Abstract
[Purpose] In this study, we aimed to analyze customer satisfaction as a tool to investigate the association among happiness, health status, and well-being using the Happiness & Health Feeling Scale. [Participants and Methods] We included 17 elderly participants and measured the happiness and health statuses using the Happiness & Health Feeling Scale. We analyzed customer satisfaction by correlating subjective well-being with the questionnaire scores. [Results] The results showed a negative correlation between subjective well-being and the score on each questionnaire (correlation coefficient= −0.476). The elderly participants showed lower scores associated with self-esteem, including external appreciation and self-love, whereas high scores associated with eating and pleasure. The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.814. [Conclusion] This study showed an inverse correlation between Happiness & Health Feeling Scale score and well-being, presumably because of low scores associated with self-esteem, which should be prioritized for improvement. The additional use of customer satisfaction analysis using the Happiness & Health Feeling Scale could be helpful to elucidate the subjective association between happiness and health-related factors.
Keywords: Happiness and Health Feeling Scale, Well-being, Customer satisfaction analysis
INTRODUCTION
Maintaining health behaviors is important to enhance well-being, although the assessment is difficult because it is associated with not only basic desires such as eating and sleeping, but also with various psychological factors, such as beliefs, expectations, motives, values, perceptions, and other cognitive factors1). Happiness and Health Scale (2HFS) has been developed by Suzuki and Shimanouchi for adults and college students, as a useful tool to quantitatively and comprehensively evaluate health behaviors2), but the assessment is based on a simple aggregated scoring, which makes it difficult to assess mutual relationships among scales. To assess such relationships, one of the convenient tools is customer satisfaction (CS) analysis generally used to interpret CS and its importance in a two-dimensional scale3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of the combined use of 2HFS with CS analysis to elucidate global relationships between multiple factors relevant to health and happiness, using a small sample of the elderly population.
PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS
Participants were 17 elderly persons over 65 years (3 male and 14 female individuals) living in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Happiness and health status were measured once using the 2HFS including 18 questionnaires regarding eating, sleep, exercise, laughter, pleasure, self-esteem, and the sense of happiness as shown in Table 1. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation in this study. The study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board of Juntendo University (No. 30-43). Subjective well-being was obtained by calculating correlation coefficient of scores on each of the 2HFS questionnaires with current sense of happiness. CS analysis was performed by analyzing correlation of subjective well-being with scores on each of the questionnaires. To visualize the association of these 18 scores with correlation coefficient between subjective well-being, these scores were plotted two-dimensionally, and the correlation coefficient was measured. Reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. All data analyses were performed using EZR11).
Table 1. Happiness and Health Feeling Scale (2HFS)−related questionnaire.
| Please answer the following questions by indicating the numbers which apply to you | Sub- total | Total | Type | |||||
| Please answer every day | ||||||||
| Evening is recommended | ||||||||
| Question | Yes | I think so | I cannot say either way | I do not think so | No | - | - | - |
| 1. I got a satisfactory feeling with food | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | A Good eating | ||
| 2. I got a tasty feeling and a fun of eating | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 3. I paid attention to a nutritional balance | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 4. I got a good sleep last night | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | B Good sleep | ||
| 5. I got a good arousal in the morning | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 6. I felt restorative and positive | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 7. I walked approximately 30 minutes | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | C Good exercise | ||
| 8. I got a light move | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 9. I got a good sweat | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 10. I laughed a lot | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | D Good laughter | ||
| 11. I kept smiled | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 12. I got a funny experience | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 13. I enjoyed my hobbies and amusement | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | E Good pleasure | ||
| 14. I had a relationship with my family or friends | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 15. I had a sense of fulfillment in my daily life | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 16. I could love myself | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | F Good living | ||
| 17. I felt appreciated or needed by someone | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| 18. I felt having a good life and livelihood | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |||
| What is your today’s sense of happiness? | Very happy | Happy | Average | Slightly unhappy | Unhappy | - | - | - |
| 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | |||
RESULTS
The CS analysis graph depicted in Fig. 1 shows that factors related to eating, exercise, and pleasure showed both high scores and high well-being in the first quadrant, termed the emphasis maintenance field. The factors related to self-esteem, including external appreciation and self-love, showed low scores and high well-being in the fourth quadrant, termed the priority improvement field. Age-related functional decline such as sweating locates in the third quadrants. Overall, a negative correlation was found between subjective well-being and the scores on 18 items in the 2HFS scale (correlation coefficient=−0.476, 95% confidence interval −0.772 to −0.0123). The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.814.
Fig. 1.
Customer satisfaction (CS) analysis graph plotted on two-dimensional coordinates. The average value of the 2HFS scores for each questionnaire are plotted on the vertical axis, and the value of subjective well-being, calculated with correlation coefficient between each of the 2HFS subscale scores and current happiness scores are shown on the horizontal axis of the CS analysis graph.
DISCUSSION
The present study showed a negative correlation between factors of 2HFS scales and subjective well-being among elderly participants using CS analysis. Among the factors of 2HFS scales, those related to basic human desires, i.e., eating, exercise, and pleasure showed both high 2HFS scores and high well-being in the first quadrant, whereas factors related to self-esteem, including self-love, and external appreciation, showed low 2HFS scores and high well-being in the fourth quadrant. The result suggested that the participants of the present study had already satisfied their basic human desires, although they had not yet satisfied factors relating to self-esteem and wished to improve. A previous study using the combination of 2HFS survey with factor analysis for university students also suggested that self-esteem is one of the important factors of the sense of happiness, which is consistent with the findings of the present study2). In terms of the validity of this methodology, the Cronbach’s alpha was 0.814, which could be enough for its reliability. The present method is also beneficial in terms of its simplicity of analysis and interpretation through two-dimensional visualization. This combined method was also applied in previous studies investigating the association of well-being with various physical functions, such as falls in elderly people12,13,14,15), communication exercises3, 16, 17), and teaching spiritual care18). Not only diagnosis of physical functions but more comprehensive diagnoses, including psychological factors, happiness, and self-esteem, will lead to detection of life-related problems and providing guidance in positive perspectives to maintain a healthier lifestyle. The present study has several limitations. First, because the study surveyed a small number of elderly participants with the age of 77.8 ± 77.6 (mean, SD), and 82.4% of them were females, the results may not be generalized to other populations. Second, because this study was based on cross-sectional data, it was not possible to infer causality among factors. Further research will be required to verify causal relationship between them through some intervention, e.g. happiness and health-related educational programs.
Conflict of interest
Authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript.
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