Data on the use of optional ergative case marking in Tujia, an endangered language of southwest China

Man Lu; Jeroen van de Weijer; Yu Ma; Zhengguang Liu

doi:10.1016/j.dib.2019.104019

. 2019 Jun 26;26:104019. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104019

Data on the use of optional ergative case marking in Tujia, an endangered language of southwest China

Man Lu ^b,^∗, Jeroen van de Weijer ^a, Yu Ma ^b, Zhengguang Liu ^b

PMCID: PMC6811877 PMID: 31667211

Abstract

Agents are optionally marked in Tujia, an endangered language spoken in southwest China. Sentences, discourse texts and conversations are presented in this dataset.

Specifications table

Subject area	Linguistics
More specific subject area	Use of the optional ergative marker ko³⁵in Tujia
Type of data	Tables, sentences, conversations
How data was acquired	Field work; audio recorded on Sony ICD-SX1000; video recorded on Sony HDR-CX680
Data format	Glossed with translations (raw)
Experimental factors	Random sample of sentences, texts, or self-narratives.
Experimental features	Illustration, translation, self-narrative
Data source location	Dianfang town, Baoge village, Longshan county Changsha, China
Data accessibility	All the data are included in this data article.
Related research article	Man Lu, Jeroen van de Weijer, Chris Sinha, Zhengguang Liu. 2019. Optional Ergative Marking in Tujia (Lingua (223), 46–66).

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Value of the data

•
The dataset can serve as a reference for the use of the optional ergative marker in Tujia.
•
The dataset can be used to investigate the semantics, morphology and grammar of the endangered Tujia language.
•
The dataset can provide insight in the customs and culture of Tujia.
•
The reference section can serve as a useful resource for researchers in these areas.

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1. Data

The data contained in this article are listed as below. The dataset consists of sentences with or without the ergative case marker. Sentences are classified according to degree of clausal transitivity and aspect. Other constructions illustrated include the imperative construction and the resultative construction. Secondly, excerpts from conversations are included in this data article. Finally, this data article contains data from some daily conversations by local natives (see Table 1, Table 2, Table 3). Tables showing the statistical analysis of these datasets are also included. For interpretation and analysis of the data, see Man et al. [1].

Table 1.

Frequency of use and non-use of the ergative in Tujia narratives.

Clause type	Use of ergative	Percentages of use of ergative
Intransitive nominals	13	12%
Transitive nominals	142	37%
Ditransitive nominals	151	40%
Total	306

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Table 2.

Frequencies of use and non-use of ergative across different age groups.

Age	Use of ko³⁵	Non-use of ko³⁵
over 70	1005(56%)	795
60–69	825(46%)	975
younger than 60	495(28%)	1305

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Table 3.

Frequency of use and non-use of the ergative in perfective.

Aspect	Use of ergative	Non-use of ergative
Perfective	61(61%)	39
Imperfective	9(9%)	91

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2. Experimental design, materials and methods

The data were collected in four fieldwork trips during 2014–2018. The superscript values indicate tone contours.

2.1. Non-canonical word order1

(1)	zo³⁵	li³⁵	*(ko³⁵）	ka³⁵	liau²¹.
	goat	tiger	KO	eat	PERF
	‘The goat was eaten by a tiger.’

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(2)	la²¹ tse⁵⁵tsi²¹	*(ko³⁵)	ia⁵³	si²¹	liau²¹.
	road car	KO	squeeze	break	PERF
	‘The road has been squeezed broken by cars.’

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(3)	na⁵³mi²¹	ze³⁵su⁵³ *(ko³⁵)	ts^hui⁵⁵ ia⁵³	liau²¹	tong³⁵	liau²¹.
	door	wind	KO	blow	PERF	open	PERF
	‘The door was blown open.’

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(4)	ko³⁵ mie³⁵t^ha⁵⁵ ts^he²¹	*(ko³⁵)	sa³⁵	liau²¹.
	3SG thunder	KO	strike	PERF
	‘He was stricken by thunder.’

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(5)	an⁵³ŋai⁵³no³⁵ti⁵³	*(ko³⁵)	xa²¹	liau²¹.
	younger brother	KO	beat	PERF
	‘(My) younger brother was beaten by someone.’

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2.2. Transitive

2.2.1. Verbs in low transitivity

(6)	p^ha⁵⁵p^hu²¹	(ko³⁵)	na⁵³mi²¹	sa²¹	liau²¹.
	grandfather	KO	door	lock	PERF
	‘Grandfather locked the door.’

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(7)	ŋa³⁵	p^hu²¹ɲi²¹	pai²¹	xa²¹	liau²¹.
	1SG	yesterday	card	play	PERF
	‘I played cards yesterday.’

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(8)	ŋa³⁵	p^hu²¹ɲi²¹	tian²¹in²¹	pa²¹ liau²¹.
	1SG	yesterday	movie	see PERF
	‘I saw a movie yesterday.’

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(9)	ko³⁵	ian⁵⁵	nau⁵³	p^hu³⁵	liau²¹.
	3SG	cigarette	one.CL	buy	PERF
	‘She bought a pack of cigarette.’

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(10)	ko³⁵	ian⁵⁵	xo³⁵lan²¹	p^hu³⁵	liau²¹.
	3SG	cigarette	many	buy	PERF
	‘She bought many packs of cigarette.’

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(11)	ko³⁵	p^hu²¹ɲi⁵⁵	t^hi⁵³ k^hi²¹	liau²¹	tɕi²¹	la⁵³k^ho²¹	liau²¹.
	3SG	yesterday	tumble	PERF	leg	break	PERF
	‘She tumbled and broke her leg.’

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(12)	ŋa³⁵	nai³⁵	li³⁵	nau⁵³	i²¹.
	1SG	today	tiger	one.CL	see
	‘I saw a tiger today.’

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(13)	ŋa³⁵	ko³⁵	kan²¹	ku⁵³	i²¹	liau²¹.
	1SG	3SG	mountain on		see	PERF
	‘I saw him on the mountain.’

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(14)	ŋa³⁵	(ko³⁵)	lo³⁵	na⁵⁵ xu³³	i²¹	po²¹ la²¹.
	1SG	KO	person	one CL	see	EXP
	‘I once saw this person.’

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(15)	a.	ta²¹ɲie⁵⁵	(ko³⁵)	ɕi⁵⁵pa⁵⁵	za²¹	liau²¹.
		mother	KO	clothes	wash	PERF
		‘My mother washed clothes.’

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b.	a²¹k^ho⁵⁵	tian³⁵ in⁵³	pa²¹	liau²¹.
	older brother	movie	see	PERF
	‘My older brother saw a movie.'

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(16)	ŋa³⁵	lai⁵⁵	san²¹	k^ho⁵³	liau²¹.
	1SG	today	teach	class	PERF
	‘I taught classes today.’

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(17)	tian²¹ tɕi⁵³	ts^hi⁵⁵p^hu⁵⁵	pa⁵³	liau²¹.
	person name	book	read	PERF
	‘Tian ji read (a) book.’

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(18)	tian²¹ tɕi⁵³	ai⁵⁵	ts^hi⁵⁵p^hu⁵⁵	na⁵⁵	pu²¹	pa⁵³ liau²¹.
	person name	DEM	book	one	CL	read PERF
	‘Tian tɕi read that book.’

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(19)	tian²¹ tɕi⁵³	(ko³⁵)	ai⁵⁵	ts^hi⁵⁵p^hu⁵⁵	na⁵⁵pu²¹	pa⁵³	tɕi²¹	liau²¹.
	person name	KO	DEM	book	one.CL	read	finish	PERF
	‘Tian tɕi finished reading that book.’

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(20)	a.	a⁵⁵ŋai⁵⁵	zi²¹	liau²¹.
		younger brother	cry	PERF
		‘My younger brother cried.’

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b.	a⁵⁵ŋai⁵⁵	（ko³⁵）	xa²¹wa⁵⁵	zi²¹	liau²¹.
	younger brother	KO	loudly	cry	PERF
	‘Younger brother cried loudly.’

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(21)	a⁵⁵ŋai⁵⁵	（ko³⁵）	na⁵³mi²¹	xa²¹	liau²¹.
	younger	KO	door	knock	PERF
	‘(My) younger brother knocked on the door.’

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(22)	a.	a²¹se⁵⁵	(ko³⁵)	na⁵³mi²¹	xa²¹	la⁵⁵?
		who	KO	door	knock	PROG
		‘Who is knocking on the door lightly?’

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b.	a⁵⁵ŋai⁵⁵	（ko³⁵）	ka³⁵ki⁵³li⁵³li⁵³	mo²¹	na⁵³mi²¹	xa²¹	la⁵⁵.
	younger	KO	lightly	ADV	door	knock	PROG
	‘(My) younger brother is knocking on the door.’

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(23)	kai³⁵	ts^hi⁵⁵p^hu⁵⁵	āŋa³⁵	（ko³⁵）	ɲie³⁵ tɕie⁵³	pa²¹	liau²¹.
	DEM	book	1SG	KO	two time	read	PERF
	‘I read this book twice.’

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(24)	ɕian³⁵	p^ho ³⁵ka⁵⁵	(ko³⁵）	an³⁵ ɲie⁵⁵	pan⁵⁵tsu⁵⁵zen²¹	t^hau³⁵.
	family name	teacher	KO	1PL	tutor	NEG.PERF
	‘Teacher Qian is not our tutor any longer.’

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(25)	a.	ŋa³⁵	ɲie³⁵	ɕi²¹pa⁵³	za²¹	liau²¹	ma²¹?
		My	GEN	clothes	wash	PERF	QM
	‘Have my clothes been washed?’

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b.	a³⁵ta⁵⁵	（ko³⁵）	ɕi²¹pa⁵³	za²¹	liau²¹.
	sister	KO	clothes	wash	PERF
	‘(My) sister had washed the clothes.’

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(26)	ŋa³⁵	le⁵⁵	a⁵⁵se²¹	(ko³⁵)	ɲi³⁵	kan⁵⁵	ɣa²¹！
	1SG	except	who	KO	2SG dare		marry
	‘Who except me dare to marry you?’

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(27)	A.	ɲi³⁵	nai³⁵ xou³⁵	la⁵⁵tɕie⁵³ɕi²¹	ka³⁵	liau²¹?2
		2SG	this morning	what	eat	PERF
		‘What did you eat this morning?’

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B.	ŋa³⁵	pao³³ku³³	ka³⁵	liau²¹.
	1SG	corn	eat	PERF
	‘I ate corn.’

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(28)	A.	ki²¹tse⁵³	ɲi²¹	ɲie⁵³	a²¹ko³⁵?
		where	2SG	GEN	brother
		‘Where is your brother?’

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B.	ɲa³⁵ a²¹ ɲie⁵³	（ko³⁵）	ts^he³⁵	xa²¹ lu²¹.
	my mother	KO	vegetable	pick PERF.DIR
	‘My mother has gone to pick vegetables.’

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(29)	A.	ɲi³⁵	（ko³⁵） kai³⁵	no³⁵	xau⁵⁵ɕi⁵⁵	xo²¹	t^hai²¹?
		2SG	KO	DEM	person	know	or NEG
		‘Do you know this person or not’?

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B.	ŋa³⁵	ko³⁵	zen³⁵tai⁵⁵	ɕi²¹.
	1SG	3SG	know	NMLZ
	‘I know him.’

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(30)	A.	ko³⁵	an³⁵ɲie⁵⁵	ɕiau³⁵ t^haŋ²¹	ɲie²¹	en²¹tsi²¹	ɲie²¹ ɕian⁵³	p^ho³⁵ ka²¹.
		3SG	1PL	school	GEN	come	REL family name	teacher
		‘He is teacher Xiang who has just come to our school.’

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B.	ko³⁵	(ko³⁵)	ɕiau³⁵t^han²¹	je⁵⁵	lie²¹	ka⁵⁵	ɲie⁵⁵	liau²¹.
	3SG	KO	school	arrived	PERF	Several	days	PERF
	‘He arrived at our school several days ago.’

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(31) A.	ɕian³⁵	p^ho³⁵ka⁵⁵	(ko³⁵)	an³⁵ȵie⁵⁵ ɕiu³⁵ tɕiau²¹	tɕiau⁵⁵	la⁵⁵	ma³⁵?
	Family name	teacher	KO	1PL math	teach	PROG	QM
	‘Is teacher Xiang teaching us math?’

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B.	ɕian³⁵ p^ho³⁵	ka⁵⁵	(ko³⁵)	an³⁵ ȵie⁵⁵	ɕiu³⁵ ɕiau²¹	tɕiau⁵⁵	la⁵⁵.
	family name	teacher	KO	1PL	math	teach	PROG
	‘Teacher Xiang teaches us math.’

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(32)	Wang³⁵	p^ho³⁵ ka⁵⁵	(ko³⁵)	an³⁵ ȵie⁵⁵	ɕiu³⁵ɕiau²¹	tɕiau⁵⁵	liau²¹.
	family name	teacher	KO	1PL	math	teach	PERF
	‘Teacher Xiang will not teach us math any longer.’

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(33)	ȵi³⁵	（ko³⁵)	ŋa³⁵	a²¹pa⁵³	ɣɨ²¹	liau²¹	ma³⁵?
	2SG	KO	1SG	father	see	PERF	QM
	‘Have you seen my father?’

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2.2.2. Verbs in high transitivity

(34)	A.	a²¹pa⁵⁵	（ko³⁵）	a²¹ko²¹	xa²¹	liau²¹?
		father	KO	older brother	beat	PERF
		‘Did father beat older brother?’

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B.	ko³⁵	xa²¹	ta³⁵.
	3SG	beat	NEG
	‘He did not beat (him).’

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(35)	ko³⁵	(ko³⁵)	ŋa³⁵	ts^ha⁵³	liau²¹.
	3SG	KO	1SG	cheat	PERF
	‘He cheated me.’

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(36)	a²¹pa⁵⁵	（ko³⁵）	ka²¹ tsi²¹	xo²¹lie²¹	u⁵³	xa²¹	se²¹	liau²¹.
	father	KO	stick	INSTR	snake	beat	die	PERF
	‘My father killed the snake with a stick.’

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(37)	p^ho³⁵ ka⁵⁵	(ko³⁵)	ŋa³⁵	lo²¹	liau²¹.
	teacher	KO	1SG	criticize	PERF
	‘The teacher criticized me.’

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(38)	a²¹pa⁵⁵	(ko³⁵)	ka²¹	u⁵³	lu²¹.
	father	KO	wood	cut	DIR
	‘My father has gone to cut wood.’

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(39)	ŋa³⁵	xi⁵³	po⁵⁵ la⁵⁵	ɲi³⁵	li³⁵	lau⁵³	xa²¹	se²¹	liau²¹.
	1SG	hear	PERF	2SG	tiger one.CL		beat	die	PERF
	‘I heard that you beat a tiger to die.’

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(40)	kei⁵⁵ tse⁵⁵	(ko³⁵)	lo⁵³tie³⁵k^ha⁵⁵	la²¹xa²¹mo²¹suŋ⁵⁵	k^ho⁵⁵tɕi³⁵	lu²¹.
	3PL	KO	enemy	bad	chase	DIR
	‘They had expelled the enemy.’

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3. Dative construction

(41)	p^ha⁵⁵ p^hu²¹	（ko³⁵）	ŋa³⁵	po⁵³	sa²¹lie³⁵pu²¹	li⁵⁵	liau²¹.
	grandfather	KO	1SG	DAT	story	tell	PERF
	‘My grandfather told me a story.’

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(42)	a²¹ta⁵⁵	（ko³⁵）	ŋa³⁵	po⁵³	ɕi⁵⁵pa⁵⁵	lie³⁵p^hi⁵⁵	p^hu⁵⁵liau²¹.
	old sister	KO	1SG	DAT	clothes one CL		buy PERF
	‘(My) older sister bought a piece of clothes for me.’

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(43)	ŋa³⁵	xa⁵⁵ts^he⁵⁵	po⁵⁵	se²¹	t^hu³⁵.
	1SG	vegetable	DAT	fertilizer	put
	‘I put the fertilizer on the vegetables.’

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(44)	ŋa³⁵	(ko³⁵）	a⁵⁵ko⁵⁵	ts^hi⁵⁵p^hu⁵⁵	la³⁵ p^hu⁵³	lie²¹	liau²¹.
	1SG	KO	brother	book	one.CL	send	PERF
	‘I sent a book to my brother.’

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(45)	a²¹ta⁵⁵	（ko³⁵）	ŋa³⁵	po³⁵	ku⁵⁵s^hi²¹	nau⁵³	ze²¹	liau²¹.
	older sister	KO	1SG	DAT	flower	one.CL	give	PERF
	‘My older sister gave me a flower.’

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(46)	uang³⁵	p^ho³⁵ka²¹	（ko³⁵）	a³⁵ ta⁵³	tshu³⁵	po²¹	shi²¹ liau²¹ .
	family name	teacher	ERG	old sister	home	GOAL	sent PERF
	‘Teacher Wang sent my old sister home.’

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4. Inanimate argument

(47)	ts^hao²¹io⁵³	* (ko³⁵)	ko³⁵	ȵie⁵³	pin⁵³	tsa²¹	liau²¹.
	herb	KO	3SG	GEN	disease	cure	PERF
	‘Herbs cured his disease.’

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(48)	xu²¹p^ha²¹ts^hie²¹	*(ko³⁵)	a⁵⁵ȵie⁵³	ts^he²¹ka⁵³	ian⁵⁵	liau²¹.
	river water	KO	1PL	field	drown	PERF
	‘River water had drowned our field.’

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5. Intransitive

(49)	pu⁵⁵ts^ho²¹	tsau²¹ .
	guest	leave
	‘The guest has left.’

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(50)	kei⁵⁵tse⁵⁵	ɲie⁵³	liau²¹ .
	3PL	laugh	PERF
	‘They laughed.’

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(51)	kai³⁵ xa²¹lie²¹	ko³⁵	se³⁵ liau²¹ .
	DEM dog	*KO /3SG	die PERG
	‘That dog died.’

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(52)	a²¹ɲie⁵⁵	loŋ⁵⁵	a⁵⁵lie⁵⁵	na³⁵	loŋ⁵⁵ liau²¹.
	mother	cough	after	one	year PERF
	‘My mother has been coughing for one year.’

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(53)	a.	p^ha⁵⁵ p^hu²¹	s e³⁵	liau²¹.
		grandfather	die	PERF
		‘(My grandfather) died.’

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b.	p^ha⁵⁵ p^hu²¹_,	ko³⁵	s e³⁵ liau²¹ .
	grandfather	*KO/3SG	die PERF
	‘(My grandfather) died.’

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6. Telic events

6.1. Telic events

(54)	ɲi³⁵	（ko³⁵）	ŋa³⁵	ɲie²¹	a²¹pa⁵³	pa³⁵	liau²¹	ma?
	2SG	KO	1SG	GEN father		see	PERF	SFP
	‘Did you see my father?’

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6.2. Resultative construction

(55)	ŋa³⁵	lo²¹ ka²¹ɲi³⁵	(ko³⁵)	si³⁵thiǝ³⁵	ma³⁵	liau²¹	so³⁵so³⁵li²¹li²¹.
	my	wife	KO	desk	clear	PERF	clean clean
	‘My wife cleaned the desk very clean.’

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(56)	loŋ²¹kui³⁵	(ko³⁵)	zo³⁵	tsia⁵⁵	lie⁵⁵	la²¹	lu²¹.
	person name	KO	goat chase		PERF	walk	PERF.DIR
	‘Longgui chased the goat away.’

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(57)	pã³⁵	(ko³⁵)	sa⁵⁵	lau⁵⁵	piǝ⁵⁵	lu²¹
	eagle	KO	duck	one.CL	seize	PERF.DIR
	‘One eagle seized a duck and took it away.’

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(58)	sa⁵⁵ wo²¹ nũ²¹, ŋa³⁵	(ko³⁵) sa³³	nũ⁵⁵ xa²¹ se²¹ .	liau²¹
	duck five CL 1SG	KO three	CL beat die	PERF
	‘Five ducks, I beat three of them to death.’

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(59)	ɲi³⁵	(ko³⁵)	u⁵³	xa²¹	se²¹ liau²¹.
	2SG	KO	snake	beat	die PERF
	‘You have beat the snake to death.’

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(60)	ŋa³⁵ (ko³⁵)	p^hin⁵³ko²¹ no³⁵tei⁵³ tso²¹	p^hu²¹	liau²¹.
	1SG KO	apple bag	put	PERF
	‘I put the apples in the bag.’

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(61)	a⁵⁵ma⁵⁵	ɣe³⁵	liǝ⁵³	lou²¹xo²¹	liau²¹
	grandma	walk	LNK	tired	PERF
	‘My grandma became tired from walking.’

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(62)	a⁵⁵ta⁵⁵ (ko³⁵)	si³⁵t^hiǝ³⁵	ma³⁵	liau²¹	so³⁵so³⁵li²¹li²¹.
	sister KO	desk	clean	PERF	clean clean
	‘My sister had cleaned the desk very clean.’

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(63)	sɨə³⁵	(ko³⁵)	si⁵⁵ɲi²¹t^hu²¹ka²¹	wu³⁵ts^ho⁵³	o³⁵t^hu⁵⁵	si³⁵lie⁵⁵pie²¹!
	2PL	KO	matchmaker	cow stable	into	shut
	‘You shut the match-maker into the cow stable!’ (Yao 2013: 129)

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(64)	ɲi³⁵	(ko³⁵)	kai³⁵ io³⁵	ze³⁵	le²¹!
	2SG	KO	his pill	swallow	SFP
	‘You swallow this pill!’

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(65)	ɲi³⁵	ɲia⁵³	xu²¹	koŋ⁵³se³⁵	xuei³⁵	k^hai⁵³
	2SG	two	CL	commune hall	conference	attend
	‘You two go to the commune hall to attend the conference.’

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(66)	ko³⁵	(ko³⁵)	tɕ^hin⁵³mo²¹	no⁵³	tsu⁵⁵	oŋ²¹	tie³⁵	kuã³⁵	o⁵⁵	a²¹ɲie⁵³?
	3SG	KO	how	people	home live		used	to	EXC	mother
	‘How can she get used to living in (other) people's home, mother?’

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ŋa³⁵	(ko³⁵)	ɕ^hin⁵³mo²¹ no⁵³	tsu⁵⁵	ũ-i³⁵	o⁵⁵	a²¹ ɲie⁵³?
	1SG KO	how	people home	stay-FUT	EXC	mother
	‘How could I stay in a stranger's home, mother?’

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ŋa³⁵	(ko³⁵)	ɕ^hin⁵³mo²¹	ɲie⁵³	k^ha-i³⁵	o⁵⁵	a²¹ɲie⁵³?
1SG	KO	how	live	life-FUT	EXM	mother
	‘How could I live my life, mother? ’ (From a song of Crying Marriage)

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Acknowledgments

Our great thanks go to our informants: Liu, Yingguang; Peng, Chun e; Xiang ping; Peng, Chun xiu; Xiang Degui, and those who have helped us with the data in the village of Baoge, Pojiao, and Dianfang in Hunan Province.

The research was sponsored by Hunan sheng Shaoshu Minzu yuyan diaocha [Research on Ethnic languages in Hunan Province] from Hunan University, and Philosophy & Social Science research fund from Hunan Province (17YBA093). Our sincere thanks also go to these two funds.

Footnotes

Abbreviations and glosses: 1–3.SG-PL = Person.Number; CL = Classifier; DAT = Dative; DEM = Demonstrative; DIR = Direction; EXM = Exclamative marker; EXP = Experiencer; GEN = Genitive; GOL = Goal; LNK = linker; NEG = Negation; NMLZ = Nominalizer; PERF = Perfective; PL = Plural; PROG = Progressive; QM = Question marker.

Capital A and B are used to indicate participants in a conversation.

^{Appendix A}

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104019.

Contributor Information

Man Lu, Email: manlu8@hnu.edu.cn.

Jeroen van de Weijer, Email: jeroen@szu.edu.cn.

Yu Ma, Email: my-2018@hnu.edu.cn.

Zhengguang Liu, Email: bwzgliu@126.com.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Appendix A. Supplementary data

The following is the Supplementary data to this article:

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Reference

1.Lu Man, van de Weijer Jeroen, Sinha Chris, Liu Zhengguang. Optional ergative marking in Tujia. Lingua. 2019;223:46–66. doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2019.02.011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

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[bib1] 1.Lu Man, van de Weijer Jeroen, Sinha Chris, Liu Zhengguang. Optional ergative marking in Tujia. Lingua. 2019;223:46–66. doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2019.02.011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Data on the use of optional ergative case marking in Tujia, an endangered language of southwest China

Man Lu

Jeroen van de Weijer

Yu Ma

Zhengguang Liu

Abstract

1. Data

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

2. Experimental design, materials and methods

2.1. Non-canonical word order1

2.2. Transitive

2.2.1. Verbs in low transitivity

2.2.2. Verbs in high transitivity

3. Dative construction

4. Inanimate argument

5. Intransitive

6. Telic events

6.1. Telic events

6.2. Resultative construction

Acknowledgments

Footnotes

Contributor Information

Conflict of interest

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Reference

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Cite

Add to Collections

PERMALINK

Data on the use of optional ergative case marking in Tujia, an endangered language of southwest China

Man Lu

Jeroen van de Weijer

Yu Ma

Zhengguang Liu

Abstract

1. Data

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

2. Experimental design, materials and methods

2.1. Non-canonical word order1

2.2. Transitive

2.2.1. Verbs in low transitivity

2.2.2. Verbs in high transitivity

3. Dative construction

4. Inanimate argument

5. Intransitive

6. Telic events

6.1. Telic events

6.2. Resultative construction

Acknowledgments

Footnotes

Contributor Information

Conflict of interest

Appendix A. Supplementary data

Reference

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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