Impact of pulmonary hypertension on outcome in patients with moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation

Abstract

Objectives

The true prevalence and disease burden of moderate or severe (significant) tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in patients undergoing routine echocardiography remains unknown. Our aim was to explore the prevalence of significant TR and the impact of pulmonary hypertension (PH) on outcome in a less selected cohort of patients referred to echocardiography.

Methods

From 12 791 echocardiograms performed between January and December 2010, a total of 209 (1.6%) patients (72±14 years, 56% men) were identified with significant TR; 123 (0.96%) with moderate and 86 (0.67%) with severe TR. Median follow-up time was 80 months (mean 70±33 months). Systolic pulmonary artery pressure was derived from peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitant jet plus the right atrial pressure and considered elevated if ≥40 mm Hg (PH).

Results

During follow-up there were 123 (59%) deaths with no difference in mortality between moderate and severe TR (p=0.456). The death rates were 93 (67%) in patients with PH versus 30 (42%) without PH (p<0.001). PH was associated with lower event-free survival in moderate (log-rank, p<0.001), but not in severe TR (log-rank, p=0.133). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, smoking, coronary artery disease, reduced right ventricle S′, lower left ventricular ejection fraction at baseline, right atrium size and mitral valve replacement, PH remained a significant predictor of all-cause mortality (HR 2.22; 95% CI 1.41 to 3.47, p=0.001).

Conclusions

Moderate or severe TR was found in 1.6% of patients attending for routine echocardiograms. PH identified a high-risk subset of patients with moderate TR but not with severe TR.

Key questions.

What is already known about the subject?

• Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common echocardiographic finding in daily clinical practice. Significant TR (moderate or severe) is associated with reduced survival and quality of life if left untreated.

What does this study add?

• The current study shows the true prevalence of significant TR (1.6%) in an unselected cohort of patients attending for routine echocardiograms. It also demonstrates a poor 3-year survival rate for both moderate and severe TR which is closely related to the concomitant presence of pulmonary hypertension. Increased mortality is not related to the grade of TR but to elevated systolic pulmonary artery pressure and the coexistence of left-sided heart disease.

How might this impact on clinical practice?

• Only a small proportion of patients with significant TR undergo a corrective intervention on TR (replacement or repair). Data from the present study support the practice of performing a tricuspid valve annuloplasty in all patients having left-sided valvular procedures with more than mild TR, especially if the annulus is dilated.

Introduction

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a common echocardiographic finding affecting nearly 300 000 patients per year in Europe.¹ Historically, its clinical significance and association with adverse outcome has been underappreciated.² In recent years, however, TR has received increased recognition with studies demonstrating a reduced survival and quality of life for patients with untreated moderate/severe TR.^3–6 Despite these findings, most prior studies have differed substantially in design and were derived from varying patient cohorts that limits the generalisability of their findings.^3–9 Furthermore, the association of significant TR and pulmonary hypertension (PH) and their combined impact on prognosis have not been systematically evaluated. Due to its heterogeneous nature and common association with PH,^7–9 the true prevalence and disease burden of significant TR in patients undergoing routine echocardiography remains uncertain. Thus, the primary aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence and disease burden of moderate or severe TR in patients attending for routine transthoracic echocardiography. The secondary aim was to assess the clinical and prognostic impact of PH in patients with moderate or severe TR over a 5-year follow-up period.

Methods

Patient population

A total of 12 791 consecutive transthoracic echocardiograms performed at Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2010 were reviewed for moderate or severe TR. All patients >18 years were included while patients with adult congenital heart disease involving tricuspid valve (TV) were excluded. Serial echocardiographic data were then collected until 31 December 2015. The time to death or TV surgery was recorded for all patients during a median follow-up period of 80 months (mean 70±33 months). No patients were lost to follow-up. The clinical records were reviewed to record cardiovascular disease and risk factors. Hypertension was defined as previously known hypertension, use of antihypertensive medications, or office blood pressure values >140/90 mm Hg. Hypercholesterolaemia was defined as the use of lipid-lowering drugs.

Transthoracic echocardiography

Echocardiography was performed with Vingmed system 5, 7, 9 GE Medical, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, and a Philips ‘Epiq 7’ cardiac ultrasound machines. Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured by the biplane method of disks¹⁰ or visual estimates. Right ventricular (RV) dimension and function were measured according to joint European and American guidelines.¹¹ The shape and movement of the interventricular septum due to PH or RV dysfunction was visually assessed (figure 1A). Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) was typically measured from a zoomed M-mode to ensure best accuracy on M-mode (figure 1B) and peak systolic tissue Doppler velocity was measured at the lateral tricuspid annulus (RV S′) in an apical four-chamber view.¹¹ RV dysfunction was defined as RV S′ <10 cm/s or TAPSE <16 mm.¹¹ The severity of TR was assessed both qualitatively using an integrating approach (mainly colour Doppler flow, figure 1C), and semiquantitatively based on a vena contracta wider than 7 mm for severe and narrow than 7 mm for moderate TR in those patients available.¹² Aortic and mitral regurgitation and stenosis were graded according to prevalent guidelines and qualitatively assessed by colour Doppler flow.^{12 13} Primary TR was defined by the presence of abnormal valve morphology, leaflet damage or prolapse. Secondary TR was defined by normal valve morphology associated with a dilated RV, right atrium (RA) or TV annulus with or without RV dysfunction. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) was derived from the peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitant jet (TR Vmax) by applying the simplified Bernoulli equation (SPAP=4v²+estimated RA pressure based on the inspiratory changes in the dimension of inferior vena cava)¹¹ (figure 1D). PH was defined as SPAP ≥40 mm Hg.^{11 14}

Figure 1.

Examples of images obtained from patient with pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular (RV) dilatation and dysfunction and torrential tricuspid regurgitation (TR). (A) Parasternal short-axis view shows severe dilatation of RV and flattened D-shape interventricular septum due to elevated RV pressure; (B) apical four-chamber view shows dilated RV with reduced tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) of 1.2 cm; (C) torrential TR where colour jet occupies the entire right atrium (RA); and (D) peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitant jet by continuous-wave Doppler with an estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 129 mm Hg. LV, left ventricle

Follow-up

All-cause mortality and the rates of valvular intervention were recorded during follow-up. Deaths were confirmed by reviewing the electronic patient record or a death certificate with 17 February 2019 as the censoring date.

Statistical analyses

SPSS V.24.0 (IBM) was used for data management and statistical analyses. Continuous variables were presented as mean±SD. Comparison between moderate and severe TR groups was done by Student’s t-test and χ² analyses as appropriate. The covariates of PH were identified in univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses and reported as OR and 95 % CI. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to calculate event-free survival rates and the difference between groups was tested by log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between PH and all-cause mortality. All variables with p<0.1 in univariate Cox regression analyses (age, smoking, coronary artery disease, reduced RV S′, PH at baseline, lower LVEF at baseline, RA area and mitral valve replacement) were included in the multivariate Cox regression model. A p value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Baseline characteristics of the study population

After reviewing 12 791 clinically indicated transthoracic echocardiograms over a period of 1 year (1 January 2010 to 31 December 2010), a total of 209 (1.6%) patients were identified with moderate TR (n=123; 0.96%) or severe TR (n=86; 0.67%). The mean age was 72±14 years, and 56% were men and 44% were women. The TR was primary in only 12 (5.7%) of the 209 patients (moderate in 3 and severe in 9) and secondary in 197 (94.3%) (moderate in 120 and severe in 77). Clinical characteristics and echocardiographic measurements of the RV by severity of TR are presented in table 1.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the patients according to the severity of tricuspid regurgitation

	Total population (n=209)	Moderate TR (n=123)	Severe TR (n=86)	P value
Age (year)	72±14	72±14	72±14	0.742
Male/female (%)	44/56	46/54	41/59	0.419
Height (m)	1.66±0.10	1.66±0.10	1.65±0.15	0.370
Weight (kg)	71±16	74±17	68±15	0.015
Body mass index (kg/m2)	26.0±5.4	26.7±5.8	24.8±4.5	0.028
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	134±20	135±20	132±20	0.435
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	73±12	73±12	72±12	0.664
Diabetes (%)	31	38	21	0.015
Hypertension (%)	84	80	92	0.028
Hypercholesterolaemia (%)	69	71	65	0.382
Smoking (%)	34	33	34	0.919
Coronary artery disease (%)	48	50	46	0.602
Overall atrial fibrillation (%)	78	75	82	0.250
Chronic lung disease (%)	14	18	8	0.042
Pacemaker or ICD at baseline (%)	26	26	26	0.983
Overall pacemaker or ICD (%)	31	31	31	0.963
Baseline LVEF (%)	49±14	50±14	50±14	0.771
Baseline LVEF≤40% (%)	23	22	26	0.542
Baseline TAPSE (mm)	18.3±5.5	18.5±5.0	17.9±6.0	0.466
RV (S’) (cm/s)	11.3±3.4	11.6±3.5	10.8±3.2	0.281
RV dysfunction at baseline (%)	43	41	47	0.440
RV systolic pressure (mm Hg)	36±15	37±13	36±17	0.850
Right atrial pressure (mm Hg)	11±6	10±6	12±6	0.07
SPAP (mm Hg)	47±16	47±16	47±18	0.873
Pulmonary hypertension (%)	66	63	70	0.340
RV basal diameter (cm)	4.2±0.6	4.1±0.5	4.7±0.6	<0.001
Right atrium end-systolic area (cm2)	28±9	27±8	30±10	0.002
Right atrium annular dilatation (%)	74	68	83	0.020
Vena contracta (mm)	7.8±3.2	5.7±1.4	9.0±3.2	0.005
Tricuspid valve replacement (%)	6.2	2.4	11.6	0.007
Mitral valve replacement (%)	19	16	23	0.216
Aortic valve replacement (%)	22	24	19	0.389
Significant left-sided VHD (%)	45	42	49	0.348
Moderate or severe MR (%)	39	37	43	0.348
Moderate or severe MS (%)	6	7	6	0.839
Moderate or severe AR (%)	6	5	8	0.337
Moderate or severe AS (%)	9	8	9	0.766
Mean follow-up (months)	70±33	68±34	71±32	0.567
Deaths during follow-up (%)	59	61	56	0.456

AR, aortic regurgitation; AS, aortic stenosis;ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MR, mitral regurgitation; MS, mitral stenosis;RV, right ventricle/ventricular;SPAP, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion;TR, tricuspid regurgitation; VHD, valvular heart disease.

Patients with severe TR were more likely to have systemic hypertension, greater RV basal diameter and RA area, and a higher prevalence of RA annular dilatation (all p<0.05). By contrast patients with moderate TR had a higher prevalence of diabetes and lung disease and a higher body mass index (all p<0.05) (table 1). In the total population, 31% had an implanted electrical device (pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)), 45% had a significant left-sided valvular heart disease (VHD) and 23% had LVEF <40% (table 1). Among those with significant left-sided VHD, 52 (55%) had moderate TR and 42 (45%) had severe TR (p=0.348). RA area and RV basal diameter were significantly larger in patients with severe TR compared with moderate TR at baseline (figure 2). RV dysfunction (RV S′<10 cm/s or TAPSE <16 mm) was found in 43%, and TAPSE had a strong direct correlation with RV S′ (r=0.74, p<0.001), inverse correlation with RA pressure (r=−0.27, p=0.001) and a modest positive correlation with LVEF (r=0.30, p<0.001). LVEF had also a modest positive correlation with RV S′ (r=0.36, p<0.001).

Figure 2.

Right atrium (RA) area and right ventricular (RV) basal diameter according to the severity grade of tricuspid regurgitation. *p<0.001; **p<0.01.

PH at baseline

The prevalence of PH was 66% at baseline. There was no difference in the prevalence of PH in moderate or severe TR (63% vs 70%, p=0.340) or in patients with or without RV dysfunction (73% vs 61%, p=0.068), or left-sided VHD (68% vs 65%, p=0.596). After a multivariable adjustment, reduced RV systolic velocity (S′) was strongly associated with PH (OR 4.22; 95% CI 1.37 to 13.05, p=0.012) (table 2).

Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate covariates of pulmonary hypertension at baseline

	Univariate OR (95% CI)	P value	Multivariate OR (95% CI)	P value
Age (year)	1.02 (1.00 to 1.04)	0.049	1.02 (0.98 to 1.05)	0.409
Male sex	1.45 (0.80 to 2.62)	0.222
Weight (kg)	1.01 (0.99 to 1.04)	0.255
Smoking	1.95 (1.00 to 3.80)	0.049	1.35 (0.49 to 3.73)	0.568
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	1.01 (0.99 to 1.02)	0.364
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	0.98 (0.96 to 1.01)	0.174
Pulse pressure (mm Hg)	1.02 (0.99 to 10.3)	0.067	1.03 (0.99 to 1.05)	0.075
Diabetes	1.31 (0.68 to 2.52)	0.427
Hypertension	1.53 (0.69 to 3.37)	0.293
Hypercholesterolaemia	1.23 (0.65 to 2.33)	0.532
Coronary artery disease	1.18 (0.65 to 2.12)	0.590
Atrial fibrillation	1.99 (1.00 to 3.97)	0.050	1.75 (0.54 to 5.68)	0.352
Chronic lung disease	2.16 (0.84 to 5.59)	0.112
Overall pacemaker or ICD	0.88 (0.47 to 1.64)	0.691
Significant left-sided VHD	1.17 (0.65 to 2.10)	0.596
Baseline TAPSE (1 mm lower)	0.94 (0.89 to 0.99)	0.046
Baseline TAPSE <16 mm (%)	1.61 (0.85 to 3.07)	0.144
Reduced RV S′ (<10 cm/s)	4.10 (1.52 to 11.08)	0.005	4.22 (1.37 to 13.05)	0.012
RV dysfunction at baseline	1.78 (0.97 to 3.25)	0.063
Baseline LVEF≤40%	2.23 (1.03 to 4.81)	0.041	1.98 (0.59 to 6.60)	0.268
RV basal diameter (cm)	1.04 (0.98 to 1.11)	0.220
Right atrium area (cm2)	1.02 (0.99 to 1.06)	0.246
Right atrium annular dilatation	1.75 (0.92 to 3.33)	0.089

ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction;RV, right ventricle/ventricular; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; VHD, valvular heart disease.

Follow-up

Valvular interventions

During follow-up 78% of patients were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. TV interventions were performed in 13 (6.2%) patients, more commonly in those with severe than moderate TR (11.6% vs 2.4%; p=0.007). TV surgery was performed at the same time as left-sided valve surgery only in six patients with severe TR. Mitral valve replacement occurred in 40 (19.2%) patients (16.4% in moderate TR and 23.3% in severe TR, p=0.216) and aortic valve replacement in 45 (21.5%) patients (23.6% in moderate TR and 18.6% in severe TR, p=0.389). Pulmonary valve replacement was performed only in 3 (1.4%) patients (1 in moderate TR and 2 in severe TR). None of these three patients had congenital heart disease.

Prediction of all-cause mortality

During a median follow-up of 80 months (mean 70±33 months), 123 (59%) patients died. The mortality rate was similar for moderate TR (n=75 (61%) and severe TR (n=48 (56%), p=0.456)) (figure 3A). In patients with moderate TR, the event-free survival was 90%±3% at 1 year, 85%±3% at 2 years, 78%±4% at 3 years and 57%±5% at 6 years. In patients with severe TR, the event-free survival was 95%±2% at 1 year, 89%±3% at 2 years, 79%±4% at 3 years and 57%±5% at 6 years. The death rates were 93 (67.4%) in patients with PH versus 30 (42.3%) in patients with normal SPAP (p<0.001). In the entire study population, patients with PH had significantly lower event-free survival rates than those without PH at 1 (89±3% vs 99±1%), 2 (83±3% vs 96±2%), 3 (73±4% vs 90±4%) and 6 years (47±4% vs 76±5%) (log-rank, p<0.001) (figure 3B). When patients were segregated into moderate and severe TR, PH was associated with lower event-free survival in moderate (log-rank, p<0.001) (figure 3C), but not in severe TR (log-rank, p=0.089) (figure 3D). Furthermore, PH was a predictor of survival irrespective of significant left-sided VHD (log-rank, p<0.01). The univariate predictors of all-cause mortality are presented in table 3. Atrial fibrillation, RV dysfunction and significant left-sided VHD had no impact on all-cause mortality (table 3).

Figure 3.

Kaplan-Meier survival curves show event-free survival in patients with moderate and severe tricuspid regurgitation (A), and in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) versus patients with normal systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) at baseline in entire study population (B), patients with moderate (C) and severe tricuspid regurgitation (D). PH, pulmonary hypertention; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.

Table 3.

The predictors of all-cause mortality in univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses

	Univariate HR (95% CI)	P value	Multivariate HR (95% CI)	P value
Age (year)	1.04 (1.03 to 1.06)	<0.001	1.04 (1.02 to 1.06)	<0.01
Male sex	1.12 (0.79 to 1.60)	0.528
Body mass index (kg/m2)	1.02 (0.99 to 1.06)	0.221
Smoking	1.44 (0.99 to 2.10)	0.054	1.21 (0.79 to 1.86)	0.384
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)	0.99 (0.98 to 1.01)	0.313
Diabetes	1.02 (0.68 to 1.51)	0.933
Hypertension	1.31 (0.76 to 2.26)	0.325
Hypercholesterolaemia	1.42 (0.93 to 2.15)	0.103
Coronary artery disease	2.15 (1.49 to 3.10)	<0.001	1.76 (0.95 to 3.25)	0.071
Atrial fibrillation	1.40 (0.87 to 2.24)	0.165
Chronic lung disease	1.24 (0.76 to 2.03)	0.384
Overall PM or ICD	1.12 (0.78 to 1.63)	0.558
Significant left-sided VHD	1.03 (0.72 to 1.48)	0.865
Baseline TAPSE (1 mm lower)	0.98 (0.95 to 1.02)	0.410
Reduced RV S′	1.67 (0.98 to 2.89)	0.059	1.42 (0.76 to 2.66)	0.272
PH at baseline	2.22 (1.46 to 3.37)	<0.001	2.22 (1.41 to 3.47)	0.001
Lower LVEF at baseline (%)	0.99 (0.98 to 1.00)	0.027	0.98 (0.97 to 0.99)	0.009
RV dysfunction at baseline	0.99 (0.69 to 1.42)	0.966
TR grade (severe vs moderate)	0.88 (0.62 to 1.27)	0.501
RV basal diameter (cm)	0.98 (0.95 to 1.01)	0.978
Right atrium area (cm2)	1.02 (1.00 to 1.04)	0.043	1.02 (0.99 to 1.04)	0.078
Mitral valve replacement	0.51 (0.30 to 0.87)	0.013	0.65 (0.37 to 1.16)	0.147
Aortic valve replacement	1.11 (0.72 to 1.71)	0.648

ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PH, pulmonary hypertension; PM, pacemaker; RV, right ventricle/ventricular; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion;TR, tricuspid regurgitation; VHD, valvular heart disease.

In a multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, smoking, coronary artery disease, reduced RV S′, lower LVEF at baseline, RA area and mitral valve replacement, PH at baseline remained a powerful and independent predictor of all-cause mortality (HR 2.22; 95% CI 1.43 to 3.47, p=0.001) (table 3).

Discussion

Our study has several important findings. First, the prevalence of significant TR in a less selective cohort of patients attending for a routine transthoracic echocardiogram was 1.6%. Second, these patients had a very high cardiovascular disease burden and an equally poor prognosis with a 3-year survival of 78% for moderate TR and 79% for severe TR. Third, survival was most closely related to the presence of likely PH but not to the grade of TR or the presence of significant left-sided VHD.

Previous work shows that the prevalence of TR and its outcome vary according to the nature of the population. Some studies included only isolated TR,⁷ predominantly male patients,⁴ TR associated with implanted electrical devices,^{15 16} or only TR from surgical series.^17–19 By contrast, the current cohort comprised a consecutive group of patients who were referred for echocardiography across the full-spectrum clinical indications. Our population prevalence of 1.6% was similar to the 2.7% community prevalence in people aged >65 reported in the UK OxVALVE study,²⁰ although lower than the 5% prevalence in an analysis of 79 043 patients performed by a private community echocardiography service.²¹ In another recent community-based study by Topilsky et al, the age and sex-adjusted prevalence of moderate or severe TR was reported as 0.55%.²² Interestingly, large community-based studies of valve disease prevalence in the USA and Norway^{23 24} addressed only left-sided VHD and did not report the prevalence of TR, which our results suggest may have limited their ability to predict outcome.

The presence of significant TR was associated with a 6-year event-free survival, only 57% for both moderate and severe TR. However, PH rather than the grade of TR was the most powerful predictor of outcome. The 6-year event-free survival was 47%±4% for patients with PH versus 76%±5% without PH, which confirms previous reports.^3–6

Current European guidelines on VHD consider symptoms or a progressive RV dilatation or dysfunction in the absence of symptoms as indications for surgery in patients with severe primary TR.² Similarly, a liberal approach is recommended for preventive TV repair in patients with even less severe secondary TR undergoing concomitant left-sided heart valve surgery if annular dilatation of TV (≥40 mm or >21 mm/m²) is present.² This is particularly important to avoid irreversible RV myocardial damage late after left-sided valve procedures. Nevertheless, in routine clinical practice there is a poor adherence to clinical guidelines with only a small proportion of patients with significant TR undergoing a corrective intervention on TR (replacement or repair).²⁵ This was also evident from our study that demonstrates only 6.2% (n=13) of patients underwent a surgical intervention on TV (7 repairs and 6 replacement) versus 19.2% intervention on mitral and 21.5% on aortic valve. It is likely that this practice relates to an overestimation of surgical risk, or a perception that the TR is likely to regress following left-sided valvular intervention. In fact, the progressive nature of the disease may cause TV annulus dilatation, impaired RV function and subsequent worsening of TR if left untreated at the time of left-sided valve intervention.²⁶ In addition, redo operations often carry a high risk. Furthermore, several studies have demonstrated that TV annuloplasty during surgery for left-sided VHD is associated with improved outcome.^26–28 Hence, data from the present study as well as previous studies support the practice of performing a TV annuloplasty in all patients having left-sided valvular procedures with anything more than mild TR, especially if the annulus is dilated.^{21 22}

Moderate or severe TR can be markers of PH or RV dysfunction. Kammerlander et al ²⁹ showed that RV dysfunction, but not significant TR, was independently associated with late survival following left-sided heart valve surgery. The authors speculated that impairment of RV function in their patients might be linked to a postcapillary PH caused by high LV filling pressure in left-sided VHD. The pathophysiological mechanism for significant functional TR caused or aggravated by PH secondary to left-sided VHD may be due to a sustained RV pressure overload, RV dilatation and remodelling of the subvalvular apparatus of TV.²⁹ Most studies show that TR grade progression is not closely related to the baseline pulmonary artery (PA) pressure^{9 30 31} which agrees with our findings. In a less selected study of patients with TR with predominantly preserved LVEF who were referred to echocardiography, atrial fibrillation and change in SPAP, but not baseline SPAP, predicted TR grade progression.³¹ By contrast Chen et al ³² found a correlation between PH and grade of TR and showed that TR was an independent predictor of survival. In their study, patients with severe TR had a significantly heightened risk of death compared with those who had lesser degrees of TR. We showed that TR Vmax portended poor prognosis in patients with moderate but not severe TR. This may be because in severe TR with significant malcoaptation of TV leaflets, the commonly used Bernoulli equation may underestimate SPAP.¹¹ Furthermore, PA pressure may fall as RV dysfunction develops and this may explain why we showed a trend towards prognostic power for RV S′, a marker of systolic RV function.

Given the load and pressure-sensitive nature of TV and RV, our study suggests that efforts should be made to decrease pressure overload (elevated pulmonary pressure due to left-sided VHD) and volume overload by optimising the management of heart failure according to contemporary recommendations. Further prospective studies are warranted to explore the additive survival benefit of early TV surgery in less severe TR at the same time as left-sided valve surgery to avoid an irreversible pressure overload-induced myocardial dysfunction.

Limitations

There are some limitations to our study. First, a quarter of patients had implanted a device (ICD or pacemaker) at baseline. Whether a worsening of TR was induced by device leads remains uncertain. However, having implanted ICD or pacemaker was not associated with all-cause mortality. Second, the exact information on functional class, the frequencies of heart failure-related hospitalisations and the types of heart failure medications was unavailable. Hence, we could not assess the impact of TR severity on clinical endpoints such as heart failure-related hospitalisations. Nevertheless, all patients received standard medical care according to the guidelines. Third, the data on diastolic dysfunction were not collected. Fourth, we did not have information about other causes of PH that may have impact on the interpretation of the prognostic data. Fifth, it is possible that the borderline significant association between PH and all-cause mortality in patients with severe TR represents lack of power rather than absence of true effect on mortality. Finally, mild or trivial TR was excluded from the present study and the lack of a control group of subjects may be considered as a limitation.

Conclusion

Moderate or severe TR is rarely isolated and is commonly associated with left-sided VHD and PH. The prognosis of moderate or severe TR is poor with a high mortality rate observed in patients with moderate TR and PH.