Abstract
Background
Cyclin D1 which is associated with cell cycle regulation is solidly established as an oncogene with an important pathogenetic role in breast carcinomas.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to relate the Cyclin D1 protein overexpression with the amplification of its gene CCND1 in Estrogen Receptors (ER) positive breast carcinomas, in order to investigate the prognostic effect of their aberrations in relation to ER status, also to correlate the Cyclin D1 overexpression with other prognostic parameters.
Materials and methods
Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) was used to identify CCND1 amplification on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded invasive ductal carcinoma, in which immunohistochemistry (IHC) had previously been performed in order to evaluate the pathological relevance of Cyclin D1 overexpression in human breast cancer (n = 138).
Results
CCND1 amplification was identified in 17/138 (12.3%) tumors and 78/138 (56.5%) tumors have overexpressed Cyclin D1. A significant correlation was identified between CCND1 amplification and Cyclin D1 overexpression (P < 0.001) and both Cyclin D1 and CCND1 were related with ER expression.
Conclusion
Our results show a significant correlation between Cyclin D1 overexpression and CCND1 amplification. Overexpression of Cyclin D1was observed in high proportion of breast cancer which should be considered for routine diagnosis.
Keywords: Cyclin D1, CCND1, breast cancer, immunohistochemistry, CISH
Introduction
Gene amplification is a frequent device leading to the overexpression of oncogenes in human cancers1. Cyclin D1 is the product of the CCND1 gene located on chromosome 11q132. Cyclin D1, an important regulator of the cell cycle,3,4 has been reported in 40% to 90% of invasive breast cancer cases4–6 and its gene has been found amplified in 15–20% of breast cancers7–9. These facts are well established and indicate that mechanisms other than gene amplification are responsible for deregulation of the protein. In addition to its role in cell cycleregulation, Cyclin D1 can regulate the growth of estrogen responsive tissues by activating the estrogen receptor (ER) in a ligand-independent fashion10. The induction of Cyclin D1 in breast cancer cell lines generate an increase in the number of cells progressing through G1 and accelerate transition from G1 to S phase, indicating that Cyclin D1 is rate-restrictive for progress through G1 phase11. This rate-limiting step in cell cycle progression is regulated by a number of mechanisms including Cyclin D1 abundance; consequently, deregulation of Cyclin D1 gene expression or function is a probable contributor to loss of normal cell cycle control during carcinogenesis12.
In this study, Cyclin D1 overexpression was detected by immunohistochemistry and its gene amplification was detected by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Overexpression of Cyclin D1 protein was also investigated in combination with prognostic marker. The aims of the present study were to determine in the first part, the correlation between Cyclin D1 overexpression and other prognostic parameters, and in second part, to correlate the Cyclin D1 overexpression with the CCND1 amplification in breast carcinomas.
Materials and methods
The study material consists of 138 invasive ductal breast carcinomas (IDC) from patients diagnosed between January 2011 and September 2015. All patients' tumors were collected from the Regional Military University Hospital. Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.
Patient and tumor clinicopathological characteristics
| Characteristics | Number of patients (%) |
| Age of patients (years) | |
| 30–39 | 19 (13.8) |
| 40–49 | 35 (25.4) |
| 50–59 | 38 (27.5) |
| 60–69 | 25 (18.1) |
| ≥ 70 | 21 (15.2) |
| Tumors size (cm) | |
| T1 (< 2 cm) | 11 (8) |
| T2 (2–5 cm) | 101 (73.2) |
| T3 and T4 (≥ 5 cm) | 26 (18.8) |
| SBR grade | |
| I | 2 (1.4) |
| II | 87 (63.1) |
| III | 49 (35.5) |
| Lymph node status | |
| Negative | 54 (39.1) |
| positive | 84 (60.9) |
| Estrogen receptor status | |
| Negative | 28 (20.3) |
| positive | 110 (79.7) |
| Progesterone receptor status | |
| Negative | 43 (31.2) |
| positive | 95 (68.8) |
| Ki-67 proliferation marker status | |
| Negative | 46 (33.3) |
| positive | 92 (66.7) |
| Cyclin D1 status | |
| Negative | 60 (43.5) |
| positive | 78 (56.5) |
| CCND1 gene status | |
| Amplified (< 5 copies) | 17 (12.3) |
| Non-amplified (>5 copies) | 121 (87.7) |
Clinicopathological characteristics of the patients like age, SBR grade, tumor size and lymph node status were extracted from the pathology reports. For immunohistochemical analysis, paraffin sections were mounted on APES (2% 3′-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) coated slides. A monoclonal Mouse antibody Anti-Human Cyclin D1 clone DCS-6, DAKO (provided in liquid form as tissue culture supernatant in 0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl, pH 7.6 and 0.015 mol/L sodium azide) was used. The indirect avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique was used to demonstrate antibody binding sites. Finally, the sections were lightly counterstained in hematoxylin. Scoring of the Cyclin D1, Ki-67, ER and progesterone receptor (PR) reactivity, was performed by using the Allred method13, which classifies tumors into three groups: negative/weak (scores 0–2), moderate (scores 3–5) and strong (scores 6–8).
To analyze the amplification of CCND1, we used chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), in which paraffin-embedded tissue sections were fixed in neutral buffered formalin for 12–24 hours before use. Tissue sections (4–5 µm thickness) were mounted on Superfrost/Plus microscope slides. Deparaffinized slides were heated above 98°C for 15 min. in tissue heat pre-treatment solution and incubated for enzyme digestion for 10 min. After denaturation and hybridization, CISH staining results were visualized with a standard brightfield microscope and a 40x dry lens. The presence of ≥5 individual signals, within the nuclei of a single cell is indicative of positive reactivity. The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Advanced 20.0 statistical software, reference: 5725-A54. Correlations of Cyclin D1 and CCND1 to other clinicopathologic parameters were evaluated using Pearson's correlation test (r). P value <0.05 was considered as significant.
Results
The clinicopathological characteristics of the patients are mentioned in table 1. The grade SBR II was dominant (63.1%). Tumor sizes exceed 2 cm in 92% of the patients, and 60.9% had positive lymph nodes. The immunohistochemical staining showed overexpression of ER and PR in 79.7% and 68.8% of cases respectively. Ki-67 was overexpressed in 66.7% of tumors and Cyclin D1 overexpression was observed in 78 (56.5%) cases. The CCND1 gene was amplified in 17 (12.3%) cases.
The results of the clinicopathological characteristics of the tumors in relation to the expression of Cyclin D1 are shown in Table 2. Cyclin D1 expression was found in 78 (56.5%) cases, whose 52.6% expressed it moderately and 47.4% were strongly positive. The majority of cases, 53 cases (67.9%) were in the ≥50 year age group. The maximum number of cases (51/78) 65.4% had grade SBR II. (48/78) 61.5% cases had positive lymph nodes and 70.5% of tumors were >2 cm. There was no significant correlation between overexpression of Cyclin D1 and age of patients (r = 0.161/ P = 0.060), grade SBR (r = −0.05/P = 0.518), lymph node status (r = −0.01/ P = 0.833), size of tumors (r = 0.11/ P = 0.186). There was a significant correlation between high Cyclin D1 expression and hormone receptors including ER and PR (r = 0.52/ P = <0.001 and r = 0.26/ P = 0.002). Cyclin D1 overexpression was significantly correlated with proliferation marker Ki-67 (r = 0.19/ P = 0.022).
Table 2.
Correlation of Cyclin D1 expression with clinicopathological parameters
| Parameters | Negative/weak | Moderate | Strong Cyclin | r/P-values |
| Cyclin D1 expression | Cyclin D1 expression | D1 expression | ||
| Age of patients (years) | ||||
| < 50 | 29 (21%) | 15 (10.9%) | 10 (7.2%) | 0.161/0.060 |
| ≥ 50 | 31 (22.5%) | 26 (18.8%) | 27 (19.6%) | |
| SBR grade | ||||
| I | 2 (1.4%) | 0 | 0 | −0.05/0.518 |
| II | 36 (26.1%) | 23 (16.7%) | 28 (20.3%) | |
| III | 22 (15.9%) | 18 (13.1%) | 9 (6.5%) | |
| Lymph node status | ||||
| Negative | 24 (17.4%) | 14 (10.1%) | 16 (11.6%) | −0.01/0.833 |
| Positive | 36 (26.1%) | 27 (19.6%) | 21 (15.2%) | |
| Tumors size (cm) | ||||
| < 2 cm | 5 (3.6%) | 5 (3.6%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.11/0.186 |
| 2 – 5 cm | 46 (33.3%) | 28 (20.3%) | 27 (19.6%) | |
| > 5 cm | 9 (6.5%) | 8 (5.8%) | 9 (6.5%) | |
| Estrogen receptor status | ||||
| Negative | 16 (11.6%) | 10 (7.2%) | 2 (1.4%) | 0.52/<0.001 |
| Positive | 44 (31.9%) | 31 (22.5%) | 35 (25.4%) | |
| Progesterone receptor status | ||||
| Negative | 23 (16.7%) | 12 (8.7%) | 8 (5.8%) | 0.26/0.002 |
| Positive | 37 (26.8%) | 29 (21%) | 29 (21%) | |
| Ki-67 proliferation marker status | ||||
| Negative | 25 (18.1%) | 13 (9.4%) | 8 (5.8%) | 0.19/0.022 |
| Positive | 35 (25.4%) | 28 (20.3%) | 29 (21%) | |
The results of the clinicopathological parameters in relation to the CCND1 status are shown in Table 3. CCND1 amplification was found in 17 (12.3%) cases whose 14 cases presented >10 copies of the gene present per nucleus in >50% cancer cells. CCND1 was correlated with hormone receptor positivity ER (r = 0.28/ P = 0.003) and PR (r = 0.22/ P = 0.030) while there was no correlation with proliferation marker Ki-67 (r = 0.15/ P = 0.080). CCND1 amplification was not significantly related in our study to age of patients (r = −0.11/ P = 0.202), SBR grade (r = −0.07/ P = 0.361), lymph node status (r = -0.01/ P = 0.855) and tumors size (r = 0.05/ P = 0.559).
Table 3.
Correlation of CCND1 amplification with clinicopathological parameters
| Parameters | CCND1 non-amplified | CCND1 amplified | r/P-values |
| Age of patients (years) | |||
| < 50 | 46 (33.3%) | 8 (5.8%) | −0.11/0.202 |
| ≥ 50 | 75 (54.4%) | 9 (6.5%) | |
| SBR grade | |||
| I | 2 (1.4%) | 0 | −0.07/0.361 |
| II | 74 (53.6%) | 13 (9.4%) | |
| III | 45 (32.6%) | 4 (2.9%) | |
| Lymph node status | |||
| negative | 47 (34.1%) | 7 (5.1%) | −0.01/0.855 |
| Positive | 74 (53.6%) | 10 (7.2) | |
| Tumors size (cm) | |||
| < 2 cm | 11 (8%) | 0 | 0.05/0.559 |
| 2 – 5 cm | 87 (63%) | 14 (10.1%) | |
| > 5 cm | 23 (16.7%) | 3 (2.2%) | |
| Estrogen receptor status | |||
| negative | 25 (18.1%) | 3 (2.2%) | 0.28/0.003 |
| Positive | 96 (69.6%) | 14 (10.1%) | |
| Progesterone receptor status | |||
| negative | 39 (28.3%) | 4 (2.9%) | 0.22/0.030 |
| Positive | 82 (59.5%) | 28 (20.3%) | |
| Ki-67 proliferation marker status | |||
| negative | 43 (31.2%) | 3 (2.2%) | 0.15/0.080 |
| Positive | 78 (56.5%) | 14 (10.1%) | |
Parameters
Correlation of Cyclin D1 expression with CCND1 amplification:
Gene amplification of CCND1 was observed in moderate and strong Cyclin D1 expression subgroups (Table 4). Among the 17 patients with amplification of CCND1 (>5 copies), 13 (76.5%) showed a strong expression of Cyclin D1, whereas 4/17 showed moderate expression. Tumors with non-amplified CCND1 gene were also observed in moderate and strong sub-groups with low frequencies corresponding to 30.6% and 19.8% respectively. A good association was found between CCND1 amplification and Cyclin D1 overexpression (Table 4, P < 0.001). This correlation was very high (r = 0.42 / p < 0.01) in hormone receptor-positive tumors.
Table 4.
Correlation of Cyclin D1 expression with CCND1 amplification
| Cyclin D1 expression | ||||
| Parameters | Negative/weak | Cyclin D1 expression Moderate | Strong | r/P-values |
| CCND1 gene status | 0.42/<0.001 | |||
| Non-amplified (< 5 copies) | 60 (49.6%) | 37 (30.6%) | 24 (19.8%) | |
| Amplified (>5 copies) | 0 | 4 (23.5%) | 13 (76.5%) | |
Discussion
In the present study, we have firstly examined the Cyclin D1 expressions by IHC and correlate it with ER, PR, Ki-67 and other clinicopathological parameters, on the other hand, we examined by CISH the copies number of CCND1 gene in invasive ductal breast cancer in relation to Cyclin D1 protein expression.
Cyclin D1 is necessary for the normal development of the breast and dysregulated expression stimulates aberrant mammary epithelial proliferation14. In the current study, Cyclin D1 overexpression was found in 56.5% of cases which is in concordance with many of the similar studies15–14,17 who showed that Cyclin D1 was overexpressed in 60% – 63.4% of breast carcinomas. We found that Cyclin D1 was significantly correlated with ER+ breast cancer, these results is comparable to other study6,18 on invasive breast carcinoma where they found a positive correlation of Cyclin D1 overexpression with ER expression. This can be explained by the positive regulation of ER by Cyclin D1 in breast cancer cell lines where Cyclin D1 has been shown to join directly and activate the estrogen receptor alpha (ER) in a cdk- and pRB-independent fashion10,19. This finding, that overexpressed Cyclin D1 can activate the ER independently, has the potential to add a crucial dimension to our understanding of mammary carcinogenesis20–22. In the current study, we found a significant correlation between Cyclin D1 and Ki-67, which is linked to a more aggressive tumor phenotype, these results are is in accordance with a previous study23 who believe that tumors with overexpression of Cyclin D1 have a higher growth potential and favor the progression of the cell cycle more easily resulting in the overexpression of Ki-67.
The other clinicopathological parameters like SBR grade, tumor size and lymph nodes status were no correlated with Cyclin D1 overexpression in our study; this is in agreement with previous studies18,24,25 demonstrating that no significant association between these parameters and Cyclin D1 overexpression.
Given that amplification of CCND1 is one of the reasons for Cyclin D1 overexpression in breast cancer, we have tried to correlate them. We found an excellent correlation between CCND1 amplification and Cyclin D1 overexpression, particularly in ER+ tumors; this result is in agreement with many previous studies6,15,16,18.
Conclusion
Our results confirmed a high correlation of Cyclin D1 expression and CCND1 amplification in ER+ breast cancer; hence it would be useful to identify a subset of patients with ER+ breast cancer for which CCND1 amplification should be considered for diagnosis and treatment.
Our results also showed that high expression of Cyclin D1 is not always resulting to CCND1 amplification suggesting that its association with other clinicopathological parameters is also responsible for this overexpression. Finally, because of its established role as a major human oncogene, direct targeting of the Cyclin D1 protein or CCND1 gene may prove successful.
Conflict of interest
None.
References
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