Abstract
Background and objectives
Extubation readiness testing (ERT) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is highly variable and lacking standardized criteria. To address this gap, an evidence-based, inter-professionally developed ERT protocol was implemented to assess effectiveness on extubation failure within 72 h and on duration of intubation (DOI).
Methods
A longitudinal retrospective chart review in a level III, fully outborn NICU, of intubated infants admitted 1-year prior (Group 1), and 1 year after implementation (Group 2). Patients were extubated if they passed a 2-stage ERT protocol (3 min continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) followed by 7 min CPAP + pressure support). Descriptive, comparative statistics, and univariate and multiple logistic regression were completed on all patients and a ≤32 6/7 weeks subgroup (intubated at day-of-life 1); p < 0.05 is considered significant.
Results
All patients (n = 589 (n = 294 Group 1, n = 295 Group 2)) were included (preterm, intubated day of life one subgroup: n = 42 Group 1, n = 38 Group 2). For all patients, extubation failure decreased significantly from 9.9% to 4.1% (p = 0.006); Group 1 patients were 2.42 times more likely to experience extubation failure compared with Group 2. Extubation failure in the preterm subgroup decreased from 21.7% to 2.6% (p = 0.01); Group 1 patients were 10.71 times more likely to experience extubation failure. Median DOI was similar in both groups for all patients and in the preterm subgroup.
Conclusions
A unique two-stage ERT protocol was effective at reducing extubation failure rate, without increasing DOI, largely in preterm infants. The evidence-based, interprofessionally developed ERT protocol and its integration into the NICU culture largely contributed to its success.
Keywords: extubation readiness, neonates, spontaneous breathing trial
INTRODUCTION
Intubation is a common procedure in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) supporting cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, airway protection, meconium aspiration, airway obstruction, medication administration, and perioperative support or management [1]. Removal of an endotracheal tube (ETT) is an important step in a patient’s course. If not removed in a timely manner, it can prolong mechanical ventilation past when it is necessary for the infant’s wellbeing and can lead to adverse effects such as cardiac and hemodynamic instability, ventilator-induced lung injury, and diaphragmatic muscle weakness [2–6]. Timely removal of the ETT decreases mechanical ventilation duration [5], decreases the need for potentially harmful sedatives [7], and relieves patient and parental distress [8]. On the other hand, extubation failure is a common problem in the NICU, with 20% to 35% of preterm and 13% of term infants failing their first extubation attempt [9, 10].
Mechanisms for determining extubation readiness in the NICU are highly variable. Studies have evaluated physiological predictors of extubation failure such as tidal volume and respiratory rate [11, 12], respiratory muscle load and endurance [13, 14], fluid intake and output [15], and electrical diaphragmatic activity [16]. These mechanisms are often associated with other tests such as ETT leak [17, 18], spontaneous breathing trials (SBT) with or without continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) [5, 19–23], and (or) use of mechanical ventilation technology such as automated (computerized) weaning [24, 25]. This variability is further complicated by the heterogenous definition of extubation failure [26]. The decision to re-intubate may be based on clinical outcomes such as presence of apnea, oxygenation, work of breathing, and (or) arterial blood gases [26]. Additionally, the time period after extubation that is used to define extubation failure varies widely, from 24, 48, or 72 h, and up to 7 or 10 days [27]. In a large international survey on peri-extubation practices (112/162 NICUs), most respondents chose 24 (30%), 48 (22%), or 72 h (41%) [27]. Finally, clinician perceived lack of efficacy or awareness, NICU culture and policies, and overlooking/overemphasising clinical judgement may contribute to variability in extubation practices [28].
Based on clinical assessment alone, only about 35% of infants and children ready for extubation are identified [29]. Utilizing specific and objective parameters can decrease extubation failure rates from 16.3% to 8% and 9% [29], but only 16% of NICUs use a systematic process that includes these types of variables [27]. Standardized criteria for extubation readiness testing (ERT) are lacking in the neonatal population due to a dearth of large studies. The European Society for Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care gathered an expert panel for a Paediatric mechanical Ventilation Consensus Conference (PEMVECC) [30]. During this conference, 152 recommendations on paediatric and neonatal mechanical ventilation were developed and voted on. PEMVECC reported insufficient to no evidence on all aspects of weaning and extubation processes for critically ill children, basing recommendations on personal experience or adult data [30]. They stated, “At present, there is insufficient paediatric data to provide recommendations on the routine use of any ERT approach that is superior to clinical judgement in invasively ventilated children (strong agreement)” ([30], Supplement p. 15).
Although there is a lack of support for an overarching guide on ERT in the NICU, there is evidence endorsing the use of interprofessionally developed and implemented protocols that consider the social and cultural environment of the unit [28, 31], daily ERT assessments [5], and avoiding pressure support (PS) during SBTs [32, 33]. Evidence has also shown the routine use of an ERT is a strong predictor of extubation success in preterm, low birthweight (BW) infants (sensitivity ranging from 92% to 97%) [19, 34]. Less is known on the success of such testing in full-term infants.
To address the gap in ERT knowledge, an interprofessional team at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), Toronto, Ontario, NICU developed an evidence-based ERT protocol to standardize the process (with objective measures), improve extubation rates, and promote earlier liberation from mechanical ventilation. This study assessed the effectiveness of the ERT protocol in a Canadian tertiary, fully outborn NICU on all infants who were intubated, regardless of gestational age. The primary outcome examined was extubation failure within 72 h, and a secondary outcome duration of intubation (DOI). It was hypothesized that implementation of the ERT protocol would reduce extubation failure by at least 50%, without a change in DOI.
METHODS
This study was a longitudinal retrospective chart review conducted in the NICU at The Hospital for Sick Children the largest paediatric acute care institution in Canada. It is a level III, 36-bed fully outborn unit with approximately 850 admissions per year (mixed preterm, late preterm, and term infants), and an average of 3500 ventilation days per year. The most common primary diagnoses at admission are surgical anomalies, neurological conditions, and prematurity and related complications.
Prior to the ERT protocol being implemented, infants were fully ventilated on volume-targeted, pressure-control ventilation. Patients were assessed for extubation readiness when they were weaned to minimal ventilation settings and spent varying times on CPAP+PS. Extubation readiness was not consistently discussed at medical rounds, and decisions to extubate were based solely on the clinical judgement of the medical team.
Post-extubation respiratory support for preterm infants <1250 grams was nasal CPAP and, if required, nasal noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). For the term infants, a post-extubation, individualized assessment was carried out. If required respiratory support included nasal CPAP, biphasic CPAP, nasal NIPPV, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), or on rare occasion, noninvasive high flow oscillatory ventilation (HFOV).
The study was approved by the SickKids Research Ethics Board. A waiver of consent was received because it was a retrospective chart review study.
Patients
Inclusion criteria
All intubated infants admitted to the NICU 1 year prior (February 2012 to February 2013, Group 1), and 1 year after (February 2014 to February 2015, Group 2) ERT protocol implementation.
Exclusion criteria
Infants were excluded if they had unplanned extubation, airway abnormalities, tracheostomy, transferred to another unit with the ETT in situ, or were extubated for palliative care. Patients in Group 2 who had no electronic medical record (EMR) documentation of having had an ERT were excluded. If a patient had more than 1 episode of ventilation, only the first planned extubation was included. The period between Group 1 and 2 (March 2013 to January 2014) was a transition period when clinicians were educated and trained, and the ERT protocol integrated within the culture of the NICU. To avoid bias due to inconsistencies in ERT practices, this transition period was excluded.
Intervention: Extubation readiness test protocol
The 2-stage ERT Protocol (Figure 1) was developed and supported by an interprofessional team of physicians, respiratory therapists (RRTs) and nurse practitioners. Evidence, clinical expertise, and feasibility (e.g., ease of use) were considered during its development. The original ERT protocol was intended to use ETT CPAP exclusively for 10 min [34, 35] to mimic respiratory muscle load similar to the post-extubation period. However, a large randomized controlled trial [36] using 10 cmH2O PS (to overcome resistance of the ETT) and clinician preference resulted in the development of a unique two stage ERT protocol: 3 min of CPAP (same positive end expiratory pressure patient was on) followed by 7 min on PS of 5–8 cmH2O (to reach spontaneous tidal volume of 4 mL/kg).
FIGURE 1. SickKids NICU ERT Protocol. CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; ABG, arterial blood gas; ETT, endotracheal tube; FiO2, fractional inspiratory oxygen; HR, heart rate; PaCO2, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; PEEP. positive end expiratory pressure; PIP, positive inspiratory pressure; PS, pressure support; RR, respiratory rate; SBT, spontaneous breathing trial; VG, volume guarantee; Vt, tidal volume.
After completion, the ERT protocol was combined with the ventilation algorithm of the NICU, incorporated into the EMR and added to the NICU’s scorecard as a quality indicator. Extubation and SBT plans were consistently discussed during morning and evening medical rounds. All intubated infants were assessed for SBT eligibility by a RRT twice per day between 8 am and 10 am and 8 pm and 10 pm. Absolute contraindications included active necrotizing enterocolitis with decompensation, surgical contraindications, muscle relaxed patients, labile/unstable patients, and some cardiac abnormalities (e.g., single ventricle physiology). Relative contraindications included tension pneumothorax, sepsis, seizure, neuromuscular disorder, recently placed on HFOV or high-frequency jet ventilation and the need for increasing pain management/sedation affecting respiration. There were no notable changes to post-extubation respiratory support strategies over the two time periods.
The ERT protocol was implemented in February 2013. This study aims to examine the impact of introducing this two-stage ERT protocol.
Outcomes
The main outcome was extubation failure (requiring re-intubation) within 72 h. Other variables included patient characteristics: gestational age (GA), BW, sex, and weight at extubation. Clinical outcomes included fractional inspiratory oxygen (FiO2) prior to extubation, DOI, and post-extubation support (CPAP, biphasic CPAP, bilevel NIPPV, low-flow nasal cannula, HFNC, room air, oxyhood).
Data collection
Data were collected from patients’ EMR. Data collected for each patient included BW, GA, sex, underlying diagnosis, age and weight at the time of intubation and extubation, duration of intubation, ventilation parameters before extubation, type of post-extubation support, as well as length of stay (LOS). For the preterm infants, use of antenatal steroids, surfactant, and caffeine as well as presence/absence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), including grade, were collected. The data were collected by a group of 6 volunteer respiratory therapy students.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics included mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and median (range) for skewed data. Counts and proportions were calculated for categorical variables (extubation failure, sex, post-extubation support). Statistics comparing patient characteristics and clinical outcomes between Groups (pre- and post-ERT protocol implementation), were examined using two-sample t-test for normally distributed continuous variables, Wilcoxon two-sample test for non-normally distributed continuous variables, and χ2test for categorical variables. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate variables associated with extubation failure (odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI)) and DOI (log transformed), adjusted for sex, FiO2 prior to extubation, and GA (model 1) or BW (model 2). Variables used in the models included Group (1 vs. 2), sex (male vs. female), GA (1-week increments), BW (1-kg increments), weight at extubation (1-kg increments), and FiO2 × 100 prior to extubation (1% increments). The same univariate and multiple regression analyses were repeated for a subgroup of preterm infants ≤32 6/7 weeks of gestation who were intubated at day-of-life 1. This analysis was completed to enhance external validity, as many NICUs and prior studies [19, 34] include only preterm infants.
Statistical analyses were completed using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), and p < 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
The total number of eligible patients over the 2 time periods was n = 820, n = 397 prior to ERT (Group 1) and n = 423 after ERT protocol implementation (Group 2). We excluded n = 103 and n = 128 , leaving n = 294 and n = 295 in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively, for the analysis (Figure 2). There were n = 84 preterm ≤32 6/7 weeks intubated at day-of-life 1, with n = 46 in Group 1 and n = 38 in Group 2. The percentage of infants 23–32 6/7 weeks; late preterm, 33–36, 6/7 weeks; and term, ≥37 weeks in Group 1 were, 32.9%, 21.4%, and 44.8%, respectively, compared with 28.4%, 27.4% and 44% in Group 2. There was no significant difference between the two groups for sex, GA, BW, weight at extubation, FiO2 prior to extubation, and main diagnosis category, for all infants and for preterm infants ≤32 6/7 weeks intubated at day-of-life 1 (Table 1). In addition, there was no difference in the number of preterm infants who received antenatal steroids or had IVH. There was a significant difference in the number of preterm infants who received surfactant n = 38 (82.6%) in Group 1 compared with n = 24 (63.2%) in Group 2, p = 0.04 (Table 1).
Figure 2. Patient flow diagram. ERT, extubation readiness test; SBT, spontaneous breathing trial.
TABLE 1. Characteristics of patients.
| Variable | All patients |
Pre-term ≤32 6/7 weeks, intubated at day-of-life 1 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 (n = 294) | Group 2 (n = 295) | p | Group 1 (n = 46) | Group 2 (n = 38) | p | |
| Female, n (%) | 126 (42.9) | 115 (39.3) | 0.37 | 20 (43.5) | 13 (34.2) | 0.39 |
| Gestational age,a weeks (mean (SD)) | 34.7 (5.0) | 35.2 (4.6) | 0.40 | 28.3 (2.7) | 28.8 (2.4) | 0.38 |
| Birthweight, kg (mean (SD)) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.5 (0.99) | 0.52 | 1.2 (0.50 | 1.2 (0.4) | 0.72 |
| Weight at extubation, kg (mean (SD)) | 2.6 (1.1) | 2.7 (0.99) | 0.38 | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.3 (0.4) | 0.88 |
| FiO2 prior extubation (mean (SD)) | 0.23 (0.1) | 0.23 (0.1) | 0.14 | 0.27 (0.1) | 0.23 (0.1) | 0.17 |
| Received antenatal steroids, n (%) | — | — | — | 21 (46.7) | 21 (56.8) | 0.36 |
| Received Surfactant, n (%) | — | — | — | 38 (82.6) | 24 (63.2) | 0.04 |
| All grade IVH, n (%) | — | — | — | 13 (28.2) | 13 (34.2) | 0.99 |
| Post-extubation supportb | ||||||
| Room air | 160 (54.4) | 170 (57.6) | — | 6 (13.0) | 10 (26.3) | — |
| CPAP | 59 (20.1) | 79 (26.8) | — | 24 (52.2) | 18 (47.4) | — |
| Biphasic CPAP | 5 (2.5) | 0 | — | 2 (4.4) | 0 | — |
| LFNC | 40 (13.6) | 14 (4.8) | — | 1 (2.2) | 1 (2.6) | — |
| HFNC | 6 (2.0) | 2 (0.7) | — | 0 | 0 | — |
| NIPPV | 20 (6.8) | 28 (9.5) | — | 10 (21.7) | 8 (21.1) | — |
| NI-HFOV | 3 (1.0) | 1 (0.3) | — | 0 | 0 | — |
| Oxyhood | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | — | 0 | 0 | — |
| Main diagnosis category | ||||||
| Respiratory | 48 (16.3) | 44 (14.9) | — | — | — | — |
| Infectious | 9 (3) | 6 (2) | — | — | — | — |
| Cardiac | 7 (3.1) | 5 (1.7) | — | — | — | — |
| Neurologic | 41 (13.9) | 58 (19.7) | — | — | — | — |
| Genetic/metabolic | 10 (3.4) | 12 (4.1) | — | — | — | — |
| Surgical | 61 (20.7) | 64 (21.7) | — | — | — | — |
| Prematurity and related complications | 118 (40.1) | 106 (35.9) | — | — | — | — |
| Length of stay, days (Median (range)) | 13 (1–199) | 11 (2–221) | 0.29 | 32 (3–199) | 23 (3–123) | 0.30 |
n = 2 missing from Group 1.
unable to run Chi-Square test because of low cell count.
Note: CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; FiO2, fractional inspiratory oxygen; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; IVH, intraventicular hemorrhage; LFNC, low-flow nasal cannula; NI-HFOV, noninvasive high-flow oscillatory ventilation; NIPPV, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation.
For all patients, extubation failure decreased significantly from 29/294 (9.9%) in Group 1 to 12/295 (4.1%) in Group 2, p = 0.006. Similar results were found for preterm infants intubated at day-of-life 1, with extubation failure significantly decreasing from 10/46 (21.7%) in Group 1 to 1/38 (2.6%) in Group 2, p = 0.01 (Table 2). The median DOI was similar in both groups for all patients (3 days, p = 0.55) and for preterm infants intubated at day-of-life 1 (2 days in Group1 and 1 day in Group 2, p = 0.18) (Table 2). The median LOS was also similar in both groups for all infants (13 days in Group 1 compared with 11 days in Group 2, p = 0.29). Similarly, there was no significant difference in median LOS for preterm infants intubated day-of-life 1 (32 days for group 1 vs. 23 days for group 2, p = 0.30).
TABLE 2. Extubation failure and duration of intubation.
| Variable | All patients |
Pre-term ≤32 6/7 weeks intubated day of life one |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 (n = 294) | Group 2 (n = 295) | p | Group 1 (n = 46) | Group 2 (n = 38) | p | |
| Extubation failure, n (%) | 29 (9.9) | 12 (4.1) | 0.006 | 10 (21.7) | 1 (2.6) | 0.01 |
| Duration of intubation, days (median (range)) | 3 (0.25–74) | 3 (0.24–80) | 0.55 | 2 (0.4–80) | 1 (0.5–80) | 0.18 |
When all intubated infants (regardless of intubated day) were stratified by GA, there was a significant decrease in extubation failure between Groups for preterm infants ≤32 6/7 weeks: 16/97 (16.5%) in Group 1 to 5/84 (6.0%) in Group 2, p = 0.02. Though there was no statistical significance, there was a reduction between the 2 groups for older infants GA ≥33 weeks: 13/195 (6.7%) in Group 1 to 7/211 (3.3%) in Group 2, p = 0.12.
Multiple regression results for extubation failure for all patients are found in Table 3. Weight at extubation was highly correlated with GA and BW in the univariate analysis and excluded from the multiple regression models. All patients in Group 1 were 2.42 times more likely to experience extubation failure compared with Group 2, p = 0.02. Similar results were found with model 2 that included BW instead of GA: Group 1 was 2.69 times more likely to experience extubation failure compared with Group 2, p = 0.008. For model 1, as GA increased by 1 week, the odds of extubation failure decreased by 11%, p = 0.0006 and as the FiO2 ×100 prior to extubation increased by 1%, extubation failure increased by 5%, p = 0.02. For model 2 as BW increased by 1 kg, the odds of extubation failure decreased by 35%, p = 0.0092, and as the FiO2 ×100 prior to extubation increased by 1%, extubation failure increased by 5%, p = 0.03. Sex was not associated with extubation failure in either model.
TABLE 3. Multiple regression all patients, extubation failure.
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (41/573 events) | |||
| Group (1 vs. 2) | 2.42 | 1.19–4.94 | 0.02 |
| Gestational age (1 week) | 0.89 | 0.84–0.95 | 0.0006 |
| Sex (male vs. female) | 0.76 | 0.38–1.53 | 0.45 |
| FiO2 prior to extubation × 100 (1 unit) | 1.05 | 1.01–1.10 | 0.02 |
| Model 2 (40/575 events) | |||
| Group (1 vs. 2) | 2.69 | 1.30–5.56 | 0.008 |
| Birth weight (1 kg) | 0.65 | 0.47–0.90 | 0.009 |
| Sex (male vs. female) | 0.66 | 0.33–1.33 | 0.25 |
| FiO2 prior to extubation × 100 (1 unit) | 1.05 | 1.01–1.10 | 0.03 |
Note: Adjusted for sex, fractional inspiratory oxygen (FiO2) prior to extubation, and gestational age (model 1) or birth weight (model 2).
Multiple logistic regression results for extubation failure, in preterm ≤32 6/7 weeks intubated on day-of-life 1, are found in Table 4. Only 2 variables (Group and GA) were included in the multiple regression models due to smaller sample size (n = 84) and event rate (n = 11). Although surfactant use was significantly lower in Group 2, on univariate logistic regression analysis this difference was not significant (OR 1.70, CI 0.34–8.55, p = 0.52). Hence, surfactant use was not included in the multiple logistic regression analysis model. All patients in Group 1 were 10.71 times more likely to experience extubation failure compared with Group 2, p = 0.04. Similar results were found with model 2: Group 1 was 13.83 times more likely to experience extubation failure compared with Group 2, p = 0.02. For model 1, as GA increased by 1 week, the odds of extubation failure decreased by 47%, p = 0.002. For model 2 as BW increased by 1 kg, the odds of extubation failure decreased by 99.6%, p = 0.004.
TABLE 4. Multiple Regression for preterm ≤32 6/7 weeks intubated day-of-life 1, extubation failure.
| Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (11/84 events) | |||
| Group (1 vs. 2) | 10.71 | 1.13–101.23 | 0.04 |
| Gestational age (1 week) | 0.53 | 0.35–0.80 | 0.002 |
| Model 2 (11/84 events) | |||
| Group (1 vs. 2) | 13.83 | 1.41–135.91 | 0.02 |
| Birth weight (1 kg) | 0.004 | <0.001–0.18 | 0.004 |
Note: Adjusted for sex, fractional inspiratory oxygen prior to extubation, and gestational age (model 1) or birth weight (model 2).
Multiple regression results for DOI in all patients are found in Table 5. Weight at extubation was highly correlated with GA and BW in the univariate analysis and was excluded from the multiple regression models. For model 1, as GA increased by 1 week, the DOI decreased by 4% (p < 0.0001) and as FiO2 ×100 prior extubation increased by 1%, the DOI increased by 7% (p < 0.0001). Similar results were for found for model 2: as BW increased by 1 kg, DOI decreased by 14% (p < 0.0001) and as FiO2×100 prior extubation increased by 1%, the DOI increased by 7% (p < 0.0001). Group and sex were not associated with DOI in either model.
TABLE 5. Multiple regression all patients, duration of intubation (days).
| Estimate | Standard error | t | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (41/573 events) | ||||
| Group (1 vs. 2) | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.74 |
| Gestational age (1 week) | −0.04 | 0.009 | −4.74 | <0.0001 |
| Sex (male vs. female) | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.27 | 0.79 |
| FiO2 prior to extubation ×100 (1 unit) | 0.07 | 0.008 | 8.62 | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 (40/575 events) | ||||
| Group (1 vs. 2) | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.92 |
| Birth weight (1 kg) | −0.15 | 0.04 | −3.93 | <0.0001 |
| Sex (male vs. female) | −0.03 | 0.08 | −0.35 | 0.72 |
| FiO2 prior to extubation × 100 (1 unit) | 0.07 | 0.008 | 9.66 | <0.0001 |
Note: Log transformed, adjusted for sex, fractional inspiratory oxygen (FiO2) prior to extubation, and gestational age (model 1) or birth weight (model 2).
Multiple regression results for DOI, in preterm ≤32 6/7 weeks intubated day-of-life 1, are found in Table 6. For model 1, as GA increased by 1 week, the DOI decreased by 18% (p = 0.0002) and as FiO2 ×100 prior extubation increased by 1%, the DOI increased by 6% (p < 0.0001). Similar results were found for model 2: as BW increased by 1 kg, DOI decreased by 56% (p = 0.01) and as FiO2 ×100 prior extubation increased by 1%, the DOI increased by 7% (p < 0.0001). Group and sex were not associated with DOI in either model.
TABLE 6. Multiple Regression for preterm ≤32 6/7 weeks intubated day-of-life 1, duration of intubation (days).
| Estimate | Standard error | t | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (n = 82) | ||||
| Group (1 vs. 2) | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.54 | 0.59 |
| Gestational age (1 week) | −0.20 | 0.05 | −3.92 | 0.0002 |
| Sex (male vs. female) | −0.48 | 0.25 | −1.92 | 0.06 |
| FiO2 prior to extubation × 100 (1 unit) | 0.06 | 0.01 | 5.15 | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 (n = 82) | ||||
| Group (1 vs. 2) | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.75 | 0.45 |
| Birth weight (1 kg) | −0.81 | 0.32 | −2.54 | 0.01 |
| Sex (male vs. female) | −0.53 | 0.26 | −2.02 | 0.05 |
| FiO2 prior to extubation × 100 (1 unit) | 0.07 | 0.01 | 5.32 | <0.0001 |
Note: Log transformed, adjusted for sex, fractional inspiratory oxygen (FiO2) prior to extubation, and gestational age (model 1) or birth weight (model 2).
DISCUSSION
This study showed an evidence-based, interprofessionally developed NICU ERT protocol was effective at reducing extubation failure rate from 9.9% to 4.1%. Infants were about 2.5 times more likely to have extubation failure during the period when no ERT protocol existed, compared with when one existed (accounting for GA, BW and FiO2 prior to extubation). Our study revealed much lower rates of extubation failure (4.1% in all patients, 2.6% in preterm infants), but our similar magnitudes of reduction (about 50%), compared with other studies [10, 34]. Hermeto et al. [10] found a reduction in extubation failure from 40% (prior to SBT implementation) to 26% (1 year) and 20% (2 years) post-implementation. Andrade et al. [20] showed a difference of 33.3% with an SBT protocol compared with 63.3% without an SBT protocol. Although extubation failure was reduced, the DOI remained the same (median 3 days). Early extubation may be favoured, but this DOI was likely the optimal period to ensure extubation success, avoid re-intubation, and repeated courses of mechanical ventilation [10, 35].
Infants who were pre-term ≤32 6/7 weeks and intubated on day-of-life 1 drove the results of this study. The reduction in extubation failure decreased from 21.7% to 2.6%, and they were 11–14 times more likely to have extubation failure during the time when no ERT protocol existed, compared with when one existed. For older infants with GA greater than 33 weeks there was also a reduction in extubation failure, but this result was not statistically significant (6.7% in Group 1 to 3.3% in Group 2). Most research of ERT protocols are in younger, smaller infants [10, 19, 20, 34, 35] or older children [11, 36, 37] and we could not find studies describing ERT protocols in older infants. Future research in extubation and weaning practices should target this subgroup of neonates.
The unique 10-min two-stage SBT used in this study was not only guided by evidence [21, 35, 36] but also equally by clinical expertise. Several different iterations of ERT protocols [10–12, 19, 20, 34–37] have been investigated in the past, each showing success at reducing extubation failure rates and (or) duration of mechanical ventilation. It is likely that both our ERT protocol and the consistent and systematic use is what contributed to its success [28, 38]. The ERT protocol became a part of the SickKids NICU common vocabulary and routine, was adopted readily by the medical team, and allowed for changes over time [39]. This included discussions of factors associated with extubation failure such as GA, BW, and level of ventilator support. In this study there were decreased odds of extubation failure and reduced DOI in more mature and heavier infants (regardless of GA). There was also increased odds of extubation failure and increased DOI if the FiO2 prior to extubation was higher. These results have been found in other studies assessing predictors of extubation failure [9, 40, 41].
The strength of this study was the large sample size of patients (n = 589) within a fully outborn NICU that included a mix of both term and preterm infants. However, the study also has a number of limitations that should be addressed in future trials. One limitation is the biases associated with a retrospective study design [42]. The extubation failure events were low in number, especially in the preterm subgroup, and small changes might have significantly changed the statistical inferences. Although there were no notable changes in post-extubation support over the study period, changes in clinician practices, and technology advances (NIPPV, HFNC) may have contributed to the results. Indeed, we found surfactant use decreased significantly over the 2 time periods. Post-extubation interventions may have been a confounding factor in our study. Though post-extubation interventions were collected, influence on post-extubation success or failure was not assessed due to multiple low cell counts. However, on univariate regression analysis the difference in surfactant use was not statistically significant (p = 0.52). Consequently, surfactant use was not included in the multiple logistic regression analysis models because the difference is not significant on univariate logistic regression as well as smaller sample size (n = 84) and event rate (n = 11). We did not include other variables potentially associated with extubation failure such as the indication for intubation, severity of disease, ventilation and physiological parameters [9, 14, 43, 44], and clinician behaviour [28]. Long-term outcomes such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, mortality, economic benefits, and infant and family considerations (e.g., comfort) were not described. Data on infants who were not eligible for or failed the SBT were not collected, though comparisons between time periods would not be possible since an SBT did not exist before the ERT protocol was put in place. However, Group 2 patients who did not have ERT documented in their chart were excluded. Physiological variables and adverse effects during the ERT were not collected. Although the ERT protocol was well integrated into the NICU culture, compliance was not assessed and some extubations may have occurred outside the ERT algorithm. Generalizability may be limited because only the SickKids NICU culture and policies were considered during ERT protocol development. In addition, the population was more mature, with lower prevalence of lung disease as evidenced by the low event rate and the outborn nature of the unit.
CONCLUSION
A unique two-stage 10-min ERT protocol in a tertiary care fully outborn NICU was effective at reducing extubation failure rate, without increasing duration of intubation. The effect was largely seen in preterm infants, and future research is encouraged to confirm the reduced rate of extubation failure found in term infants cared for in the NICU. The evidence-based, interprofessionally developed ERT protocol and its implementation and integration into the NICU culture largely contributed to its success.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge the contribution of 6 students from the Michener Institute for Applied Health Sciences Respiratory Therapy program for the data collection: Tina Yan, Sagel Osman, Richa Shah, Shirley Quach, Kajal Patel, and Mirjana Tusha.
Contributors
HM contributed to initial concept of the study, HM, MF, CT contributed to the study design, The data were collected by volunteer RT students with help and support from HM and MF. SC, HM, MF, and CT contributed to analysis, and interpretation of the data. HM, MF, CT, MN contributed to initial draft, review and final approval of manuscript.
Funding
This study did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests
All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous 3 years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
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