Table 1. Selection and exclusion criteria for NIPPV and indications of IPPV.
IPPV, Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation; NIPPV, Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation; PaO2, Partial Pressure of Oxygen; PaCO2, Partial Pressure of Carbon dioxide.
| Criteria | Severity |
| Selection criteria for NIPPV (at least two should be present) | Moderate to severe dyspnea with use of accessory muscles and paradoxical abdominal motion |
| Moderate to severe acidosis (pH 7.30–7.35) and hypercapnia (PaCO2 45–60 mmHg) | |
| Respiratory frequency > 25 breaths/minute | |
| Moderate to severe hypoxemia (PaO2 < 60 and PaCO2 <45 mmHg) | |
| Exclusion criteria for NIPPV (any of these may be present) | Respiratory arrest |
| Cardiovascular instability (hypotension, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction) | |
| Somnolence, impaired mental status, uncooperative patient | |
| High aspiration risk; viscous or copious secretions | |
| Extreme obesity | |
| Recent facial or gastroesophageal surgery | |
| Craniofacial trauma, fixed nasopharyngeal abnormalities | |
| Indications of IPPV | Severe dyspnea with use of accessory muscles and paradoxical abdominal motion |
| Respiratory frequency > 35 breaths/min | |
| Life-threatening hypoxemia (PaO2 40 mmHg) | |
| Severe acidosis (pH < 7.25) and hypercapnia (PaCO2 > 60 mmHg) | |
| Respiratory arrest | |
| Somnolence, impaired mental status | |
| Cardiovascular complications (hypotension, shock, heart failure) | |
| Other complications (metabolic abnormalities, sepsis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, barotrauma, massive pleural effusion) | |
| NIPPV failure |