Abstract
Background
The awareness of symptoms and action towards heart attack and stroke is important to reduce the morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke among lay public in Malaysia. The questionnaire was developed in both English and Bahasa Melayu.
Methods
Primarily the questions were generated in English. Face and content validity were performed by five experts in Pharmacy Practice and Medicine. A translation as per guidelines into Malay language was performed; followed by face-to-face interview of 96 lay public in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. For internal consistency, reliability was assessed utilizing Cronbach’s alpha.
Results
The mean ± SD of the awareness and action towards heart attack symptoms and risk factors was 65.52 ± 6.3, with a good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.75), whereas the mean of the awareness and action towards stroke symptoms and risk factors was 61.93 ± 7.11, with an accepted internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.86).
Conclusion
The current validation research showed that the developed questionnaire is valid and reliable for assessing the awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke among lay public in Malaysia.
Keywords: Reliability, Validity, Questionnaire development, Awareness, Heart attack, Stroke, Symptoms, Risk factors, Kuantan, Malaysia
Background
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been documented as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that about 17.9 million individuals passed away due to CVDs in 2016, which accounted for 31% of all deaths in the world. Out of this number, 85% (15.2 million) were attributed to heart attack and stroke [1]. In fact, stroke is a major problem in both developing and developed countries; however, it is documented that mortality rate increases since the time elapsed from the first onset of stroke symptoms, making early hospitalization a crucial factor to decrease morbidity and mortality. Additionally, better control of risk factors associated with stroke provides better management and prevention. Thus, it is imperative to improve public awareness regarding stroke and its risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, stress and physical inactivity [2].
On the other hand, coronary heart disease (CHD), has contributed significantly to mortality cases [3]. With respect to Malaysia, CHD was reported by WHO to account for 23.1% (29363) deaths of all mortality cases in 2014 [4]. With regard to the statistics on the causes of mortality in Malaysia in 2017, ischemic heart disease accounted for 13.9% of all deaths [5]. Myocardial Infarction (MI) is a time-dependent illness, in which the patients’ admission to the hospital at early time yields a significant positive outcome, while pre-hospital delay affects negatively in all patients with respect to their quality of life. For instance, primary percutaneous coronary intervention rely on the time the symptoms appear and their management; therefore, early symptoms recognition and prompt care are important [6]. In fact, post MI symptoms onset, each half an hour delay in reperfusion results in increase in mortality rate by 1.5% [7]. In contrast, the mortality rate has been shown to improve by 23% when reperfusion occurs within three hours and by 50% within one hour, following MI symptoms onset [8].
In fact, there are several modifiable risk factors that lead to CHD, such as unhealthy foods/drinks (e.g., fast foods, trans fats, fizzy drinks), obesity, lack of physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol. On the other hand, awareness towards CVDs, i.e., heart attack and stroke, and its controllable risk factors is imperative, as it might lead to improvement in individual’s lifestyle and motivation to seek medical assistance at emergency department, which if done at early stage can lead to remarkable reduction of morbidity and mortality [9]. This highlights the importance of exploring individual’s knowledge regarding CVDs; however, few studies assessed CVDs risk factors knowledge among general public [10–12]. Furthermore, and focusing in Malaysia, there is a paucity of research which focus to explore the awareness towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke in lay public of Malaysia. However, prior to run main research, a development of questionnaire in English and Bahasa Melayu (BM) languages was performed.
The main objective of this study is to develop a questionnaire to assess the awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke among the lay public. The current research also focused in translating the developed questionnaire into BM language, and to examine its validity and reliability (internal consistency), as well as to assess the awareness among the respondents in this pilot study.
Methods
Design and participants
This was a cross-sectional pilot study that was performed among lay public in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. As suggested by Rattray and Jones [13], a sample size of fewer than 100 subjects is adequate for questionnaire design and development. Hence, a total of 96 individuals was recruited through convenience sampling by visiting crowded areas such as markets and shopping malls, but all healthcare facilities were excluded. Those who were 18–64 years old were included while any healthcare professionals or academicians related to any healthcare discipline were excluded. Participants were interviewed by two trained personnel, who speak both BM and English. The study objectives were fully explained to all participants who provided a written informed consent. All participants were assured that their confidentiality to be maintained, and that information collected will only be used for research purposes. The study was approved by the International Islamic University Malaysia Research Ethics committee (IREC 2018–132, dated March 12, 2018).
Questionnaire development
The questionnaire was first developed in English language, which was adapted from several studies that had been conducted among different races worldwide (Australia, Greece, Iran, Japan, and Korea; [6, 14–18]). We also used questionnaires from two studies that were conducted among all races in Penang, Malaysia [9, 11]. The questions then strengthened to address the study objectives. The initial questionnaire consisted of 18 questions: 11 on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack, and 7 on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of stroke. However, the final questionnaire comprised of 14 questions; eight questions on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and six questions on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of stroke. Demographic characteristics were also addressed.
The final draft of the questionnaire was established after sending it to five professionals in this field, who evaluated it for face and content validity. Necessary amendments were done after the inclusion of experts’ opinions.
Translation
In concordance with the guidelines recommended by Guillemin et al. [19] and Beaton et al. [20], the BM-version of the questionnaire was generated. Firstly, two qualified independent linguistic translators, whose mother tongue is BM and proficient in English, translated the questions from English to BM. To ensure the quality of the translation, only one of the translators knew the purpose of the study. Following that, a Malaysian expert who works as a researcher revised the two primary versions and compared them with the original English version. As a result, the first version of the Malay questionnaire was made.
In the second stage, back translation was performed from BM to English by another two Malaysian translators, who were proficient in both English and BM and did not know the purpose of the study. The back-translated English questionnaire was compared with the original English questionnaire and, as a result, the second version of the English translated questionnaire was made.
The last stage included the distribution of BM questionnaire to 10 lay public respondents, who answered and commented on the questionnaire.
The researchers further discussed all questionnaire versions, while also considered respondents’ comments. Necessary amendments were made, yielding the final BM version of the questionnaire for the reliability and validity study.
Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed after they were collected using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25), and descriptive and inferential statistics applied. Descriptive analyses were performed to describe the variables. A reliability test was performed to ascertain Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (internal consistency and corrected item-total correlation). Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test were also carried out to address the relationship between variables and awareness of all five-heart attack and stroke symptoms.
Results
Data description
A total of 96 participants were included in the final analysis. Majority of them were males (n = 52, 54.2%). Thirty-three participants (34.4%) aged 18 to 25 years old, 25% (n = 24) aged 26 to 35 years old, 18.8% (n = 18) aged 36 to 45 years old, 9.4% (n = 9) aged 46 to 55 years old and 12.5% (n = 12) aged 56 to 64 years old. Most of participants were single (n = 51, 53.1%), while 51% participants (n = 49) reported high school education. Most of them were employed (n = 59, 61.5%), Malay (n = 74, 77.1%) and with a monthly income of less than US$ 500 (n = 66, 68.8%). Half of the participants reported to be healthy (n = 48, 50%). Of the participants, 13.5% had hypertension (n = 13), 11.5% had diabetes (n = 11), 15.6% had dyslipidemia (n = 15), 5.2% had heart disease (n = 5) and only four had stroke. Details of participants’ sociodemographic characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants (N = 96)
| Variables | F | % |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 52 | 54.2 |
| Female | 44 | 45.8 |
| Age (years) | ||
| 18–25 | 33 | 34.4 |
| 26–35 | 24 | 25 |
| 36–45 | 18 | 18.8 |
| 46–55 | 9 | 9.4 |
| 56–64 | 12 | 12.5 |
| Marital Status | ||
| Single | 51 | 53.1 |
| Married | 45 | 46.9 |
| Divorced | 0 | 0.0 |
| Widow | 0 | 0.0 |
| Education | ||
| Lower school | 7 | 7.3 |
| Seconder school | 49 | 51 |
| Undergraduate | 12 | 12.5 |
| Diploma | 18 | 18.8 |
| Master | 7 | 7.3 |
| Others | 3 | 3.1 |
| Employment Status | ||
| House wife | 2 | 2.1 |
| Employed | 59 | 61.5 |
| self-employed | 13 | 13.5 |
| Unemployed | 3 | 3.1 |
| Student | 13 | 13.5 |
| Retired | 6 | 6.3 |
| Race | ||
| Malay | 74 | 77.1 |
| Chinese | 16 | 16.7 |
| Indians | 3 | 3.1 |
| Others | 3 | 3.1 |
| Monthly income | ||
| < 500 USD | 66 | 68.8 |
| 500-less1000 USD | 17 | 17.7 |
| 1000–1500 USD | 13 | 13.5 |
| > 1500 USD | 0 | 0.0 |
| Hypertension | 13 | 13.5 |
| Diabetes | 11 | 11.5 |
| Dyslipidemia | 15 | 15.6 |
| Heart diseases | 5 | 5.2 |
| Stroke | 4 | 4.2 |
| Other diseases | 2 | 2.1 |
Reliability
Internal consistency reliability
Mean of the awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack was 65.52 ± 6.36, and for stroke was 61.93 ± 7.11. Additionally, Cronbach’s alpha of internal consistency was 0.79 and 0.83, respectively, which reveal good reliability of both tools. The internal consistency was determined by eight questions on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and six questions on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of stroke. The item-total correlations between questions of both tools are demonstrated in Tables 2 and 3.
Table 2.
Reliability tests of 8 items of awareness and action toward heart attack symptoms and risk factors
| Questions | Corrected Item-Total Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted |
|---|---|---|
| Q1-Have you ever heard about heart attack? | 0.372 | .785 |
| Q2-Do you know anyone who had heart attack before? | 0.274 | .786 |
|
Q3- Have you ever received any information related to heart attack? (e.g. Heart attack-related public service announcements, promotional materials, educational leaflets or attended any seminar on heart attack) A- Yes or NO If yes, please specify: What the source of information you received? |
0 .497 | .779 |
| 3b-have you ever received any information related to heart attack by TV? | .275 | .786 |
| 3c-have you ever received any information related to heart attack by internet? | .238 | .788 |
| 3d-have you ever received any information related to heart attack by Books? | .145 | .790 |
| 3e-have you ever received any information related to heart attack by media? | .302 | .785 |
| 3f-have you ever received any information related to heart attack by promotional leaflets? | .138 | .790 |
| 3 g-have you ever received any information related to heart attack by Health care professionals? | .188 | .789 |
| 3 h-have you ever received any information related to heart attack by seminars? | .225 | .788 |
| 3i-have you ever received any information related to heart attack by others? | .096 | .791 |
|
Q4- How do you identify the symptoms of heart attack? If you think the following symptoms are related to the symptoms of heart attack, please answer ‘Yes’; if you do not think so, answer ‘No’; if you are unsure, answer ‘I do not know’. |
||
| 4a- Do you think sudden pain or discomfort in jaw, neck, or back? | .359 | .782 |
| 4b- Do you think weakness or dizziness? | .438 | .778 |
| 4c-Do you think sudden pain or discomfort able in the chest? | .345 | .783 |
| 4d-Do you think sudden disturbance of vision in one or both eyes? | .251 | .789 |
| 4e- Do you think sudden pain or discomfort in arms or shoulders? | .353 | .783 |
| 4f- Do you think sudden shortness of breath? | .299 | .785 |
| Q5-sudden heart attack requires a prompt treatment? | .318 | .785 |
| Q6-If someone shows signs and symptoms of heart attack, what do you think should do first? | ||
| 6a-Take them to hospital. | −.137 | .801 |
| 6b- Call his/her doctors | −.217 | .794 |
| 6c- Call an ambulance. | .050 | .794 |
| 6d- Call police. | .047 | .791 |
| 6e- Contact their family. | −.148 | .793 |
| 6f- Other actions? | .119 | .791 |
| 6 g- Do not know | −.378 | .794 |
| Q7 (If you want to call an ambulance do you know the phone number | .274 | .786 |
| 7a-If yes (Please specify the phone number) | .271 | .786 |
| Q8-Have you heard about the risk factors of heart attack? | .363 | .784 |
| 8a- Do you think smoking are the major factor of heart attack? | .242 | .787 |
| 8b- Do you think obesity are the major factors of heart attack? | .335 | .784 |
| 8c- Do you think diabetes are the major factors of heart attack? | .349 | .784 |
| 8d- Do you think exercise are the major factors of heart attack? | .301 | .785 |
| 8e- Do you think unhealthy diet are the major factors of heart attack? | .358 | .783 |
| 8f- Do you think stress are the major factors of heart attack? | .455 | .780 |
| 8 g- Do you think high blood pressure are the major factors of heart attack? | .504 | .777 |
| 8 h- Do you think alcohol is the major factors of heart attack? | .366 | .783 |
| 8i- Do you think genetic is the major factors of heart attack? | .249 | .787 |
| 8j- Do you think atrial fibrillation is the major fact of heart attack? | .311 | .785 |
| 8 k- Do you think high cholesterol is the major factor of heart attack? | .371 | .783 |
| 8 l- Do you think lack of exercise is the major factors of heart attack? | .316 | .785 |
| 8 m- Do you think heart disease is the major factor of heart attack? | .193 | .789 |
Table 3.
Reliability test of 6 questions of awareness and action towards stroke signs, symptoms and risk factors
| Questions | Corrected Item-Total Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted |
|---|---|---|
| Q1-Have you heard about term of stroke? | .418 | .857 |
| Q2-Do you know anyone who had stroke? | .522 | .852 |
|
Q3- How do you identify the warning signs and symptoms of stroke? If you think the following signs and symptoms are related to the symptoms and signs of stroke, Pleas answer ‘Yes’; if you do not think so, answer ‘No’; if you are unsure, answer ‘I do not know’. |
||
| 3a-Do you think sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech is a stroke symptom? | .440 | .856 |
| 3b-Do you think sudden nosebleed is a stroke symptom? | .516 | .852 |
| 3c-Do you think sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm or leg is a symptom of stroke? | .515 | .852 |
| 3d-Do you think sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes is a stroke symptom? | .494 | .854 |
| 3e-Do you think sudden vomiting is a stroke symptom? (trap question) | .451 | .854 |
| 3f- Do you think sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination are stroke symptoms? | .574 | .850 |
| 3 g-Do you think sudden severe headache with no known cause is a stroke symptom? | .553 | .851 |
| 3 h-Do you think high temperature is a symptom of stroke? | .549 | .851 |
| Q4- How do you identify the risk factors of stroke? (Select more than one option if necessary) | ||
| 4a-Do you think Smoking is the risk factor of stroke? | .433 | .855 |
| 4b-Do you think Cough is the risk factor of stroke? (trap question) | .152 | .861 |
| 4c- Do you think Lack of exercise is the risk factor of stroke? | .421 | .855 |
| 4d- Do you think High blood pressure is the risk factor of stroke? | .437 | .855 |
| 4e- Do you think Heart disease is the risk factor of stroke? | .541 | .852 |
| 4f- Do you think Family history is the risk factor of stroke? | .399 | .856 |
| 4 g- Do you think High level of cholesterol is the risk factor of stroke? | .523 | .853 |
| 4 h- Do you think Obesity or Overweight is the risk factor of stroke? | .561 | .852 |
| 4i- Do you think Diabetes is the risk factor of stroke? | .344 | .857 |
| 4j- Do you think Unhealthy diet is the risk factor of stroke? | .489 | .854 |
| 4 k- Do you think Stress is the risk factor of stroke? | .436 | .855 |
| 4 l- Do you think an Alcohol is stroke risk factors? | .481 | .854 |
| 4 m-Do you think Atrial fibrillation is stroke risk factors? | .477 | .854 |
| Q5-Do you think Stroke requires a prompt treatment? | .189 | .860 |
| Q6- If someone shows signs and symptoms of stroke, what do you think you should do first? (Please choose just one) | ||
| 6a-Give them Aspirin | .000 | .862 |
| 6b- Contact him/her family | −.025 | .863 |
| 6c- take them to the hospital, or clink | −.235 | .871 |
| 6d- Call an ambulance) (this is the appropriate action | .047 | .864 |
| 6e- call health care provider | .011 | .862 |
Test-retest reliability
Investigation of the pre-test and post-test of the reliability with a period of 2 weeks for 10 participants displayed satisfactory reliability and stability, with a Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient value equals to 0.775 (p = 0.008) for awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and 0.954 (p = 0.00) for awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of stroke.
Validity
Awareness of heart attack groups validity
Married participants showed higher awareness on all five symptoms of heart attack compared to single participants (P = 0.033). Furthermore, Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to examine the differences on awareness of all five heart attack symptoms according to education, monthly income, race, and employed status. We found a significant difference between those who have high and low monthly income, respondents who have higher income (1000-1500US) illustrated better awareness on five HAS than low income (Chi-square = 6.277, P = 0.043, df = 2). However, there was no significant differences between education, race, age and employment status with awareness of five heart attack symptoms (Chi-square = 8.573, p = 0.073, df = 4), (Chi-square = 3.303, p = 0.347, df = 4), (Chi-square = 2.760, p = 0.599, df = 4) and (Chi-square = 7.461, p = 189, df = 5), respectively. Moreover, those who had risk factors of CVDs such as diabetes and dyslipidemia showed greater awareness of the five heart attack symptoms (HAS) than those with no CVDs risk factors (P = 0.007, 0.002 respectively) as in Table 4.
Table 4.
Correlation between awareness of all five HAS and participants demographic
| Parameters | N | Awareness of all five HAS Mean Rank |
Awareness of all five HAS Median |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 52 | 48.69 | 4 | 0.87 |
| Female | 44 | 48.27 | 3 | |
| Age | ||||
| 18–25 | 33 | 46.45 | 1 | 0.60 |
| 26–35 | 24 | 49.00 | 2 | |
| 36–45 | 18 | 47.67 | 1 | |
| 46–55 | 9 | 50.33 | 1 | |
| 56–64 | 12 | 53.00 | 2 | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 51 | 45.94 | 1 | 0.033 |
| Married | 45 | 51.40 | 6 | |
| Race | ||||
| Malay | 74 | 48.24 | 5 | 0.35 |
| Chinese | 16 | 48.00 | 1 | |
| Indians | 3 | 45.00 | 0 | |
| Others | 3 | 61.00 | 1 | |
| Education | ||||
| Lower school | 7 | 50.14 | 1 | 0.07 |
| High school | 49 | 44.45 | 1 | |
| Undergraduate | 12 | 51.25 | 2 | |
| Diploma | 18 | 46.08 | 1 | |
| Master | 7 | 56.79 | 1 | |
| PHD | – | – | – | |
| Employment | ||||
| House wife | 2 | 45.00 | 0 | 0.194 |
| Employed | 59 | 48.25 | 4 | |
| Self-employed | 13 | 45.00 | 0 | |
| Unemployed | 3 | 45.00 | 0 | |
| Students | 13 | 48.69 | 1 | |
| Retired | 6 | 61.00 | 2 | |
| Monthly income | ||||
| Less than 500 US | 66 | 47.91 | 4 | 0.043 |
| 500–1000 US | 17 | 45.00 | 0 | |
| 1000–1500 US | 13 | 56.08 | 3 | |
| Know someone have past heart attack | ||||
| Yes | 89 | 51.72 | 6 | 0.009 |
| No | 7 | 45.00 | 1 | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 11 | 58.09 | 3 | 0.007 |
| No | 85 | 47.26 | 4 | |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||
| Yes | 15 | 57.80 | 4 | 0.002 |
| No | 81 | 46.78 | 3 | |
HAS heart attack symptoms
Values in bold are statistically significant
Awareness of all five heart attack symptoms and appropriate action validity
The Kruskal- Wallis test demonstrated significant differences in social demographic characteristic between awareness of all five HAS and its appropriate action (HAS-A). Respondents who have high education and high monthly income represented good awareness on HAS-A than those with low education and income (Chi-square = 17.801, P = 0.001, df = 4) and (Chi-square = 5.050, P = 0.08, df = 2), respectively. Mann-Whitney test also showed that those who have diabetes or dyslipidemia had better awareness of all five HAS and its appropriate action (U = 393, p = 0.014) and (U = 493, p = 0.001), respectively, as shown in Table 5. Likewise, Kruskal-Wallis test displayed significant differences of employment status, in which retired and students showed the highest awareness of all five HAS-A (Chi-square = 14.873, p = 0.011, df = 5).
Table 5.
Differences of HAS-A awareness by social characteristics
| Parameters | Number of respondents | Awareness of all five HAS and action (Mean Rank) |
Awareness of all five HAS and action (Median) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education | ||||
| Lower school | 7 | 45.00 | 0 | 0.001 * |
| High school | 49 | 45.00 | 0 | |
| Undergraduate | 12 | 52.00 | 2 | |
| Diploma | 18 | 45.00 | 0 | |
| Master | 7 | 58.29 | 2 | |
| PHD | – | – | – | |
| Employments | ||||
| House wife | 2 | 46.50 | 0 | 0.01 * |
| Employed | 59 | 47.31 | 1 | |
| Self-employed | 13 | 46.50 | 0 | |
| Unemployed | 3 | 46.50 | 0 | |
| Students | 13 | 50.19 | 1 | |
| Retired | 6 | 62.50 | 2 | |
| Diabetic | ||||
| Yes | 11 | 55.23 | 2 | 0.014 ** |
| No | 85 | 47.63 | 2 | |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||
| Yes | 15 | 56.10 | 3 | 0.001 ** |
| No | 81 | 47.09 | 1 | |
*Kruskal-Wallis test, **Mann- Whitney U test
HAS heart attack symptoms, HAS-A HAS and appropriate action
Values in bold are statistically significant
Further analysis showed that Malays and Chinese had more awareness of all five heart attack symptoms than Indians; however, there was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.352), in addition, Chinese reported more knowledge of all five HAS and action towards HAS than Malays and Indians, with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.933; Table 6).
Table 6.
Differences in awareness and knowledge towards HAS and action among different races
| Awareness of HAS and action towards HAS | ||
|---|---|---|
| Race | N | Mean Rank |
| Malay | 74 | 47.14 |
| Chinese | 16 | 46.91 |
| Indians | 3 | 44.05 |
| Others | 3 | 61.00 |
| Knowledge of HAS and action towards HAS | ||
| Race | N | Mean Rank |
| Malay | 74 | 48.89 |
| Chinese | 16 | 49.91 |
| Indians | 3 | 46.00 |
| Others | 3 | 46.00 |
*Kruskal-Wallis Test p < 0.05
Regarding stroke awareness among different races, although no significant difference yielded (P = 0.49), Chinese showed the highest awareness towards all five stroke symptoms and action towards stroke, followed by Malays and Indians. (Table 7).
Table 7.
Differences in awareness towards stroke symptoms and action among different races
| Race | N | Mean Rank |
|---|---|---|
| Malay | 74 | 46.27 |
| Chinese | 16 | 51.22 |
| Indians | 3 | 42.50 |
| Others | 3 |
*Kruskal-Wallis Test
Awareness of stroke symptom validity
Mann-Whitney U test revealed significant differences between participants who have diabetes, previous heart diseases, dyslipidemia, and past stroke with awareness of all five stroke symptoms (U = 328, p = 0.039), (U = 103, p = 0.008), (U = 426, p = 0.019) and (U = 94, p = 0.034), respectively. Those who have risk factors of stroke reported better awareness on all five stroke symptoms than others without these condition as Table 8 shows. However, Kurskal-Wallis Test was done to determine the differences on awareness of all five stroke symptoms with social demographics. There was no significant differences between those with high education and low education (Chi-square = 2.200, p = 0.699, df = 4), or those with high monthly income and low monthly income (Chi-square = 4.356, p = 0.113, df = 2).
Table 8.
Relationship between awareness of all five stroke symptoms and participants with risk factors of stroke
| Parameters | Number of participants | Mean rank | Median | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 11 | 61.18 | 6 | 0.039 * |
| No | 85 | 46.86 | 21 | |
| Heart diseases | ||||
| Yes | 5 | 73.40 | 4 | 0.008 * |
| No | 91 | 47.13 | 23 | |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||
| Yes | 15 | 60.60 | 8 | 0.019 * |
| No | 81 | 46.26 | 19 | |
| Past stroke | ||||
| Yes | 4 | 71.00 | 3 | 0.034 * |
| No | 92 | 47.52 | 24 | |
* Mann-Whitney U Test
Values in bold are statistically significant
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first study in Malaysia to develop and validate BM questionnaire to assess the awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke in lay public. It can be considered a reliable instrument for future research to gauge lay public of the awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke.
Several questionnaires had been developed for measuring awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke in different countries. Using such tools can provide interesting findings, yet other factors should be considered that might affect respondents’ responses, such as education, monthly income, age or residency [14, 21–29].
Following the development of the questionnaire in English, we followed the recommended guidelines of Guillemin et al. [19] and Beaton et al. [20] to translate the questionnaire to BM, which is the official language of Malaysia.
The original questionnaire developed and validated (face and content validity) to become relatively simple and understandable among Malaysian people. We obtained a reliable questionnaire, as an internal consistency coefficient of the final BM version was good for both heart attack and stroke. Nunally and Bernstein [30] recommended a minimum Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.70 for a reliable questionnaire.
The awareness group validity represented that participants who had high level of education, high monthly income and risk factors of heart attack and stroke showed higher awareness on all five-heart attack and stroke symptoms than others without these conditions. The significant differences between the total awareness of all five symptoms of both heart attack and stroke of those who had high level of education and income as well as those who have risk factors of HAS and stroke symptoms revealed that the questionnaire had a good construct validity.
The result of this study showed that the developed translated questionnaire measures the awareness of symptoms of heart attack and stroke among general Malaysian people. Study findings also revealed that how education, monthly income and risk factors of both HA and stroke can impact the awareness of heart attack and stroke symptoms, which was similar to studies conducted in the US [28] and Korea [31]. These studies reported that respondents who had high education, high monthly income and risk factors of heart attack have good awareness of heart attack symptoms.
Current study reported that participants who aged 35 to 64 had better awareness of HA symptoms; however, this difference was not significant, which probably due to the fact that older participants had more experience in life and more educated than younger participants; consistent with other studies in Korea [31] and the US [24]. Moreover, there was a significant association between awareness of all five-heart attack and appropriate action with employment status. Students and retired showed more awareness of all five heart attack symptoms and appropriate action than housewives, employed/unemployed individuals that was similar with a study in Singapore [3]. Additionally, the findings of the current study reported no significant differences with gender, age, and race.
With regards to stroke domain, significant differences between respondents who have risk factors of stroke and awareness of all five stroke symptoms were noted; presumably because participants who have risk factors of stroke have more knowledge of symptoms and risk factors, or either they received extensive information from their healthcare professionals. No significant differences between awareness of all five stroke symptoms and gender, education, employment status and monthly income reported.
Strengths and limitations
This is the first study that comprehensively explored lay public awareness and action towards heart attack and stroke in Malaysia. Being reliable and valid, the questionnaire developed in this study can also be successfully used in future research. A limitation of our study is the moderately small sample size; however, according to previous research, a sample of fewer than 100 subjects is adequate for a pilot study. A second limitation is the convenience sampling that could result in selection bias introduced by the interviewers.
Conclusion
The current pilot study shows that the developed questionnaire is a reliable and valid measure of all aspects of participants’ awareness of symptoms and action towards heart attack and stroke. It can be also useful in studying the relationship between respondents’ sociodemographic and their awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all participants who participate in this study.
Abbreviations
- BM
Bashas Melayu
- CHD
Coronary heart disease
- CVDs
Cardiovascular diseases
- HA
Heart attack
- HAS
Heart attack symptoms
- HAS-A
Heart attack symptoms and appropriate action
- WHO
World Health Organization
Authors’ contributions
This paper is a part of AAAA Master’s degree. This research was performed by AAAA and supervised by AKMA, SJ this research was designed by AAAA, AKMA, and SJ The ethical approval was obtained by AAAA, AKMA and SJ ARN helped in drafting and proofreading the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
Nil
Availability of data and materials
The data related to this study is a part of larger data of a master’s degree project. Data is available only upon request. The Bahasa Melayu (Malay language) questionnaire is also available from the authors upon request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by International Islamic University Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (IREC 2018–132). Prior to participate in the study, all participants provided a written informed consent after the study was fully explained to them.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
Dr. Shazia Jamshed is an associate editor in the BMC Public Health.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Abdullah Abdulmajid Abdo Ahmed, Email: abdullahalbohari@gmail.com.
Abdulkareem Mohammed AL-Shami, Phone: 0060124241740, Email: kareem@iium.edu.my.
Shazia Jamshed, Email: shazia_jamshed@iium.edu.my.
Abdul Rahman Fata Nahas, Email: abd_mfn@hotmail.com.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The data related to this study is a part of larger data of a master’s degree project. Data is available only upon request. The Bahasa Melayu (Malay language) questionnaire is also available from the authors upon request.