.229 | |
| Grade (ENETS/WHO 2010) | |||||||||
| G1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| G2 | 2.478 | 0.021 | 1.250 | 0.486-3.127 | 0.644 | 1.559 | 0.631-3.852 | 0.336 | |
| AJCC 7th stage | 0.001 | 0.387 | |||||||
| I | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| II | 2.734 | 0.002a) | 0.001b) | 2.440 | 0.848-7.016 | 0.098 | |||
| III | 3.445 | 0.230a) | 0.792b) | 1.362 | 0.135-13.713 | 0.793 | |||
| IV | 5.922 | < 0.001a) | 0.763b) | 1.757 | 0.234-13.176 | 0.584 | |||
| AJCC 8th stage | 0.001 | 0.098 | |||||||
| I | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| II | 2.268 | 0.085a) | 0.077b) | 4.357 | 0.981-19.355 | 0.053 | |||
| III | 4.459 | 0.003a) | 0.077b) | 5.310 | 1.001-28.154 | 0.050 | |||
| IV | 9.802 | < 0.001a) | 0.190b) | 6.509 | 0.808-52.472 | 0.079 | |||
AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; ENETS, European Neuroendocrine Tumors Society; WHO, World Health Organization.
p-values with stage I as the reference,
p-values with the previous stage as the reference.
Discussion
To best of our knowledge, this is the first study to validate a new AJCC 8th staging classifications for PNET. In fact, validation of the ENETs system, which is the basis for 8th AJCC staging system, has been carried out in several studies [7-12,21]. Unlike previous studies, the strength of the present study is that it allows accurate assessment of lymph node metastasis. Recent studies have supported lymph node metastasis as a predictor of poor prognosis [22,23]. If accurate assessment of the N category through lymph node sampling or lymphadenectomy is not feasible, accurate TNM staging to predict prognosis becomes difficult. The low lymph node yield rate, including zero percent, is likely to be related to the type of surgery and the individual preference of the operator for PNET. In a single-center study, the rate of no lymph node sampling is higher in patients undergoing enucleation and spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy compared to patients with other operations [24]. In this regards, previous studies to validate ENETS TNM staging had limitation. In a European multicenter study by Rindi et al. [7] using 1,072 cohorts, the lymph node status could not be assessed in 737 (68.8%) patients. The results of a study conducted by Luo et al. [21] using 2,529 cases from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data should also be cautious about the proper evaluation of staging system because there is no mention of “Nx”. Besides, in the previous two studies mentioning “Nx”, the ratio of “Nx” in all patients was reported as 51.6% and 68.8%, respectively [8,9]. In the current study, among the 972 patients who underwent resection with PNET, 409 patients (42.1%) had no lymph node retrieval and contrary to previous studies mentioned above, we excluded samples from the survival analysis that were not correctly evaluated for lymph node status. The inclusion criteria of the current study, which reflects our intent to not ignore the prognostic significance of lymph node status, seems to provide more accurate validation of the AJCC 8th TNM staging system.
An important change in 8th edition of AJCC system is that G3 was not included in the PNET staging system unlike the previous ENETS system. This reflects the results of previous studies showing that exocrine tumors and neuroendocrine tumors have different tumor biology and prognosis [7,11,14, 17,18,25]. In the former ENETS validation study, the proportion of G3 ranging from 6.8% to 11.0% was not negligible [7-12,21]. By contrary, we used the cohort excluding G3 in this study. This may have helped to evaluate more elaborately the suitability of the new AJCC staging system for PNET.
The present study largely supports that AJCC 8th edition staging system provides better discrimination when compared to the AJCC 7th edition and the ENETS staging system. As for DFS, survival curves of 8th AJCC classification were well separated between all stages. This seems to be related to some detailed changes in the 8th edition as follows. First, the definition of T4 category expanded to adjacent organ invasion, which affected the increase of T4 case number (Figs. 1A, B, 2A, and B). As a result, four T4 patients increased to 16 followed by the increases in stage III cases. Second, T1-3N1M0 (which had been stage IIB in AJCC 7th system) is classified as stage III in the AJCC 8th staging system, leading to an increase in the proportion of stage III. The two changes described above resulted in an increase in the ratio of stage III in the 8th AJCC and a significant difference in DFS curves between stages (stage II vs. III and stage III vs. IV in 8th AJCC staging system).
Another remarkable result of this study is that it is more reasonable to combine stage IIIA (T4, N0, M0) and IIIB (any T, N1, M0) into one prognostic group than to divide stage III into two subgroups. In fact, the results that stage IIIB has a better prognosis than IIIA has already been reported in previous studies [7,10,11]. Rindi et al. [7] estimated this to be due to poorer prognosis of the unresectable T4 compared with positive N cases, or different surgical techniques and lymph node sampling methods, or small sample size of T4. In the current study, there was also no significant difference in survival rate (both OSR and DFS) between the stage IIIA and IIIB using the ENETS system (p=0.291 and p=0.545), respectively (Figs. 1D and 2D). Given these, the attempt at the AJCC 8th edition, which classifies the existing ENETS stage into four simple stages, is considered acceptable.
Despite a better distribution of prognosis in different stages based on the new AJCC revision, the low stage IV (Any T Any N M1) ratio of this study, which is only 4%, is worth mentioning. In our opinion, the proportion of stage IV should be related to the definition of the subject being analyzed. For studies reporting high rates of stage IV ranging 35%-60% [8,10,11], patients who have undergone palliative surgery or who have been just diagnosed with biopsy or cytology had been included. In contrast, this rate was reported to be relatively low ranging 9%-21% in studies involving only patients with surgery [9,12]. The present study included only patients who underwent surgical treatment. It is rare to perform radical surgery for PNET with distant metastasis. Furthermore, the relatively high curative resection rate and exclusion of G3 are also the cause of the low stage IV ratio in the current study. This is consistent with report of a single-center study that patients with G3 accounts for a high percentage of all patients with ENETS stage IV. Of 53 patients with ENETS stage IV in the study, 27 patients (50.9%) were G3 [26].
Several modalities of adjuvant treatment have been proposed that can be used to reduce tumor burden or inhibit cancer progression after recurrence of PNET [27]. In the case of chemotherapy, Ramirez et al. [28] demonstrated that combination treatment with capecitabine/temozolomide has the benefit of prolonging the survival of patients with metastasis. Although all enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors were targeted, a randomized controlled study has suggested the effect of long-acting somatostatin analogues [29]. Unfortunately, just 67 of the 472 patients (14.2%) enrolled in the current study were able to confirm whether they received adjuvant treatment. Of these 67 patients, seven had recurrence, and two of seven patients with recurrence received adjuvant treatment. Two of the patients treated with adjuvant treatment were all diagnosed with G2 and AJCC 8th stage II (T2N0M0), received adjuvant chemotherapy and survived to the last follow-up. The last follow-up point of each patient was 17 months and 4 months after the recurrence. Of the seven patients who had recurred, only one died, and he was one of the five who had not received any adjuvant treatment. He was a male patient with LVI, was diagnosed with G2 and AJCC 8th stage III (T3N1MO), and died 41 months after recurrence. Due to the small number of relapses that could be identified, it was not possible to verify statistically the prognostic factor influencing overall survival after recurrence or metastasis. Therefore, further studies using large samples that statistically demonstrate the role of adjuvant treatment for PNET is needed.
The present study has several limitations. First, we could not analyze the prognosis between functional tumor and nonfunctional tumor. Previous two studies have reported that functional neuroendocrine tumor is a prognostic factor for survival [7,14]. However, our multicenter database is missing a lot of information about these items. Thus, if this factor was included in the multivariate analysis process, more sophisticated and reliable statistical analysis would have been possible. Second, there is a potential for bias in the retrospective multicenter study design itself. In particular, this is relevant to the difference in the operative methods between various institutes. Considering the importance of lymph node metastasis to prognosis as previously mentioned in discussion, it is likely that the diversity of operative methods and lymphadenectomy have had some impact on survival.
In summary, this is the first large-scale validation of the AJCC 8th edition staging system for PNET. The revised 8th system provides better discrimination compared to that of the 7th edition system and ENETS staging system. Therefore, using the current system is expected to help stratify the patient's prognosis and provide clinical information.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.
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