Lipid levels after childbirth and association with number of children: A population-based cohort study

Aleksandra Pirnat; Lisa A DeRoo; Rolv Skjærven; Nils-Halvdan Morken

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223602

. 2019 Oct 24;14(10):e0223602. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223602

Lipid levels after childbirth and association with number of children: A population-based cohort study

Aleksandra Pirnat ^1,^*, Lisa A DeRoo ¹, Rolv Skjærven ², Nils-Halvdan Morken ^3,⁴

Editor: C Mary Schooling⁵

PMCID: PMC6812782 PMID: 31648223

Abstract

Objective

Low parity women are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Unfavourable lipid profiles have been found in one-child mothers years before they conceive. However, it remains unclear whether unfavourable lipid profiles are evident in these women also after their first birth. The aim was to estimate post-pregnancy lipid levels in one-child mothers compared to mothers with two or more children and to assess these lipid’s associations with number of children.

Methods

We used data on 32 618 parous women (4 490 one-child mothers and 28 128 women with ≥2 children) examined after first childbirth as part of Cohort of Norway (1994–2003) with linked data on reproduction and number of children from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (1967–2008). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for one lifetime pregnancy (vs. ≥2 pregnancies) by lipid quintiles were obtained by logistic regression and adjusted for age at examination, year of first birth, body mass index, oral contraceptive use, smoking and educational level.

Results

Compared to women with the lowest quintiles, ORs for one lifetime pregnancy for the highest quintiles of LDL and total cholesterol were 1.30 (95%CI: 1.14–1.45) and 1.43 (95%CI: 1.27–1.61), respectively. Sensitivity analysis (women <40 years) showed no appreciable change in our results. In stratified analyses, estimates were slightly stronger in overweight/obese, physically inactive and women with self-perceived bad health.

Conclusions

Mean lipid levels measured after childbirth in women with one child were significantly higher compared to mothers with two or more children and were associated with higher probability of having only one child. These findings corroborate an association between serum lipid levels and one lifetime pregnancy (as a feature of subfecundity), emphasizing that these particular women may be a specific predetermined risk group for cardiovascular related disease and death.

Introduction

A women’s reproductive history may affect future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk [1, 2, 3]. Studies suggest an association between subfertility and later incidence of CVD [4]. Substantial increase in CVD mortality has been found in women with only one child [2, 5, 6, 7] and lipid disorders are suggested to play a role in both subfertility and later CVD development [1, 4, 8, 9].

Animal studies have reported association between dyslipidemia and infertility, showing sterility in high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) receptor-deficient female mice [10]. Emerging research further support involvement of lipids in human fertility [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Cholesterol is known to be essential for the process of steroidogenesis, and serum free cholesterol concentrations have been associated with fecundity in both sexes [11, 15]. HDL cholesterol is, along with Apolipoprotein b (Apo b) [17, 18], the predominant lipoprotein in ovarian follicles, and is associated with embryo quality and fertility treatment outcomes [16, 19]. Human studies have reported appreciably higher clinical pregnancy rate and number of top-quality embryos in high Apo b patients undergoing fertility treatment, compared with low Apo b patients, even after exclusion of ovarian-related disorders [17].

Lipid profile is susceptible to change during women’s lifespan, influenced by pregnancy [3, 8, 20, 21] and menopause [22, 23]. Estrogen is recognized to induce an early increase of low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) receptors and enhance biliary secretion of cholesterol, with its decline in menopause leading to increased levels of both lipids [22]. There are conflicting evidence for plasma lipid changes associated with parity [3, 20, 21, 24], with most analyses using nulliparous women as the reference group. Although relevant from the aspect of total parity, this design has limited the ability of prior studies to identify the high-risk group of women having only one-child (as a feature of subfecundity). We have previously found that one-child mothers have unfavorable lipid profiles compared to women with two or more children, years before they conceive [25]. Given the effect of pregnancy on lipid levels [3, 20, 21], as well as their change during a woman’s lifecycle [22], it is not clear whether unfavorable lipid profiles are evident in one-child mothers also after their first birth.

Our aim was to estimate post-pregnancy lipid levels in one-child mothers compared to mothers with two or more children and to assess these lipid’s associations with number of children.

Materials and methods

Data sources

We used data from Cohort of Norway (CONOR) linked with the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN). CONOR is a population-based collection of health data with blood samples and lifestyle questionnaires obtained from participants aged 20 years or more, residing in different regions in Norway during 1994–2003 [26]. Women participating in the current study ≤69 years were examined after their first childbirth (singleton gestation ≥22 weeks) and provided questionnaire data on smoking, oral contraceptive use, years of attained education (in Norway, the first 10 years are mandatory) and lifestyle factors. The health examination included standardized measurements of height, weight and non-fasting lipid levels.

All deliveries in Norway are subject to compulsory reporting to the MBRN since 1967. The registry contains information on maternal health prior to pregnancy, health and complications during pregnancy and perinatal data [27]. Registration is completed on a standardized form by the attending midwife or obstetrician. Data on in-vitro-fertilization (IVF) were available from 1988. A unique personal identification number (given to all Norwegian residents) enabled linkage of data from CONOR with the MBRN and identification of all births to each participating woman during 1967 to 2008. All included women from CONOR were followed for the occurrence of a second birth until 2008. One-child mothers were identified as women being 7 years out from their first pregnancy and with no additional births in the MBRN. In Norway >95% of women will have their second pregnancy within 7 years [5]. Given that the aim was to explore the association between post-pregnancy lipid status and number of liveborn children, stillbirths and/or abortions were not included.

The study was approved by the ethical review board REK-Vest (Ref number 2013/118) and access to data was granted by the steering committee of CONOR and by the MBRN. Our study used banked blood samples collected in CONOR, and subjects were not re-contacted for the analysis. Written informed consent included use for research and linkage to health registries, and was obtained for each participant. Personal identification numbers are omitted from data when used in research purposes. The CONOR recruitment process and the obtainment of written informed consent are described in detail elsewhere [26].

Health measurements

Non-fasting blood samples were obtained by trained personnel and analyzed on a Hitachi 911 Auto Analyzer (Hitachi, Mito; Japan) [26]. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) were analyzed subsequent to sampling, with the use of reagents from Boehringer Mannheim (Mannheim, Germany). Total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol were measured by applying an enzymatic colorimetric cholesterolesterase method, with HDL cholesterol measured after precipitation with phosphortingsten and magnesium ions. An enzymatic colorimetric method was applied for measuring TG, while glucose was measured by using an enzymatic hexokinase method [28].

The day-to-day coefficients of variation were: total cholesterol: 1.3%-1.9%; HDL cholesterol: 2.4%; TG: 0.7%-1.3% and glucose: 1.3–2.0%. We calculated LDL using the Friedewald formula [29]: Total serum cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol minus one fifth of the TG concentration. LDL cholesterol levels were calculated only for participants with TG concentrations < 4.5mmol/l (due to the lower precision of calculation with highly increased TG levels) [29]. We additionally used non-HDL cholesterol levels (calculated as total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol) as a useful toll in individuals with higher TG levels [30]. TG/HDL ratio was expressed in mmol/l.

Height and weight was measured by trained personnel with the participants wearing light clothes and no shoes; height to the nearest 1.0 cm and weight to the nearest 0.5 kg. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilogram/(height in meters) ².

All CONOR participants signed a written informed consent for research and linkage with health registries when they participated in the survey. This study used banked blood samples collected in CONOR, and subjects were not re-contacted for this analysis. The CONOR recruitment process and the obtainment of written informed consent are described in detail elsewhere [26].

Statistical analyses

Baseline characteristics were presented as means with standard deviations (continuous data) and numbers with percentages (categorical data). Differences between lipid quintiles were assessed by p values (Wald test) and between one-child mothers and mothers with two or more children, using Chi-square test and t-test, where appropriate.

We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for one lifetime pregnancy by lipid levels. Estimates were adjusted for mother’s age at examination (linear term), year of first birth (linear term), body mass index (BMI) (linear term), oral contraceptive use (now, previously, never), smoking (at examination: yes, no), education (≤11 years (low), >11 years (high)) and time since last meal (linear term). Besides accounting for time elapsed since first birth, year of first birth was also used as a proxy for generational/environmental factors [31, 32]. Oral contraceptive (OC) use was defined as current use of OC, previous use or never. Effect of BMI (<25 and ≥25), self-perceived health (good and bad) and education (high and low) were also assessed in stratified analyses. Answers ‘poor’ and ‘not so good’ were classified as ‘bad’, while ‘good’ and ‘very good’ were classified as ‘good’ perceived current health. We performed sensitivity analysis on women <40 years of age to explore the effect of menopause on women’s lipid profile. Missing data were low for the majority of parameters, and were excluded from the main analyses, except for the OC use. Due to higher numbers of missing values for the glucose, this variable was excluded from further analyses.

We compared the occurrence of IVF in first pregnancy, diabetes, use of antihypertensive medications, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and thyroid disease between one-child mothers and women with two or more children. We also excluded women using antihypertensives in main analyses.

In sub-analyses we explored the impact of past year physical activity (≤1 hour per week and ≥1 hour per week) and alcohol use (≤1 time per month and >1 time per month). We also excluded women with reported hearth attack and/or angina in siblings and/or parents, with additional exclusion of women with diabetes in parents.

In order to assess how robust the associations are to potential unmeasured confounding, we calculated E-values [33] for both the adjusted main analyses and adjusted sensitivity analysis on women <40 years of age. The E-vale is defined as “the minimum strength of the association, on the risk ratio scale, that unmeasured confounder would need to have with both the exposure and the outcome to fully explain away this exposure-outcome association, conditional on the measured covariates” [32, 33].

Results

We identified 44 126 women ≤69 years at examination and with viable singleton first births (≥22 weeks of gestation) that had participated in CONOR. After exclusion of women that were pregnant or had unknown pregnancy status, women with missing lipid assessments and women on lipid lowering drugs we had 32 618 women for our main analyses. A flow chart of inclusions and exclusions is presented in Fig 1.

One-child mothers were older at examination and had a shorter time span from first childbirth to examination, compared to women with two or more births. They had higher education but were more frequent smokers and reported more often having bad health. Mean values of all examined lipids and glucose, except TG/HDL ratio, were higher in one-child mothers (Table 1).

Table 1. Characteristics of 32 618 parous Norwegian women, Cohort of Norway, 1994–2003.

Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise.

Mean values	4490	28128	p
Mean values	one child mothers	women with ≥ 2 children	p
Age (SD) at examination	42.0 (7.1)	40.8 (6.9)	<0.001
Years (SD) from first pregnancy to examination	14.4 (8.2)	16.3 (7.7)	<0.001
Body mass index (SD) at examination^a	25.1 (4.6)	25.0 (4.0)	0.24
Oral contraceptive use
now	318 (7.1)	2 164 (7.7)	0.28
previously	2 730 (60.8)	16 973 (60.3)
never	1 280 (28.5)	7 834 (27.8)
missing	162 (3.6)	1 157 (4.1)
Smoking at examination
yes	1 987 (44.5)	9 415 (33.7)	<0.001
now	2 476 (55.5)	18 510 (66.3)
missing	27 (0.6)	203 (0.7)
Education
<11 years (low)	2 086 (46.4)	13 976 (49.7)	<0.001
≥11 years (high)	2 362 (52.6)	13 978 (49.5)
missing	42 (0.9)	234 (0.8)
LDL (SD) mmol/l	3.7 (1.0)	3.6 (0.9)	<0.001
Total cholesterol (SD) mmol/l	5.5 (1.1)	5.3 (1.0)	<0.001
TG (SD) mmol/l	1.3 (0.7)	1.2 (0.7)	0.03
HDL (SD) mmol/l	1.5 (0.4)	1.4 (0.4)	<0.001
TG/HDL (SD) mmol/l	3.3 (1.4)	3.4 (1.4)	0.14
Self-perceived health
god	3 430 (76.4)	22 788 (81.0)	<0.001
bad	1 020 (22.7)	5 120 (18.2)
missing	40 (0.9)	220 (0.8)
Glucose (SD) mmol/L	5.16 (1.1)	5.09 (0.9)	<0.001
missing	941 (20.1)	4 300 (15.2)	<0.001

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^aMissing data on 51 case of BMI.

Adjusted ORs with 95% CIs for having one lifetime pregnancy (vs. ≥2 pregnancies) by lipid quintiles are presented in Fig 2 (numbers and crude estimates in S1 Table). The OR of one lifetime pregnancy for women with the highest LDL quintile (compared with women with the lowest quintile) was 1.30 (95% CI 1.14–1.45), while 1.24 (95% CI 1.12–1.37) and 1.43 (95% CI 1.29–1.59) for the two highest quintiles of total cholesterol. However, there were significant differences in ORs of one lifetime pregnancy between quintiles also for HDL and TG/HDL ratio in addition to LDL and total cholesterol.

Stratified analyses by BMI at examination are presented in Table 2. Associations were strengthened for levels of LDL, total cholesterol and TG in women with BMI ≥25. ORs of one lifetime pregnancy for women with post-pregnancy lipids above clinically recommended levels of LDL and total cholesterol were: 1.32 (95% CI 1.08–1.60) and 1.46 (95% CI 1.20–1.78) for fourth and fifth quintile of LDL and 1.41 (95% CI 1.16–1.71), 1.45 (95% CI 1.20–1.76) and 1.62 (95% CI 1.33–1.97) for third to fifth quintiles of total cholesterol. For the highest quintile of TG OR of having one lifetime pregnancy was 1.25 (95% CI 1.03–1.53). Associations between lipid quintiles and having only one child in women with BMI<25 were only slightly attenuated from the overall results. Stratified analyses on self-perceived health are presented in Table 3. In women reporting good health, ORs of one lifetime pregnancy were similar to the main results. In women reporting bad health, ORs of one lifetime pregnancy for values above clinically recommended range of LDL, total cholesterol and TG were slightly increased. Additional analyses on non-HDL cholesterol showed similar results as for LDL levels (S2 Table). Stratification on level of education showed increased ORs among low educated women, while the higher probability of one child persisted in high-educated women, although attenuated (LDL (highest quintile): OR 1.21 (95% CI 1.02–1.43); Total cholesterol (highest quintile): OR 1.29 (95% CI 1.09–1.53)).

Table 2. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for one lifetime pregnancy by lipid quintiles stratified by BMI (kg/m²), Cohort of Norway, 1994–2003, Estimates were obtained by logistic regression and adjusted for age at examination, year of first birth, oral contraceptive use, smoking, educational level and time since last meal.

	BMI < 25 (N = 18 938)				BMI ≥ 25 (N = 13 629)
Lipid quintiles in mmol/l	1 child mothers (%)	≥ 2 children mothers	total mothers	OR (95%CI)	1 child mothers (%)	≥ 2 children mothers	total mothers	OR (95%CI)
LDL cholesterol
≤ 2.87	674 (12.8)	4600	5274	1.0 reference	206 (11.3)	1619	1825	1.0 reference
2.88–3.38	609 (13.6)	3856	4465	1.02 (0.90–1.16)	316 (13.5)	2027	2343	1.18 (0.96–1.45)
3.39–3.89	545 (13.9)	3369	3914	1.08 (0.95–1.24)	368 (12.6)	2543	2911	1.10 (0.90–1.35)
3.90–4.56	423 (13.6)	2686	3109	1.00 (0.87–1.16)	453 (13.9)	2792	3245	1.32 (1.08–1.60)
≥ 4.57	353 (16.2)	1823	2176	1.23 (1.05–1.45)	537 (16.2)	2768	3305	1.46 (1.20–1.78)
Total cholesterol
≤ 4.60	608 (12.2)	4359	4967	1.0 reference	232 (10.9)	1894	2126	1.0 reference
4.61–5.14	588 (13.1)	3895	4483	1.08 (0.95–1.23)	317 (12.8)	2149	2466	1.30 (1.06–1.56)
5.15–5.69	571 (14.2)	3453	4024	1.19 (1.04–1.36)	412 (14.2)	2492	2904	1.41 (1.16–1.71)
5.70–6.39	471 (14.7)	2722	3193	1.23 (1.06–1.42)	424 (13.8)	2637	3061	1.45 (1.20–1.76)
≥ 6.40	366 (16.1)	1905	2271	1.37 (1.17–1.61)	495 (16.1)	2577	3072	1.62 (1.33–1.97)
TG (Triglyceride)
≤ 0.74	760 (14.4)	4507	5267	1.0 reference	195 (12.1)	1409	1604	1.0 reference
0.75–0.98	623 (13.2)	4074	4697	0.87 (0.77–0.99)	282 (13.2)	1849	2131	1.12 (0.89–1.39)
0.99–1.27	533 (13.6)	3380	3913	0.88 (0.77–1.00)	354 (13.6)	2245	2599	1.10 (0.89–1.37)
1.28–1.76	404 (13.0)	2701	3105	0.83 (0.72–0.96)	451 (13.6)	2859	3310	1.07 (0.88–1.32)
≥ 1.77	284 (14.5)	1672	1956	0.95 (0.81–1.12)	598 (15.0)	3387	3985	1.25 (1.03–1.53)
HDL cholesterol
≤ 1.19	317 (12.0)	2315	2632	0.87 (0.77–0.99)	577 (14.5)	3397	3974	0.87 (0.71–1.07)
1.20–1.38	465 (13.6)	2962	3427	0.75 (0.65–0.86)	395 (12.7)	2713	3108	0.85 (0.70–1.03)
1.39–1.55	478 (12.5)	3344	3822	0.76 (0.67–0.88)	348 (13.0)	2314	2662	0.77 (0.64–0.93)
1.56–1.79	594 (14.2)	3589	4183	0.66 (0.56–0.77)	294 (13.9)	1810	2104	0.85 (0.71–1.01)
≥ 1.80	750 (15.4)	4124	4874	1.0 reference	266 (14.9)	1515	1781	1.0 reference
TG/HDL-c ratio
≤ 0.45	806 (14.9)	4609	5415	1.0 reference	196 (12.5)	1365	1561	1.0 reference
0.46–0.64	613 (13.6)	3875	4488	0.84 (0.75–0.96)	282 (14.2)	1702	1984	1.03 (0.83–1.29)
0.65–0.90	524 (13.1)	3463	3987	0.83 (0.73–0.95)	327 (12.7)	2245	2572	0.94 (0.76–1.16)
0.91–1.37	420 (13.3)	2735	3155	0.78 (0.68–0.90)	468 (13.9)	2881	3349	0.99 (0.81–1.21)
≥ 1.38	241 (12.7)	1652	1893	0.77 (0.65–0.91)	607 (14.6)	3556	4163	1.07 (0.89–1.29)

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Table 3. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for one lifetime pregnancy by lipid quintiles, Cohort of Norway, 1994–2003.

Data stratified by self-perception of health (32 358 women), analyzed by logistic regression, adjusting for age at examination, year of first birth, body mass index (linear term), oral contraceptive use, smoking, educational level and time since last meal.

Lipid quintiles (mmol/l)	1 child mothers (%)	≥ 2 children mothers	total mothers	Good health (N = 26 218) OR (95% CI)	1 child mothers (%)	≥ 2 children mothers	total mothers	Bad health (N = 6 140) OR (95%CI)
LDL cholesterol
≤ 2.87	706 (11.8)	5276	5982	1.0 reference	169 (15.8)	898	1067	1.0 reference
2.88–3.38	745 (13.1)	4935	5680	1.07 (0.95–1.21)	172 (15.8)	913	1085	0.97 (0.75–1.26)
3.39–3.89	698 (12.6)	4816	5514	1.04 (0.92–1.18)	209 (16.4)	1062	1271	1.14 (0.89–1.45)
3.90–4.56	657 (13.2)	4320	4977	1.08 (0.95–1.23)	206 (15.5)	1124	1330	1.14 (0.88–1.47)
≥ 4.57	624 (15.3)	3441	4065	1.25 (1.09–1.43)	264 (19.0)	1123	1387	1.38 (1.07–1.78)
Total cholesterol
≤ 4.60	665 (11.3)	5232	5897	1.0 reference	169 (14.8)	974	1143	1.0 reference
4.61–5.14	728 (12.6)	5057	5785	1.15 (1.02–1.30)	169 (15.1)	953	1122	1.10 (0.85–1.42)
5.15–5.69	753 (13.4)	4878	5631	1.21 (1.06–1.36)	222 (17.7)	1030	1252	1.43 (1.12–1.83)
5.70–6.39	679 (13.8)	4249	4928	1.28 (1.13–1.46)	208 (16.2)	1075	1283	1.32 (1.02–1.71)
≥ 6.40	605 (15.2)	3372	3977	1.38 (1.20–1.58)	252 (18.8)	1088	1340	1.61 (1.24–2.08)
TG (Triglyceride)
≤ 0.74	779 (13.2)	5109	5888	1.0 reference	168 (17.8)	774	942	1.0 reference
0.75–0.98	719 (12.6)	4970	5689	0.92 (0.82–1.04)	178 (16.1)	926	1104	0.88 (0.68–1.15)
0.99–1.27	708 (13.3)	4595	5303	0.95 (0.84–1.07)	177 (15.1)	995	1172	0.84 (0.65–1.09)
1.28–1.76	628 (12.6)	4363	4991	0.87 (0.76–0.99)	217 (15.8)	1152	1369	0.87 (0.67–1.13)
≥ 1.77	596 (13.7)	3751	4347	0.96 (0.84–1.11)	280 (18.0)	1273	1553	1.10 (0.85–1.41)
HDL cholesterol
≤ 1.19	623 (12.5)	4341	4964	0.87 (0.77–0.98)	262 (16.5)	1327	1589	0.80 (0.62–1.03)
1.20–1.38	637 (12.4)	4507	5144	0.76 (0.67–0.86)	216(16.0)	1133	1349	0.76 (0.59–0.98)
1.39–1.55	644 (12.2)	4638	5282	0.73 (0.65–0.83)	175 (15.1)	983	1158	0.71 (0.56–0.91)
1.56–1.79	713 (13.6)	4521	5234	0.69 (0.61–0.79)	169 (16.7)	845	1014	0.76 (0.60–0.97)
≥ 1.80	813 (14.5)	4781	5594	1.0 reference	198 (19.2)	832	1030	1.0 reference
TG/HDL-c ratio
≤ 0.45	820 (13.7)	5169	5989	1.0 reference	176 (18.7)	767	943	1.0 reference
0.46–0.64	711 (13.1)	4707	5418	0.88 (0.78–0.99)	174 (17.0)	849	1023	0.81 (0.63–1.05)
0.65–0.90	669 (12.5)	4660	5329	0.84 (0.75–0.95)	180 (14.9)	1021	1201	0.78 (0.61–1.01)
0.91–1.37	671 (13.2)	4398	5069	0.83 (0.74–0.95)	210 (15.2)	1175	1385	0.72 (0.56–0.93)
≥ 1.38	559 (12.7)	3854	4413	0.79 (0.69–0.91)	280 (17.6)	1308	1588	0.93 (0.72–1.20)

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One-child mothers had significantly more IVF in first pregnancy (1.3% vs. 0.1%, p<0.001), were more frequent users of antihypertensive medications (3.6% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.01), had slightly higher proportion of stroke (0.6% vs. 0.4%, p = 0.05) and a significantly lower proportion of thyroid disease (0.5% vs. 1.0%, p<0.001), compared to women with two or more children. Exclusion of all women with thyroid disease from our main analyses had no effect on results. Diabetes (1.1% vs. 0.9%) and history of heart attack (0.2% vs. 0.1%) were not significantly different in one-child mothers and women with two or more births. There was only one case of PCOS registered in our sample. Exclusion of women on antihypertensive therapy did not alter the main results.

The calculated E-values for the significant estimates were as follows: main analyses—for the ORs of one lifetime pregnancy by highest quintiles of LDL and total cholesterol levels: 1.54 and 1.68, respectively; sensitivity analyses (women <40 years of age)—for the ORs of one lifetime pregnancy by highest quintiles of LDL and total cholesterol levels: 1.50 and 1.60, respectively. E-value calculations showed that an unmeasured confounder would need to have nearly four times as large an effect as maternal age (covariate with the strongest effect in the adjusted model, with Exp (B) = 1.13), and be associated with both the exposure and the outcome to completely explain away the observed associations [33].

After excluding 12 730 women with reported CVD in parents or siblings and 144 women with missing information (S3 Table), probability of one lifetime pregnancy by lipid quintiles showed almost no alteration across LDL and total cholesterol levels, with slightly stronger effect on TG. Additional exclusion of diabetes in parents had no effect on results. Stratified analyses on alcohol use showed slight modifiable effect of alcohol on lipid levels. ORs of one lifetime pregnancy for LDL (highest quintile vs lowest) in low frequent users was 1.42 (95% CI 1.20–1.69) and, 1.17 (95% CI 0.98–1.39) for high frequent users. Similar results for the highest total cholesterol quintiles were 1.55 (95% CI 1.30–1.84) and 1.34 (95% CI 1.12–1.59), respectively. In women being less physically active, OR of one lifetime pregnancy was 1.40 (95% CI 1.19–1.63) for the highest LDL quintile versus lowest and 1.58 (95% CI 1.35–1.85) for total cholesterol. In women with high physical activity similar estimates for LDL and total cholesterol were 1.14 (95% CI 0.92–1.41) and 1.27 (95% CI 1.02–1.58). Other lipids showed no substantial changes in sub-analyses.

Discussion

Mean lipid levels measured after childbirth in women with one child were significantly higher compared to mothers with two or more children. Women with LDL cholesterol greater than 4.57 mmol/l (highest quintile) and total cholesterol level greater than 5.70 mmol/l (two highest quintiles), measured more than a decade after first childbirth, had higher probability of having only one child compared to women with the lowest quintile levels. Supportive of studies that suggest the role of lipids in human fertility [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14], these findings potentiate the dose-response lipid effect, implicating potentially negative fertility impact of clinically abnormal levels of lipids.

The increased probability for being one-child mother in women with the highest LDL quintiles, years after childbirth, is consistent with our previous findings of elevated LDL in one-child mothers examined prior to conception [25]. The increased OR for the highest total cholesterol levels, however, contrasts our previous findings. This could be due to different roles and levels of cholesterol during different stages of a woman’s reproductive life, as well as decreasing estrogen levels while approaching menopause [22, 34]. Estrogen deprivation in menopause may lead to increased total and LDL levels [22], and we examined the menopausal effect in a sensitivity analysis, including only women < 40 years of age. We found that the results were only slightly attenuated from our main results (LDL (highest quintile): OR 1.23 (95% CI 0.98–1.54), total cholesterol (highest quintile): OR 1.36 (95% CI (1.09–1.70)), suggesting that menopause is not the major driver of the observed associations. Aligned with this, recent examination of the association between pregnancy and life course lipid trajectories reported no meaningful change of the results when accounted for menopausal transition [20]. Our results of increased cholesterol levels are in line with previous reports from the LIFE study [8] of higher proportion of women with menstrual irregularities in the highest quartiles of free cholesterol, as well as the association of hypercholesterolemia with ovarian infertility [35]. Some previous studies have reported no consistent association between parity and LDL/TG levels [3, 36], while others, with longer follow-up, have found an association between declining total cholesterol levels by parity [36] and associations between primiparity and levels of total cholesterol and LDL [21]. Although unfavorable glucose levels in our study among one-child mothers is not uncommonly seen finding in dyslipidemias, caution is needed in interpretation of this result due to high number of missing data. We found no effect on probability of one lifetime pregnancy across HDL and TG/HDL levels. This is consistent with a decreasing and still unclear effect of higher parity on HDL levels [2, 20, 21, 24]. Although age–related factors are suggested to play a role in the change of HDL fractions in follicular fluid [18], several studies have reported the highest magnitude of the HDL drop associated with first birth, independent of maternal age [20, 21, 24]. While HDL concentrations in follicular fluid have been found to correlate with plasma levels [17], exactly how HDL content is influenced by pregnancy or may influence fertility potential is still unclear [18], and remains to be explored.

Possible mechanisms could be genetic differences or incipient dyslipidemias, which may induce excessive alterations in levels of lipoproteins associated with pregnancy [1, 3, 21]. It is suggested that the most prominent lipid changes occur following first birth [20], and that one-child mothers begin their reproductive career with unfavorable lipid profiles years before conception [25]. Progesterone during pregnancy may act to reset lipostat in the hypothalamus [37] and the placenta may convey an active role on maternal lipoprotein metabolism through fetal polymorphisms (inherited from the father) [38]. It is possible, that in some women with preexisting dyslipidemia, placental influence (expressed from paternal inherited allele) will either partly compensate for or exaggerate maternal lipid profile [38]. Hormonal changes accompanying pregnancy, related fat retention and/or redistribution and lifestyle/behavioral practices may introduce long-term changes in lipid metabolism [1, 3, 21], particularly in predisposed women.

The unfavorable metabolic milieu of obesity may also contribute to reduced fertility, decreasing probability of conception and influencing lipid profile [9, 39]. Aligned with this, our stratified results for BMI≥25 showed adverse effect of obesity on lipid levels [39]. Only slight attenuation of ORs in normal weight women with the highest LDL and total cholesterol levels supports our previous results in one child mothers, where unfavorable pre-pregnancy lipid levels were found to be associated with one lifetime pregnancy also in lean women (BMI<25) [25]. A non-manifest/genetic predisposition may be exaggerated by obesity, leading to clinically high levels of certain lipids, particularly LDL and TG. This could act through chronic low-grade inflammation, one of the hallmarks of obesity that also generates increased conditions of oxidative stress, both of which are associated with lipid modifications [40]. This is in line with studies showing that genetic risk for dyslipidemia is significantly modified by obesity [41].

Self-perceived health status is considered a strong predictor of circulatory diseases and mortality and may convey additional knowledge that is not captured by available clinical measurements [42]. Indirectly, it may also provide additional insights about possible psychosocial factors, given that women with unfavorable psychosocial status are less likely to rate their health as good [42]. Higher probability of having one lifetime pregnancy only slightly decreased compared to our main results in women who perceived their health as good. This suggests that a self-rated health factor is not determining for this association, and might be another indicator of underlying biological predisposition.

PCOS has also been linked to dyslipidemia; however, we found only one case in our study sample. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) suggests that lower concentrations of serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are associated with a first pregnancy rather than parity per se [3, 21]. Although increased androgen levels are seen in women in PCOS, a recent study reported androgen-related ovulatory dysfunction in otherwise apparently healthy, eumenorrheic women, supportive of non-manifest subfertile type [43].

Exclusion of women with family history of CVD showed little effect on lipid associations, apart from a slightly stronger effect on TG (S3 Table). Mounting evidence suggests that hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor of CVD, even with well-controlled LDL levels [44]. Sub-analyses on physical activity are consistent with research suggesting modifiable effect of physical activity on lipid status [45]. Alcohol use showed stronger effect on LDL levels, while for the total cholesterol levels we found OR alteration in low frequency users and decreased OR for high frequency users. This may reflect reluctance to report drinking frequency in the low frequency group or that abstinence from alcohol is a marker of other unmeasured risk [46].

A woman’s risk of developing chronic conditions increases at menopause, which may reflect cumulative impact of earlier alterations in CVD risk factors, accelerated by perimenopausal transition [34]. Increase in CVD risk in postmenopausal women is suggested to be due to increased LDL and total cholesterol levels, along with arterial remodeling and other factors [22, 47, 48]. The significantly higher mean values in nearly all the observed lipids in one-child mothers compared to mothers with two or more children indicate that worsened lipid profile among women approaching midlife is additionally exaggerated in one-child mothers. A baseline difference of only 0.41mmol/l in serum cholesterol is independently associated with a 21% excess risk of death from coronary heart disease [22, 47].

We used a large population-based cohort sample. Linked data from the MBRN provided complete registration of total reproduction and enabled identification of all births to each woman. A limitation is blood sampling in non-fasting state. However, adjusting our analyses for time since last meal showed no substantial change in results, suggesting that non-fasting lipids are not likely to introduce systematic bias. Non-fasting lipid levels are successfully used in lipid and CVD research [8, 45, 49] with non-fasting TG levels being strongly associated with incident CVD events [50]. Similarity in results obtained for non-HDL and LDL cholesterol further strengthens the role of lipids and supports the optimal performance of LDL calculations in our study (by Friedwald formula). We lacked data on C-reactive protein, apolipoprotein E genotype, and thyroid tests/antibodies, factors that may affect lipid status and fertility. However, exclusion of women with thyroid disease did not influence our results. Assessments of duration of oral contraceptive use, sex hormone status, dietary intake or stress were also not available. We had only one case of PCOS in our sample; hence, underreporting may be present. As in all observational studies, unmeasured confounding in our study cannot be excluded. However, calculated E-values indicated that any unmeasured factor would need to have nearly four times as large an effect as maternal age, and be associated with both the lipid levels and fecundity to completely explain away the observed associations [33]. Additionally, persistent higher ORs in our stratified results for both the strata of women who rate their health as good and those highly educated suggests that women’s self-perceived health and education/socioeconomic status are not the major determinants of the observed association in our study.

Our findings corroborate an association between serum lipid levels and one lifetime pregnancy (as a feature of subfecundity), emphasizing that these particular women may be a specific predetermined risk group for cardiovascular related disease and death [5].

Supporting information

S1 Table. Crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for one lifetime pregnancy by lipid quintiles in 32 618 parous Norwegian women (≤69 years of age), Cohort of Norway, 1994–2003.

Estimates were obtained by logistic regression and adjusted for age at examination, year of first birth, body mass index (linear term), oral contraceptive use, smoking, educational level and time since last meal.

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(97.2KB, pdf)}

S2 Table. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for one lifetime pregnancy by non-HDL cholesterol quintiles in 32 618 parous Norwegian women (≤69 years of age), Cohort of Norway, 1994–2003.

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(88.5KB, pdf)}

S3 Table. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for one lifetime pregnancy by lipid quintiles in 19 744 parous Norwegian women without reported cardiovascular disease in parents or siblings, Cohort of Norway, 1994–2003.

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(112.4KB, pdf)}

Acknowledgments

We are thankful to the CONOR steering group who approved the study and kindly provided data for the analyses. We also thank all the women who have participated in the CONOR cohort, as well as collaborating staff who have supported data collection.

Data Availability

Data are available upon request due to legal and ethical restrictions imposed by Norwegian law and regional ethical committee related to patient confidentiality. Researchers who are interested in using CONOR data for research purposes can apply for access to the CONOR steering committee at: conor@fhi.no. Guidelines for access are available at: https://www.fhi.no/globalassets/dokumenterfiler/studier/conor/guidelines-for-access-to-conor-materials.pdf.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the Norwegian Association for Public Health with doctoral scholarship 2013.ST.056 to AP. The Norwegian Association for Public Health had no role in design and conduct of the study; in collection, analysis, interpretation of data; or in the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223602.r001

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10 Jun 2019

PONE-D-19-14622

Lipid levels after childbirth and association with number of children: a population-based cohort study

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

**********

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Reviewer #1: Lipid levels after childbirth and association with number of children: a population-based

cohort study

This is a well written paper, with relatively original data. I think the paper in revised form is even more suitable for publication. I would suggest to adapt the paper, enabling to interpret it’s findings on a more pathophysiological basis, something that is now lacking and could be viewed as a caveat. Additionally I would personally present the data sometimes a bit differently, however this is largely a matter of personal choice.

The most important finding is that serum lipid levels are associated with reduced lifetime pregnancy.

Abstract:

1) Only after careful reading I realized the meaning of one lifetime pregnancy, i.e that it is “unfavorable”, since there was no clear contrast especially in the methods, results and conclusion, to what one lifetime pregnancy was compared to.

Introduction and results

2) In the introduction, line 66 to 69, there is a link with fertility, HDL and APOb, however, this crucial bit of information is not further used in the paper, especially in the discussion. It would be nice to expand the HDL findings and it’s relation with fertility further. This also relates to the findings presented in table 2 and 3. First of all I think readability of these tables could further improve by providing the reader with column percentages, thus highlighting the dose response relationship between lipid levels and lifetime pregnancy.

Next I would show the relation between HDL and lifetime pregnancy slightly different, by choosing the lowest level of FHL cholesterol as reference category rather than highest HDL levels.

3) Additionally, the reason for stratification for high vs low BMI and for good vs bad perceived health should be elucidated further. And an analysis on the overall effect of lipid levels on lifetime pregnancy should be provided.

Results and discussion.

4) The authors suggest in the discussion that a genetic predisposition line 310 may partly explain these findings. I think this part is very important. I hope the authors can provide additional analysis on the effect of the APOE gene in this beautiful cohort study on lifetime pregnancy, this would greatly improve the paper.

5) Finally the authors should provide information why there was only one patient in their cohort with PCOS (moreover it would be nice for the reader). And they should provide information on statin use and it’s effect om their findings.

Reviewer #2: In this study, the authors aimed to estimate post-pregnancy lipid levels in one-child mothers compared to mothers with two or more children and to assess these lipid’s associations with number of children.

It is an interesting study, however, I have some concerns concerning the clarity and validity of the findings.

1) It is unclear how these women were selected. Did the authors select all women with history of delivery? How about the women with history of abortion or stillbirth? If they are not included, will this affect the findings? The authors need to make it more clear and discuss more on this point.

2) In the objective, the authors seem to aim to examine bi-directional associations of number of children with lipid profile. However, in the results, they did not show the adjusted association of number of children with lipids. The main findings seem to focus on examining the other direction of association.

3) Some potential confounders, such as socioeconomic position and sex hormone status, which may affect both lipids and number of children, are not included in the model.

4) The authors mentioned E-values in the method, however, it is unclear how it is calculated. Please add more details on the calculation and result interpretation.

5) PCOS is a quite common disorder with prevalence over 4%. In this study only one PCOS case was identified. Is it possible some people did not report? If so, how will this affect the findings?

**********

6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

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Reviewer #1: Yes: Eric van Exel

Reviewer #2: No

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PLoS One. 2019 Oct 24;14(10):e0223602. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223602.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

25 Jul 2019

To the Editor-in-chief,

Plos One

July 2019

Dear Madam,

Attached is a revised version of the paper entitled: “Lipid levels after childbirth and association with number of children: a population-based cohort study” (PONE-D-19-14622), which we hope will be considered for publication in Plos One.

We thank the editors and reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions. Below is a point by point response to the posed questions and comments.

Editor’s comments

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript: A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.

Response: All changes in the manuscript are marked with red font colour and a marked-up copy has been uploaded.

Reviewer #1

This is a well written paper, with relatively original data.

Response: Thank you.

I think the paper in revised form is even more suitable for publication. I would suggest to adapt the paper, enabling to interpret it’s findings on a more pathophysiological basis, something that is now lacking and could be viewed as a caveat. Additionally I would personally present the data sometimes a bit differently, however this is largely a matter of personal choice.

The most important finding is that serum lipid levels are associated with reduced lifetime pregnancy.

Abstract:

Response: Thank you for noticing this. We have now changed the appropriate sections of the abstract according to your comments. (Please see page 2).

Introduction and results

Response: We agree with the reviewer that it would be beneficial to expand the findings on HDL and the role of ApoB in relation to fertility. We have now added a few more sentences on the possible effect of these lipid fractions on female fertility in the appropriate sections; however, too extensive elaboration on ApoB and HDL is largely limited due to their still unclear role in follicular fluid and related fertility impairment (1, 2) (Please, see page 3, lines: 66-67 and page 16, lines: 311-316).

This also relates to the findings presented in table 2 and 3. First of all I think readability of these tables could further improve by providing the reader with column percentages, thus highlighting the dose response relationship between lipid levels and lifetime pregnancy.

Response: Thank you for this comment. We agree with the reviewer that this would improve readability, and have now added the percentages within the columns of one-child mothers in the appropriate tables (please, see Tables 2 and 3).

Next I would show the relation between HDL and lifetime pregnancy slightly different, by choosing the lowest level of FHL cholesterol as reference category rather than highest HDL levels.

Response: We understand the reasoning behind this suggestion, and we find this also a valid approach (assuming that FHL abbreviation refers to HDL cholesterol?) However, given our previous study findings (on pre-pregnancy sample of women), where we show the association between pre-pregnancy HDL levels and one lifetime pregnancy (using highest HDL levels as a reference category) (3), we believe that keeping consistency in this approach would in a better way present changing patterns within different lipids-parity associations from the pre- to post-pregnancy period.

Response: We agree that this would be beneficial for the reader, and have now added more details on the reasons behind these stratifications (please, see page 17, lines 329-330 and 340-343).

As for the suggested analysis on the overall effect of lipid levels on lifetime pregnancy we unfortunately have to admit that we are not sure what the reviewer means here. We do however believe that this might have been presented in the provided Supplemental material (please see Table S1).

Results and discussion.

Response: We agree that additional analysis on the ApoE gene effect would add value to the paper, however, the cohort did unfortunately not have data on ApoE genotype, which limited our ability to explore this effect. We have stated this in the Discussion section, under limitations (please, see page 19, line 384).

Response: Thank you for noticing this. We agree with the reviewer that the low number of PCOS cases should be commented, and that underreporting may be present. We realize that this could be seen as a limitation, and have now added an explicit statement in the appropriate section (please, see page 19, line 388). Also, please see our response to question number 5 from Reviewer #2, below.

Regarding the information on statin use, all women on lipid lowering drugs (219 in total) were excluded from our analyses (please see flow chart (Figure 1)).

Reviewer #2

In this study, the authors aimed to estimate post-pregnancy lipid levels in one-child mothers compared to mothers with two or more children and to assess these lipid’s associations with number of children.

It is an interesting study, however, I have some concerns concerning the clarity and validity of the findings.

Response: Thank you for this valid comment. As shown in the Figure 1, we included all women with viable singleton births ≥ 22 week of gestation, based on linked information from the MBRN. Given that the aim of this study was to asses women’s post-pregnancy lipid associations with number of liveborn children, abortions and/or stillbirths were not included. We, however, agree with the reviewer that this needs more explicit clarification, which we have now added under the Methods section (Please see page 5, lines 115-117). We also realize that pregnancy history may influence women’s future fertility patterns, however, this was beyond the scope of the present study, and was separately explored in another study of ours (4).

Response: This question is unclear to us; however, the adjusted associations are presented in detail in Supplemental Table S1, while Figure 2 is a synopsis of data from Table S1.

3) Some potential confounders, such as socioeconomic position and sex hormone status, which may affect both lipids and number of children, are not included in the model.

Response: We agree with the reviewer that important confounders should be taken into account. We realize that sex hormone fluctuations can be seen as such, and have now added this in our limitation section (please see page 19, line 387). As for socio-economic status, educational level is a commonly used measure of socioeconomic status in epidemiologic research (5), and can therefore serve as a proxy for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors (5). We further tried to explore this factor in stratified results, where persistent higher ORs for both the strata of women who rate their health as good and those highly educated suggests that women’s self-perceived health and education/socioeconomic status are not the major determinants of the observed association in our study. Residual confounding is a common problem in observational studies and cannot be excluded, however, by calculating E-value we tried to provide a measure of robustness of the reported association to this factor (6) (please, see also our response below). Calculated E-values indicated that any unmeasured factor would need to have nearly four times as large an effect as maternal age, and be associated with both the lipid levels and fecundity to completely explain away the observed associations. Although a strong unmeasured confounding factor could explain the association, a degree of confounding this strong seems not likely plausible, given our results from various stratified analyses. All things considered, we would argue that our findings are valid and reliable, but clearly have the outlined limitations already discussed under strengths and limitations.

4) The authors mentioned E-values in the method, however, it is unclear how it is calculated. Please add more details on the calculation and result interpretation..

Response: Calculations of the E-value was performed according to the formula by VanderWeele TJ et al. (6), who encourage the use of the E-value as a useful measure of robustness of the reported associations: “The E-value is defined as the minimum strength of association, on the risk ratio scale, that an unmeasured confounder would need to have with both the treatment and the outcome to fully explain away a specific treatment–outcome association, conditional on the measured covariates” (6). Accordingly, result interpretation in our study was performed in line with these recommendations (please, see page 14, lines 254-261).

Calculations (for the common outcomes - >15% prevalence):

E-value=〖RR〗^(* ) "+ sqrt" {〖RR〗^(*" " )×(〖RR〗^(* " " )-1)}

* When the outcome is common (more than 15%), an approximate E-value can be obtained by replacing the risk ratio with the square root of the odds ratio, i.e. RR*≈sqrt(OR), in the E-value formula (6).

5) PCOS is a quite common disorder with prevalence over 4%. In this study only one PCOS case was identified. Is it possible some people did not report? If so, how will this affect the findings?

Response: We agree that underreporting may be present – please also see our response to question number 5 from Reviewer #1. As for the possible effect of this on our findings, one may speculate that underreporting of PCOS in our cohort might result in overestimation of the observed effect, however it remains highly questionable whether this would substantially influence our results with the estimated 6% prevalence in the total sample (7). Extensive elaboration on this is further complicated by discrepancies in PCOS reporting, in part due to the use of various definitions of the syndrome and its subphenotypes, as well as differences between study cohorts and ethnicities (7).

Data are available upon request due to legal and ethical restrictions imposed by Norwegian law and regional ethic committee related to patient confidentiality. Researchers who are interested in using CONOR data for research purposes can apply for access to the CONOR steering committee at: conor@fhi.no

Guidelines for access are available at: https://www.fhi.no/globalassets/dokumenterfiler/studier/conor/guidelines-for-access-to- conor-materials.pdf

All authors have fulfilled the conditions of authorship outlined in the instructions to authors. The final version of the manuscript has been approved by all the authors and there are no conflicts of interest among them. This study has not been published previously in any form, and it is not under consideration in any other journal. There are no conflicts of interest, including specific financial interests and relationships and affiliations relevant to the subject of this manuscript.

Aleksandra Pirnat, Lisa DeRoo, Rolv Skjærven, Nils-Halvdan Morken

The corresponding author is: Aleksandra Pirnat M.D., Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5018 Bergen, Norway

Phone : + 47 938 24 889, e-mail: pirnatdraleksandra@gmail.com

References:

1. Von Wald T, Monisova Y, Hacker MR, Yoo SW, Penzias AS, Reindollar RR, et al. Age-related variations in follicular apolipoproteins may influence human oocyte maturation and fertility potential. Fertil Steril. 2010;93: 2354-2361.

2. Gautier T, Becker S, Drouineaud V, Ménétrier F, Sagot P, Nofer JR, et al. Human luteinized granulosa cells secrete apoB100-containing lipoproteins. J Lipid Res. 2010;51: 2245-2252.

3. Pirnat A, DeRoo L, Skjaerven R, Morken NH. Women’s pre-pregnancy lipid levels and number of children. BMJ Open. 2018;8: e021188.

4. Pirnat A, DeRoo L, Skjaerven R, Morken NH. Risk of having one lifetime pregnancy and modification by outcome of pregnancy and perinatal loss. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2019;98(6):753-760.

5. Oakes JM, Kaufman JS. Methods in social epidemiology. 1st ed. Ed. San Francisko, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2006.

6. VanderWeele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity Analysis in Observational Research: Introducing the E-Value. Ann Intern Med.2017;167: 268–274.

7. Bozdag G, Mumusoglu S, Zengin D, Karabulut E, Yildiz BO. The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2016 Dec;31(12):2841-2855.

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223602.r003

Decision Letter 1

C Mary Schooling

11 Sep 2019

[EXSCINDED]

PONE-D-19-14622R1

Lipid levels after childbirth and association with number of children: a population-based cohort study

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr Pirnat,

Please amend the abstract as suggested

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Oct 26 2019 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

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We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

C Mary Schooling

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #2: The authors have addressed my comments. Only one minor point, the description in the results of abstract "Compared to women with ≥2 pregnancies, ORs for one lifetime pregnancy for the highest quintiles of LDL and total cholesterol were 1.30 (95%CI: 1.14-1.45) and 1.43 (95%CI: 1.27-1.61), respectively." is not quite clear, I think the authors actually compared women with highest versus lowest quintiles of LDL and total cholesterol, so it should be "Compared to women with lowest quintiles of LDL and total cholesterol"rather than "compared to women with ≥2 pregnancies".

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #2: No

PLoS One. 2019 Oct 24;14(10):e0223602. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223602.r004

Author response to Decision Letter 1

22 Sep 2019

To the Editor-in-chief,

Plos One

September 2019

Dear Madam,

Attached is a revised version of the paper entitled: “Lipid levels after childbirth and association with number of children: a population-based cohort study” (PONE-D-19-14622R1), which we hope will be considered for publication in Plos One.

We thank the editors and reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions. Below is a point by point response to the posed questions and comments.

Editor’s comments

Response: All changes in the manuscript are marked with red font colour and a marked-up copy has been uploaded.

Reviewer # 2

The authors have addressed my comments. Only one minor point, the description in the results of abstract "Compared to women with ≥2 pregnancies, ORs for one lifetime pregnancy for the highest quintiles of LDL and total cholesterol were 1.30 (95%CI: 1.14-1.45) and 1.43 (95%CI: 1.27-1.61), respectively." is not quite clear, I think the authors actually compared women with highest versus lowest quintiles of LDL and total cholesterol, so it should be "Compared to women with lowest quintiles of LDL and total cholesterol"rather than "compared to women with ≥2 pregnancies".

Response: Thank you for noticing this. We have now changed the appropriate sections of the abstract according to your comments. (Please see page 2, line 47).

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223602.r005

Decision Letter 2

C Mary Schooling

25 Sep 2019

Lipid levels after childbirth and association with number of children: a population-based cohort study

PONE-D-19-14622R2

Dear Dr. Pirnat,

We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. When all required modifications have been addressed, you will receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will proceed to our production department and be scheduled for publication.

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With kind regards,

C Mary Schooling

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223602.r006

Acceptance letter

C Mary Schooling

7 Oct 2019

PONE-D-19-14622R2

Lipid levels after childbirth and association with number of children: a population-based cohort study

Dear Dr. Pirnat:

I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

For any other questions or concerns, please email plosone@plos.org.

Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE.

With kind regards,

PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff

on behalf of

Dr. C Mary Schooling

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(97.2KB, pdf)}

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(88.5KB, pdf)}

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(112.4KB, pdf)}

Data Availability Statement

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PERMALINK

Lipid levels after childbirth and association with number of children: A population-based cohort study

Aleksandra Pirnat

Lisa A DeRoo

Rolv Skjærven

Nils-Halvdan Morken

Roles

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Introduction

Materials and methods

Data sources

Health measurements

Statistical analyses

Results

Fig 1. Flow chart of inclusions and exclusions.

Table 1. Characteristics of 32 618 parous Norwegian women, Cohort of Norway, 1994–2003.

Fig 2. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for one lifetime pregnancy by lipid quintiles in 32 618 women (≤69 years of age) examined in Cohort of Norway during 1994–2003.

Table 3. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for one lifetime pregnancy by lipid quintiles, Cohort of Norway, 1994–2003.

Discussion

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

C Mary Schooling

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

C Mary Schooling

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 1

Decision Letter 2

C Mary Schooling

Roles

Acceptance letter

C Mary Schooling

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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