Endoscopic postdilatation application of Mitomycin C in children with resistant esophageal strictures

Abstract

Background

The esophagus is the most common part of gastrointestinal (GI) tract at the risk of stricture. Benign disorders are the leading causes of narrowing. Caustic ingestion is the most common cause of esophageal stricture in children, especially in developing countries. Clinical responses to the topical application of Mitomycin C in various medical procedures have been reported.

Purpose

The study aimed to evaluate the methodology, efficacy, and side effects of Mitomycin C in the treatment of esophageal strictures.

Methods

This study included 30 children with resistant esophageal strictures. Upper GI endoscopy was performed up to the area of stricture, esophageal dilatation was done, endoscopy was repeated, and Mitomycin C was applied topically under direct endoscopic vision. The effect of the procedure was followed over a period of 3–5 years.

Results

The response to Mitomycin C was excellent (clinically and endoscopically) in 28 patients (93.3%) and good (endoscopically only) in 2 patients (6.7%). No side effects of topical Mitomycin C in children with esophageal strictures were reported in this study.

Conclusion

Esophageal dilatation followed by local Mitomycin C application may be a useful strategy for treating resistant esophageal strictures.

Introduction

Esophageal strictures can occur in children, corrosives materials still the most important cause of stricture in children and constitute 80% of the cases [1]. Dysphagia occurs when stenosis constitutes half of the esophageal lumen [2].

Endoscopic conservative management of esophageal strictures has evolved first-line management, rather than more aggressive surgical substitution. Endoscopic dilatation of esophageal strictures is a successful method for treating such cases in more than 80% of cases [3].

Endoscopic balloon dilatation or bougies (Savary) are the initial step to treat esophageal strictures. Intraluminal stent is another endoscopic technique to treat esophageal strictures and to get patent esophageal lumen. Re stenosis still the main problem [4].

Mitomycin C has been well documented in various ophthalmologic procedures and laryngeal/tracheal conditions where it has been shown that Mitomycin C inhibited fibroblast proliferation. Use of Mitomycin C has been reported in caustic stricture of the esophagus [5].

The aim of this study was to evaluate the methodology, efficacy, and side effects of Mitomycin C application after GI endoscopic dilatation of resistant esophageal strictures in children.

Methods

This study included 30 children with one or more features of resistant esophageal stricture. Seventeen males and 13 females, their ages ranged from 16–168 months with a mean of 57.6 months. They were admitted to the Pediatric Endoscopy Unit in the Pediatric Hepatology Department - National Liver Institute – Menoufiya University – Egypt. The diagnosis of esophageal strictures based on clinical history, barium study and upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy.

All patients in the study were subjected to full history taking including demographic data, the time of exposure, the nature of corrosives they ingested, and their dietary history. Thorough clinical examination was done with special interest in weight, height, and nutritional status. Laboratory investigations included full blood count, liver function tests, chest X-ray. Barium study and upper GI endoscopy were undergone aiming to diagnose the nature and extent of esophageal stricture.

1. Types of strictures

Resistant strictures were usually >2 cm long, severely narrowed lumen <7 mm, these strictures need more than 5 esophageal dilatation settings, with a high tendency to recur despite optimal dilatation procedure. Esophageal stricture was considered simple if there are no features of resistant esophageal stricture.

The procedure was done under general anesthesia. Upper GI endoscopy was done first until reaching the area of stenosis, then gauge wire was passed into the stomach and esophageal dilators bougie were introduced subsequently under X-ray screen. The endoscope was reintroduced for topical application of |Mitomycin C (2 mg dissolved in 20-mL saline) on the stenotic area under direct vision. This was done by either front-loading the pledget in a standard cap used for band ligation of varices attached to the end of the endoscope (group 1, n=16 patients), or by topical spraying of Mitomycin using the injection needle on the affected mucosa (group 2, n=14 patients). We compared the pledget and spray methods regarding the effect and side effects.

The response to Mitomycin C application classified according to the clinical and endoscopic findings, clinical and endoscopic follow-up continued for 3–5 years the response classified according to the followings:

∙ Excellent: excellent improvement regarding both clinical and endoscopic findings.

∙ Partly improved: partly improvement of both findings not allowing normal swallowing and weight gaining.

∙ Poor response: no improvement including the endoscopic and clinical findings (dysphagia).

Endoscopic criteria of improvement: is the passage of pediatric endoscopy with diameter 30 FC in diameter without any resistance, in addition, no inflammatory endoscopic features.

Clinical improvement criteria: no difficulty of swallowing

2. Follow-up

The effect of the procedure followed for 3–5 years post application. Two patients need post Mitomycin application twice dilation over 4-year follow-up. Radiological assessment by barium swallow study was done and endoscopic evaluation of the esophagus was performed for the assessment of the integrity and size of esophageal lumen at the stricture site.

3. Ethical points

The study was revised and approved by the local ethical committee and Institutional Review Board (IRB) of National Liver Institute. The study followed the ethical standards of the National Liver Institute- Menofiya University- Egypt, committee (IRB00003413). During the interview, the respondents (parents) of the children were simply informed about the aims of this study. Written consent was taken from the Parents who accompanied the child during attending the mentioned hospitals before participating in the research.

Results

Caustic potash ingestion was the cause of esophageal stricture formation in 23 patients (76.66%) as shown in Table 1, which determined by careful history taking and/or observing the containing bottle by the family. Post reflux occurred in one patient, and post-sclerotherapy in another patient. The etiology was not discovered in 5 patients. Our results showed 80% of our patients were ≤5 years. Males were 17 while females were 13 of our patients. Twenty patients of our caustic ingestion patients had history of accidental ingestion of household cleaners (Potash).

Table 1.

Description of the studied cases

Case No.	Age (mo)	Sex	Length of stricture (mm)	Cause	Diagnosis	Diameter (mm)	No. of dilatation setting before MC	Interval between 2 endoscopic settings (wk)	No of dilatation with MC	Interval between endoscopic setting (MC) (wk)	Response	Route of application	Complications
1	60	F	110	Corrosive	Gastrografin and upper GI endoscopy	1	75	2–3	4	4	Good	Spray	No
2	56	M	70–75			1	45	2–3	2	4	Excellent	Spray	No
3	36	M	13–15			1	9	2–4	2	4	Excellent	Spray	No
4	42	M	30–35			2	7	2–4	2	4	Excellent	Spray	No
5	72	F	30–35			5	3	2	1	0	Excellent	Spray	No
6	50	F	35–40	Reflux		3	11	4	1	0	Excellent	Pledget	No
7	35	F	15–20	Corrosive		1	22	2–4	3	3-4	Excellent	Pledget	No
8	75	M	40–45			2	18	4–6	2	4	Excellent	Pledget	No
9	41	M	25–30			1	12	4	2	4	Excellent	Pledget	No
10	70	F	45–50			4	8	4	2	4	Excellent	Pledget	No
11	35	M	40	Unknown		1	4	4	1	0	Excellent	Pledget	No
12	40	M	30	Corrosive	Upper GI endoscopy	3	4	3	2	8	Excellent	Pledget	No
13	144	F	30	Sclero		2	5	2	1	0	Excellent	Pledget	No
14	60	M	50	Corrosive		3	5	2–4	3	8-12	Excellent	Pledget	No
15	22	F	30			1	10	2–4	3	8-12	Excellent	Pledget	No
16	16	M	30	Unknown		4	4	2	2	8-12	Excellent	Pledget	No
17	23	F	25	Corrosive		2	4	2–4	3	8-12	Excellent	Pledget	No
18	72	F	40			1	12	2–4	4	8-12	Excellent	Pledget	No
19	36	F	30	Unknown		1	3	2–4	1	0	Excellent	Pledget	No
20	168	M	70	Corrosive		1	16	2	5	5	Good	Pledget	No
21	28	M	30			1	6	2	3	4	Excellent	Pledget	No
22	30	M	24			2	3	2	2	4	Excellent	Spray	No
23	40	M	35			2	3	2	2	4	Excellent	Spray	No
24	42	F	40	Unknown		1	3	2	1	6	Excellent	Spray	No
25	54	F	10			2	6	2	2	4	Excellent	Spray	No
26	39	M	25	Corrosive		2	4	2	2	4	Excellent	Spray	No
27	44	M	10			2	7	2	2	4	Excellent	Spray	No
28	40	F	10			5	7	2	2	4	Excellent	Spray	No
29	50	M	15			5	7	2	2	4	Excellent	Spray	No
30	56	M	10			5	5	2	2	4	Excellent	Spray	No

MC, Mitomycin C; GI, gastrointestinal; Sclero, sclerotherapy.

Upper endoscopy was performed in all of the patients and while Gastrografin/barium upper GI series was performed in 10 patients before endoscopy. The median diameter of the stricture was 1.5 mm (range, 1–5 mm) which determined by barium or by upper GI endoscope. The length of the stricture at diagnosis was ranged from 10–110 mm with the mean of 37.14 mm.

Before Mitomycin application, repeated dilation procedures in 21 patients ranging from 2–75 with the mean of 12 times. Nine patients had no history of previous dilatation while number of dilatation settings with Mitomycin applications ranged from one to 5 with the mean of 2.3 times

Before the application of Mitomycin C, endoscopic dilation setting repeated every 2 weeks (2.52±1.44 weeks), this duration was prolonged to 5.00±4.39 weeks after the application of Mitomycin C.

Patient No. 1 required 75 dilatation settings before the application of Mitomycin C. This patient was 5 years female child presented with severe dysphagia, the length of stricture was 11 cm, which diagnosed with barium and upper GI endoscope, with repeated dilatation the length of stricture improved, but only 1 cm resist further dilatation, and we tried Mitomycin C application, and then started the idea to extent the study.

Excellent improvement regarding both clinical and endoscopic findings seen in 28 patients (93.3%) while partly improving seen in 2 (6.7%), we did not find any patient with poor response in this study. There were no complications related to the Mitomycin application in both studied group.

Follow-up of our patients for 3–5 years did not show any complications related to the procedures itself or to Mitomycin C, the results of both pledget and spray methods nearly the same without any difference regarding the side effects which encourage the use of spray method as it easier for the endoscopist and shorter in duration.

Discussion

Repeated sessions of dilatation required in severe esophageal strictures due to restenosis. The cause of restenosis can be explained by intense fibrogenesis during healing and after the traumatic dilatation procedure, making repeated dilatations necessary with an increased risk of complications and perforation.

Failure of dilatation of long and resistant strictures with repeated dilatation has been associated with psychological problems, withdrawal from school, hospital fears, and familial problems. In our center, trials to decrease the number of dilatations started with trial of steroid injection in localized strictures to increase the intervals but appeared not effective [6].

Trial of Mitomycin C (MMC) application on localized strictures has shown better outcome with less number of dilatation sessions. In our center, the first MMC application done in a very resistant case described above, whose stricture started as 11 cm long and esophageal lumen was very tight, and then showed marked improvement of the dysphagia with a decrease in the number of dilatations after MMC application.

The data published in children, most cases of esophageal strictures caused by ingestion of caustic substances, peptic esophagitis, or after anastomotic surgery done for EA [7]. this run in harmony with our results as 76.66% of our patients got esophageal stricture due to accidental caustic ingestion.

The majority of patients were under the age of 5 years and boys are more often affected than girls, this in agreement with most of the studies done on children [8].

Corrosives may be either acidic or alkaline substances. The most common corrosive caused caustic esophageal injuries were household cleaners, mostly alkaline. In children, ingestions are often accidental; the severity of injury depends upon amount, type and concentration of the ingested corrosive substance.

Alkaline agents leading to rapid liquefaction necrosis and persistent ulceration and fibrosis for months, contiguous damage occurs from the esophagus to the stomach and beyond while acidic agents cause more superficial coagulation necrosis with scarring that may limit the extent of injury, and the stomach is more affected than the esophagus [9]. Mitomycin C tried in extra gastrointestinal lesions after internal optical urethrotomy, Mitomycin C is effective in preventing recurrence of urethral stricture [10].

In our study, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) with resultant peptic injury was the cause of esophageal stricture in only one patient (Table 1). This was different from that reported by El-Serag [11] and Spechler et al. [12] who they found GERD with resultant peptic injury is the most common cause of benign esophageal strictures. The difference with our results may be because he studied different age group or different number of patients. Typically, these strictures are located near the gastro-esophageal junction and are relatively short (1–2 cm) in length.

Mitomycin C applied to stricture mucosa after dilatation. Various techniques have been used to topically deliver Mitomycin C to the anastomotic stricture. Mucosal application of Mitomycin C has been shown to be an effective and safe treatment without complications detected in our patients. This in agreement with Heran et al. [13], who studied 2 cases and used Mitomycin C to the disrupted stricture through the gastrostomy tract, and used a 12F to 16F semirigid sheath introduced over a guide wire and passed retrograde up the esophagus to the stricture. Also Rosseneu et al. [14] found that postdilation application of topical Mitomycin C had major success in 62.5% of patients and partial success in 18.7%.

Gusmon-Oliveira et al. [15] concluded that the repeated injection in the short interval of MMC in refractory pharyngoesophageal stenosis in patients after head and neck cancer is not recommended, this finding was in great difference with our results, this can be easily explained by different age group and different nature of both diseases.

Finally, we can conclude that Mitomycin C topical application can be safely tried for patients with caustic esophageal stricture, reducing the number of required dilatation sessions. It should be considered as an adjunct new modality before decision of more invasive therapeutic modalities. However, more studies on larger number of patients will be needed to prove the efficacy of MMC in these patients.