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Cancer Biology & Therapy logoLink to Cancer Biology & Therapy
. 2019 Aug 7;20(12):1453–1461. doi: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1647058

LINC01133 promotes the progression of cervical cancer by sponging miR-4784 to up-regulate AHDC1

Yan Feng a, Luyun Qu b, Xiuli Wang b, Chunyan Liu b,✉
PMCID: PMC6804813  PMID: 31390932

ABSTRACT

Cervical cancer, as the deadliest gynecological tumor with high risk of incidence, manifests aberrantly expressed lncRNAs in the malignant cellular processes. Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1133 (LINC01133) has been acknowledged to actively participate in aggressive tumor phenotypes. Our study focused on the identification of the function and corresponding mechanism of the novel molecule, LINC01133 in cervical cancer. LINC01133 expression profile was validated by digging The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and qRT-PCR analysis. A considerably up-regulated expression of LINC01133 was unveiled. The results of CCK-8, trypan blue exclusion, EdU and transwell migration assays manifested the facilitating property of LINC01133 in cervical cancer. The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) was also exacerbated by LINCO1133. Apoptotic rate of cervical cancer cells was promoted after silencing LINCO1133. Mechanically, LINC01133 functioning as a ceRNA targeted miR-4784 to augment AHDC1 expression. Finally, LINCO1133/miR-4784 aggravated the malignant growth and aggressiveness and EMT of cervical cancer in an AHDC1-dependant way.

KEYWORDS: LINCO1133, miR-4784, AHDC1, EMT, cervical cancer

Introduction

The prevailing gynecological malignancy among females was extensively acknowledged to be cervical cancer (CC), which brings about a large proportion of mortalities in developing countries and the global incidence is still climbing.1,2 Worse still, the persistent exposure to diverse oncogenic substances, such as herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), cervical thymus (CT), most importantly the human papillomavirus (HPV), complicates the pathogenesis of CC.3–5 CC turns into a rising concern worldwide with a depressing 5-year survival rate in spite of the current available therapeutic methods such as chemical treatment, radiotherapy and surgery operation.6,7 Therefore, effective identification of genetic diagnostics or prognosis prediction strategies by exploring potential mechanism may offer new opportunities to alleviate the physical pain or mental stress of CC patients.

As introduced, approximately 98% of genome coding no protein is composed by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA), which are defined to be at least 200 bases long and transcribed by RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) and has been neglected as the ‘dark matter’ and ‘noises’ of the transcriptome previously.8 However, multiple biological and pathological processes such as migration, proliferation, invasion, apoptosis and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) were unveiled to critically associate with lncRNAs in tumor progression.9–12 For example, lncRNA OTUD6B-AS1 inhibits clear cell renal cell carcinoma proliferation, indicating poor prognosis.13 LncRNA SLCO4A1-AS1 facilitates growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer through β-catenin-dependent Wnt pathway.14 EMT was increasingly demonstrated to act as a crucial contributor to intensify the cell metastatic dissemination activities and malignant aggressiveness through empowering cancer cells migratory and invasive properties and loss of cell-cell junctions.15,16 For instance, lncRNA PTAR promotes EMT and invasion-metastasis in serous ovarian cancer.17 Mechanistically, a well-established mechanism of lncRNAs-modulated oncogenesis is that lncRNAs, as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for microRNAs, sponge miRNAs to post-transcriptionally regulate downstream gene expression by binding the response element (MRE) of miRNAs.18,19 Additionally, this mechanism was also exemplified in CC development. LncRNA-TCONS_00026907 is involved in the progression and prognosis of cervical cancer through inhibiting miR-143–5p.20 LncRNA XLOC_006390 facilitates cervical cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis as a ceRNA against miR-331-3p and miR-338-3p.21

Up to now, long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1133 (LINC01133) was certificated to be valuable in colorectal cancer metastasis,22 oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis,23 osteosarcoma tumorigenesis,24 gastric cancer progression,25 non-small cell lung cancer oncogenesis26 and hepatocellular carcinoma aggravation.27 Available documentation of LINC01133 about CC suggests its prognostic value in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.28 Furthermore, the remarkable up-regulation of LINC01133 in CC cells was unmasked relative to the matched normal cells. However, the precise function and mechanism of LINC01133 remain to be certified in CC.

The priority of our work is to annotate the potential role of LINC01133 in CC and may provide measurable clinical utility for the CC treatment.

Materials and methods

Cell lines and cell culture

The following immortalized cervical epithelium NC104 and four cervical carcinoma cell lines Hela, ME-180, C33A and MS751 (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China) were needed for the study and the cultivation of them was conducted in the Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 (RPMI-1640) medium incorporating 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, Grand Island, NY, USA). One percent penicillin-streptomycin (Invitrogen, CA, USA) was also added to the culture medium. Specific condition was required in an incubator (37℃,5% CO2) until the growth of cells reached to the logarithmic phase.

Cell transfection

To downregulate LINC01133, shRNA against LINC01133 (sh-LINC01133) and its negative control shRNA were stably transfected into ME-180 and MS751 cervical cancer cells. The insertion of the full-length sequence of NAV1 into pcDNA 3.1 vector from GenePharm (Shanghai, China) as the carrier was executed at room temperature lasting 2 h for upregulating NAV1. Lipofectamine2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was applied for the transfection of constructed plasmid (pcDNA3.1/NAV1) and the negative control (pcDNA3.1) into ME-180 and MS751 cells. To augment miR-4784, miR-4784 mimics and corresponding negative control (NC-mimics) were acquired from GenePharma Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China).

Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) assay

Different lncRNAs and miRNAs expression status were interrogated by qRT-PCR assay with GAPDH or U6 as reference gene using the 2−ΔΔCt method. A Trizol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used for collecting total RNA from Hela, ME-180, C33A and MS751 cells. The first-strand cDNA synthesis, in line with the supplier’s protocols, was accomplished via PrimeScript Reverse Transcriptase kit (Takara, Dalian, China) and AceQ qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) was required for real-time PCR implementation. The forward and reverse primers of involved genes were as follows: LINC01133-forward, TGGTGGAGAGAATGGAGG and LINC01133-reverse, AACCCAGTTCCTTAGAATCTTC. MiR-4784-forward, TGAGGAGATGCTGGGACT and miR-4784-reverse, GAACATGTCTGCGTATCTC. AHDC1-forward, GACCTTCTCTGAGTCATCCTCC and AHDC1-reverse, GCAGATGATGCCTCGTTCCAGT. GAPDH-forward, CTCCTCCTGTTCGACAGTCAGC and GAPDH-reverse, CCCAATACGACCAAATCCGTT.

Western blot analysis

Western blot analysis of the protein content of AHDC1, EMT-related proteins (E-cadherin, Vimentin, N-cadherin, Rac1, Twist) and the reference gene β-actin were executed with the aid of RIPA lysis buffer incorporating protease inhibitor for the total cellular protein extraction from CC cells and normal cervical cells. Proteins isolated from cervical cells were subsequently electrophoresed and separated on 12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel, followed by transfer onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. Membranes were blocked by 5% defatted milk lasting more than 1 h and later blotted by specific primary anti-body overnight, which finally probed by secondary antibody. Primary antibodies were referred to in the following: anti-AHDC1 (Novus Biologicals), anti-E-cadherin (Abcam), anti-Vimentin (Abcam), anti-N-cadherin (Abcam), anti-Rac1(Abcam), anti-Twist(Abcam), anti-β-actin (Abcam). A chemiluminescent detection system (Bio-Rad) was applied for detecting the antigen-antibody complex.

Trypan blue exclusion assay

Trypan blue exclusion method on the basis of the changes in cell membrane integrity was applied for cell viability detection following transfection. In brief, treated or untreated cells (5 × 104 cells) were seeded into each well of 24-well plates. Following incubation for 48 h at 37°C, cells were rinsed, trypsinized and dyed with trypan blue dye (Beyotime Biotechnology, Shanghai, China). Viable cells were counted by a cell counting chamber.

Cell counting kit-8 assay

The cell proliferation reagent CCK-8 (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) was needed for the implementation of CCK-8 assay to evaluate transfected cell proliferation. The 96-well microtiter plates (Corning, NY, USA) were seeded with treated CC cells and maintained at 37°C with 1 × 103 distributed in each well, which were added with 10 μL of CCK8 solution (Dojindo, Japan) at indicated time point. After 1.5 h of incubation, a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, USA) probed the absorbance at 450 nm.

Ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay

5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays together with CCK-8 assay were designed to assess the proliferation of CC cells after transfection with the application of the EdU DNA Proliferation in vitro Detection kit (RiboBio, China) in line with the recommendations of the manufacturer. In brief, first of all, CC cells were planted in the 96-well plates. CC cells, post-transfection of 48 h, were stained by EdU and DAPI. The ratio of the EdU positive cells reflects the proliferating rate of CC cells.

Transwell migration and migration assay

Twenty-four-hour post-transfection, cells were harvested and the preparation of single-cell suspensions with a density of 5 × 104 cells/ml was also completed. The migratory and invasive potential of CC cells was tested by the employment of transwell assay in 24-well plates which possessed poly-carbonate transwell filters (Corning, USA). For migration assay, serum-free RPMI-1640 medium (100 μl) together with CC cells was planted into the upper chamber, in contrast, 500 μl of 20% FBS-containing RPMI-1640 medium was filled into the lower chamber to induce cell migration and invasion. After culturing for 24 h, collected membranes were stained by the 0.5% crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for about 20 min at room temperature. For invasion assay, it followed the same steps, except the upper chamber pre-coated with Matrigel. The number of migrated or invaded cells from five random views was measured and counted by using an inverted microscope.

Caspase-3 activity assay

The effect of LINC01133, miR-4784 and AHDC1 was probed through caspase-3 activity assay with the help of a Caspase-3 Activity Assay Kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) in line with the guide of the manufacturer’s protocols. In short, cells with the density of 1 × 105 cells/well were seeded onto 48-well plates and treated cells were harvested and lysed in the cell lysis buffer followed by the determination of protein concentration using a pierce BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific). Subsequently, each protein sample was supplemented with 50 μl of 2 × Reaction buffer which contained 10mM DTT, followed by 2 h of incubation with 10 μL of 4 mM DEVD-p-NA at 37°C. After incubation, a microplate reader assessed the optical density value at 405 nm.

Luciferase reporter assay

Luciferase reporter assay was employed to interrogate a regulatory relationship between miR-4784 and LINC01133 or AHDC1. LINC01133 fragment harboring the potential miR-4784 binding site and 3ʹ-UTR of AHDC1 (Biosune, Shanghai, China) were inserted into pmirGLO vector (Promega, USA) to yield PmirGLO-LINC01133-WT and PmirGLO-AHDC1-WT plasmids. Besides, site-directed mutagenesis was employed to generate mutant type of LINC01133 and AHDC1 3ʹ-UTR and PmirGLO-LINC01133-Mut and PmirGLO-AHDC1-Mut were constructed.

The wild-type or mutant-type of LINC01133 and AHDC1 reporter plasmids and controls (empty vector) were co-transfected with miR-4784 mimics or NC mimics into CC cells, respectively. A dual-luciferase reporter assay system (Promega, USA, E1910) was applied for detecting the relative luciferase activities after normalization to Renilla luciferase activity.

RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay

Ago2-RIP assay was conducted in strict accordance with the recommendations of Magna RIPTM RNA kit (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) to confirm the co-existence of LINC01133/miR-4784/AHDC1 in the RISC complex. Complete RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) lysis buffer lysed ME-180 and MS751 cells and subsequently, the whole cell extracts were incubated with anti-Ago2 or anti-IgG antibody conjunct with magnetic beads. After maintaining at 4°C for 6 h, magnetic beads were removed and purified RNA was quantified by qRT-PCR analysis.

Statistical analysis

SPSS Statistics 21 was employed for the analysis of data expressed as the mean ± SD. Student’s t-test was required for comparing two treatment groups with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) used for comparing the differences between three or more groups. The experiments in this study were ensured to be conducted at least three times. A p-value < 0.05 was stated to have statistical significance. *denotes p < .05, **denotes p < .01.

Results

High expression of LINC01133 accelerated the malignant phenotypes of CC cells

Highly expressed LINC01133 in CC tissues was detected relative to non-tumor tissues from TCGA database (Figure 1a). Consistently, in CC cell lines, the expression level of LINC01133 was conspicuously elevated compared with non-cancerous cell line NC104 (Figure 1b). To determine the function of LINC01133 CC cells, we selected ME-180 and MS751 cells for the loss-of-function assays and its knockdown efficacy was measured in Figure 1c. Assessment of the cellular function of down-regulating LINC01133 was conducted in ME-180 and MS751 cells and it demonstrated the repressed proliferation rate of in CCK-8 assay and EdU assay following LINC01133 depletion (Figure 1d). Meanwhile, LINC01133 silencing led to increased apoptosis rate of CC cells (Figure 1e). It collectively uncovered that LINC01133 exacerbated the malignant proliferation of CC cells.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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High expression of LINC01133 accelerated the malignant phenotypes of CC cells. (a) Differential expression of LINC01133 in CC was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). (b) Relative to normal cervical cells, LINC01133 was markedly high-expressed in CC cells by qRT-PCR. (c) The expression of LINC01133 in cells transfected with shLINC01133#1, shLINC01133#2 and shLINC01133#3 were examined. (d-e) LINC01133 inhibition suppressed the growth of ME-180 and MS751 by CCK-8 and EdU assay. (f) LINC01133 silencing posed pro-apoptosis effect detected by caspase-3 activity assay. *P < .05, **P < .01.

LINC01133 elevated the invasive and migratory capacity of CC cells and accelerated EMT

Transwell migration and invasion assays presented that LINC01133 blockade resulted in impeded cell motility and aggressiveness (Figure 2a-2b). In order to probe the impact of LINC01133 on the EMT process in CC cells, the following relevant EMT proteins such as E-cadherin (epithelial marker), Vimentin, N-cadherin (mesenchymal markers), and downstream proteins (Rac1, Twist) were evaluated by western blot. It pointed out the remarkable increase in E-cadherin and the noticeable decline in Vimentin, N-cadherin, Rac1 and Twist with LINC01133 depletion, which collectively illustrated that LINC01133 boosted EMT process in CC cells (Figure 2c). In summary, the facilitating effect of LINC01133 on migration, invasion, and EMT was unveiled in CC.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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LINC01133 elevated the invasive and migratory capacity of CC cells and accelerated EMT. (a) LINC01133 down-regulation impeded migratory potential of ME-180 and MS751 by Transwell migration assay. (b) Transwell invasion assay indicated the invasion-inhibiting effect of LINC01133 suppression. (c) LINC01133 interference hindered EMT process in CC. *P < .05.

LINC01133 directly targeted miR-4784

As illuminated in preliminary works, one of the well-constructed regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs is miRNA sponging.18,19 First, the presence of LINC01133 was found mainly located in GC cell cytoplasm (Figure 3a), which is indispensable for LINC01133-regulated post-transcriptional mechanism. Next, we applied bioinformatic prediction to identify the downstream targeting miRNAs (http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn/starbase2/index.php) and 15 miRNAs were observed, among which miR-4784 was markedly up-regulated after LINC01133 inhibition as listed in Figure 3b and FigureS1 A. The binding sites of LINC01133 and miR-4784 predicted by starbase were also provided (Figure 3c). For validation of this predication, dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted and indicated that mutations in the 3′-UTR of LINC01133 abrogated the binding of between LINC01133 and miR-4784 (Figure 3d). Additional Ago2-RIP assay further confirmed the direct binding of LINC01133 and miR-4784 and suggested the enrichment of miR-4784 and LINC01133 in Ago2-immunoprecipitated complex (Figure 3e). Altogether, the results so far indicated the interaction between LINC01133 and miR-4784.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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LINC01133 directly targeted miR-4784. (a) The location of LINC01133 was discovered in ME-180 and MS751 cells. (b) The expression of 15 potential miRNAs predicted by bioinformatics tools was examined in ME-180 cells by qRT-PCR after LINC01133 blockade. (c) Potential binding site of LINC01133 for miR-4784 was predicted. (d) Luciferase reporter assay indicated a suppressed activity of wild type of LINC01133 3′-UTR reporter in ME-180 and MS751 cells in the presence of miR-4784 mimics. (e) Cell lysate of ME-180 and MS751 cell lysates underwent incubation with anti-IgG or anti-Ago2 antibody and the enriched LINC01133 and miR-4784 were analyzed by qRT-PCR. *P < .05, **P < .01, *** P < .001.

LINC01133 up-regulated the target gene of miR-4784, AHDC1

Typically, the next issue is to predict potential target mRNAs of miR-4784. As manifested in Figure 4a, five overlapped miRNAs were predicated by RNA22, microT, PicTar, and miRmap (Figure 4a). To recognize the potent candidate, the expression profiles of five miRNAs were monitored by qRT-PCR analysis. AHDC1 were observed to be highly expressed in CC cells (Figure 4b), while the other four exhibited no significant expression (data shown in FigureS1 B-D). Putative binding sites between AHDC1 and miR-4784 were provided by starbase (Figure 4c). To validate that potential effect that LINC01133 may pose on the binding of AHDC1 and miR-4784, overexpression efficiency of LINC01133 was examined in ME-180 and MS751 cells (Figure 4d). Dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that introduction of miR-4784 mimics notably repressed the luciferase activity of wild type of AHDC1, while brought no impact on its mutant type. Furthermore, the suppressed luciferase activity of wild type of AHDC1 by miR-4784 mimics was restored after LINC01133 augmentation (Figure 4e). To further interrogate the interplay of AHDC1 and miR-4784, Ago2-RIP assay demonstrated the copious enrichment of AHDC1 mRNA and miR-4784 in the immunoprecipitated-Ago2 complexes, implying the co-expression of AHDC1 mRNA and miR-4784 in the RISC complex (Figure 4f). Finally, the impact of LINC01133 alone or the interference of miR-4784 alone on AHDC1 mRNA and protein was evaluated through qRT-PCR and western blot assays. Either LINC01133 repression or miR-4784 up-regulation strikingly reduced AHDC1 mRNA and protein level in ME-180 and MS751 cells (Figure 4g-4h). It concluded that LINC01133 competing for miR-4784 advanced the expression of AHDC1.

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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LINC01133 up-regulated the target gene of miR-4784, AHDC1. (a) Bioinformatic analysis of five potential downstream genes of miR-4784. (b) The expression of AHDC1 was detected in normal cervical cells and CC cells. (c) The predicated binding sites between AHDC1 and miR-4784. (d) The expression level of LINC01133 post-transfection of pcDNA3.1/LINC01133 into ME-180 and MS751 cells was tested. (e) The luciferase activity of AHDC1-WT reporter was monitored after transfection with specific plasmids. (f) RIP assay consolidated the binding between AHDC1 and miR-4784. (g-h) qRT-PCR and western blot disclosed the effect of LINC01133 or miR-4784 on AHDC1 mRNA and protein levels. *P < .05, **P < .01, *** P < .001.

miR-4784/ahdc1 reversed the modulatory impact of LINC01133 on invasive and migratory potentials and EMT in CC

To clarify the LINC01133/miR-4784/AHDC1 on cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and EMT in CC, rescue experiments were designed and the AHDC1 augmentation efficiency was ensured beforehand (Figure 5a). CCK-8 and EdU analyses presented an inhibited proliferation capacity of ME-180 cells by LINC01133 depletion, and miR-4784 silencing or AHDC1 overexpression abolished the previous trend (Figure 5b-5c). The pro-apoptosis effect of LINC01133 depletion was countervailed by miR-4784 inhibition or AHDC1 overexpression (Figure 5d). The pro-migration or pro-invasion impact of LINC01133 was also counteracted by miR-4784 or AHDC1 (Figure 5e-5f). The results collectively showed that LINC01133 depletion decreased CC cell proliferation and migration and impaired EMT process, whereas, miR-4784 or AHDC1 mitigated the suppressive impact.

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

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MiR-4784/AHDC1 reversed the modulatory impact of LINC01133 on invasive and migratory potentials and EMT in CC. (a) Confirmation of the overexpression efficiency of AHDC1 in ME-180 and MS751 cells was accomplished by qRT-PCR. (b-c) Post-transfection of indicated plasmids, the growth of ME-180 cells was assessed by CCK-8 and EdU assays. (d) ME-180 cell apoptosis after transfection with certain plasmids was evaluated by caspase-3 activity assay. (e-f) Transwell assay was executed to probe the migration and invasion of ME-180 cells transfected with specific plasmids. (g) Western blot was implemented to examine the effects of LINC01133/miR-4784/AHDC1 pathway on the EMT-associated protein contents. *P < .05, **P < .01.

Discussion

Most females suffered from or at a threatening risk of being attacked by cervical cancer (CC), and a mass of female mortalities were attributed to this gynecological malignancy.1,2 The situation becomes more intricate with diverse oncogenic infections and the 5-year survival rate remains frustrating despite the achievements we made.3–5 Unraveling more molecular mechanism concerning the initiation and development of cervical cancer is advantageous to the emergence of innovative and effective therapeutic targets of CC.

It has been substantially illustrated that lncRNA served as core modulators on gene expression during multiple biological processes from several facets such as transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic level.29,30 Recently, lncRNAs participating in cancer progression was increasingly discussed and enormously validated.9–11 Besides, cervical cancer-associated lncRNAs have also drawn a great deal of attention in recent years.31,32 For instance, lncRNA SBF2-AS1 promotes the progression of cervical cancer by regulating miR-361-5p/FOXM1 axis.33 CERNA2 serves as a potent predictor for aggravation and poor prognosis in cervical carcinoma.34 Higher lncRNA CASC15 expression predicts poor prognosis and associates with tumor growth in cervical cancer.35 Herein, LINC01133 was identified to be notably overexpressed in cervical carcinoma compared with non-carcinoma tissues from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and LINC01133upregulation was elaborated to be strongly related to prognosis predication in cervical squamous cell carcinoma.28 Never has the function and mechanism been revealed in CC, which certainly deserves more investigation. Consistent with previous work, the heightened level of LINC01133 in cervical cancer was validated in CC cells, while the facilitating effects of LINC01133 on CC cell proliferation, migration and EMT were first uncovered in the present study.

MicroRNAs are typically sponged and inhibited by lncRNAs acting as ceRNA and interrogation about this mechanism was also extensively carried out.18,19 MiR-143-5p was a direct target of lncRNA-TCONS_00026907.20 LncRNA XLOC_006390 targeted miR-331-3p and miR-338-3p.21 In the current study, this mechanism was also validated. Moreover, our study first unmasked that miR-4784, a microRNA associated with chondrocyte hyperplasia36 was targeted by LINC01133. Besides, the interaction between miR-4784 and AHDC1 was also revealed for the first time. Rescue experiments also first proved the modulatory network composed by LINC01133, miR-4784 and AHDC1 in CC.

In conclusion, we unveiled that LINC01133 may function as a ceRNA for miR-4784 to advance AHDC1 expression, intensifying CC cell malignant phenotypes and EMT process, which may demonstrate the implied value of LINC01133 as a therapeutic target for CC patients.

Acknowledgments

We express our gratitude for all involved in this study.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Supplementary materials

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed on the publisher’s website.

Supplemental Material

References

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