Abstract
Introduction
Dietary management is considered to be one of the cornerstones of diabetes care. Improvement of dietary practice alone can reduce glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by an absolute 1 to 2% with the greatest impact at the initial stages of diabetes.
Methods
Data from Hospital based cross sectional study were used to assess the level of dietary adherence and its determinants among diabetic patients. The morisky 8 item medication adherence scale was used to develop 10 item tool for evaluation of dietary adherence. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to identify factors which affect dietary adherence and variables with P vale < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
More than half of 303 participants (55.7%) were found to be non-adherent to the recommended dietary approach. Gathering with family and friends and eating out were the major reasons for not being compliant with the recommended regimen. Attending diabetic nutrition education (AOR=2.8 95% C 1.97, 5.61) and having the disease for more than 10 years (AOR 2.9 95% CI 1.32, 5.84) were statistically significant with adherence to dietary recommendation.
Conclusion
Non-adherence to recommended dietary practice was observed in more than fifty percent of patients; it is therefore a major public health problem. Attending diabetic nutrition education and length of diabetes greater than 10 years were the factors associated with adherence to dietary recommendation. This findings indicate that it is important to design strategies to help patients understand their dietary regimens and improve their adherence.
Keywords: Adherence, diabetic patients, dietary recommendation, Ethiopia, teaching hospital
Introduction
Diabetes is one of the most rapidly increasing noncommunicable diseases and an important public health problem all over the world [1]. The global burden of diabetes is rising dramatically worldwide and an estimated 422 million adults are currently living with diabetes mellitus [2, 3]. As such, a previous estimate that the diabetes prevalence would increase from 171 to 276 million between 2000 and 2030 has already been exceeded. A more recent estimate suggests that the prevalence will reach 642 million people in 2040 [4]. Diabetes is unevenly distributed with over 70% of people with diabetes reside in low- and middle-income countries particularly sub-Saharan Africa, a region already heavily burdened by communicable disease [5]. Similarly diabetes has been a major public health concern in Ethiopia as the number of deaths attributed to diabetes reached over 21,000 in 2007 and this estimate has increased to about 25,000 and 34262 in 2011 and 2013 respectively [6, 7]. Management of the disorder creates a great physical, psychological and socioeconomic burden on families and society, thus, prevention with diet and lifestyle modifications should be prioritized [8]. Glycemic control is achieved by undertaking and sustaining a complex array of self-care behaviors, including four main domains: taking medications, sustaining appropriate dietary practice, engaging in regular exercise and self-monitoring of blood glucose levels [9, 10]. Of the preferred life style modifications for diabetes management, dietary modification is considered to be one of the cornerstones of diabetes care. Appropriate dietary practices emphasizes the intake of less fat, more fiber, less sodium and more foods that have health-promoting properties such as fish, soy products, fruits and vegetable [11, 12]. Improvement of dietary practice alone can reduce glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by an absolute 1 to 2% with the greatest impact at the initial stages of diabetes; and its effects are apparent after 6 to 12 weeks of initiation [13]. Various studies have been conducted to assess adherence to an appropriate dietary regimen as part of diabetes self-management. Unfortunately, most of these studies indicate a low level of adherence to the recommended dietary regimen [14]. For example, a study in India showed that dietary prescriptions were followed regularly only by 37% of patients [15]. Similarly, studies conducted in Jimma and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia has also revealed that the level of diabetic self-care practice was insufficient among study participants [16, 17]. In Ethiopia, the paucity of health information and standard guideline related to diet has been posing crises on long-term glycemic control in diabetes patients. At the same time, care givers often give less attention to describe dietary recommendation and their appropriate preparation. Therefore, this study assesses the level of adherence to the recommended dietary practices and its associated factors among diabetic patients in selected Ethiopian Teaching Hospitals located in-Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Methods
Study setting: the study was conducted in the Diabetic Outpatient Department (OPD) of three selected teaching hospitals (Tirunesh Beijing, black lion specialized and Saint Paul specialized hospitals) which are located in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The data were collected from November 2016 to February 2017.
Study design and population: data for this analysis are from a Hospital based cross sectional study. These date are used to assess the rate of adherence to dietary recommendations and its predictors among diabetic patients. All registered Diabetic patients who have been attending a diabetic clinic for follow-up were included with the exception of patients who are under age 18, pregnant, or critically ill and patients whose diagnosis occurred less than 6 months prior.
Sample size and sampling procedure: the sample size (326) was calculated using a single population proportion formula; given the prevalence diabetic treatment adherence was 67% [18], Confidence Interval of 95%, 5% Marginal error and 10% non-respondent rate. Systematic random sampling with kth value of 4 was used to select the study subjects.
Data collection and quality control: data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered via face to face interview. Dietary recommendations comprised of a recommendation by a health care professional of a diet comprising of High fiber diet, fruits and vegetables (at least 5 servings per day), eat very few sweets, low-fat milk and dairy products. The Morisky 8 item Medication Adherence Scale was used to develop a 10-items tool measuring the level of adherence to dietary recommendations. Each of the items contained two response options (Yes = 1 and No= 0). Pre-tests were administered with five percent of the total sample size and necessary adjustments were made. The questionnaire was also tested for internal consistency (reliability) with Cronbach's Alpha test (0.74). The completeness, consistency, and accuracy of the collected data were examined by principal investigators every day.
Operational definition
Adherent: a value below the mean score (score of 5.81) on 10 item dietary adherence assessment scale).
Non adherent: a score at or above the mean value on 10 item dietary adherence assessment scale.
Data processing and analysis: the data were coded, cleaned and entered into EPI-INFO version 7 and exported into SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. First, descriptive statistics were generated. Then, binary and multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the possible association between the determinant and the outcome variable. In the model, P-value < 0.05 was used to indicate a statistically significant association.
Ethical consideration: this study was approved by the ethical review committee of the Institute of Medicine and Health Science, Debre Berhan University. An official letter of permission was provided to the administrative office of each hospital. The respondents were informed about the purpose of the study and written informed consent was obtained from each study participants. Information obtained was kept anonymous.
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics: a total of 303 patients agreed to participate in the study, reflecting a response rate of 93%. Nearly half (47.9%) of participants were male. The mean age was 51 (± 7.6 yrs.), the majority of whom (51.5%) were between ages 41 and 60. Educational status of participants revealed that 43 (14.5%) were bachelor degree holders (Table 1).
Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics study participants in Ethiopian teaching hospital, Ethiopia, 2017
| Variables | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 145 | 47.9 |
| Female | 158 | 52.1 |
| Age category | ||
| <40 | 111 | 36.6 |
| 41-60 | 156 | 51.5 |
| >61 | 36 | 11.9 |
| Marital status | ||
| Unmarried | 50 | 16.5 |
| Married | 197 | 65 |
| Divorced | 40 | 13.2 |
| Widowed | 16 | 5.3 |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Oromo | 105 | 34.5 |
| Amhara | 84 | 27.7 |
| Tigre | 64 | 21.1 |
| Gurage | 39 | 12.9 |
| Othersa | 11 | 3.6 |
| Religion | ||
| Orthodox | 143 | 47.2 |
| Muslim | 88 | 29 |
| Protestant | 62 | 20.5 |
| Catholic | 8 | 2.6 |
| Otherb | 2 | 0.7 |
| Income | ||
| <500 ETB | 54 | 17.8 |
| 500–999 ETB | 67 | 22.1 |
| ≥1000 ETB | 182 | 60.1 |
| Educational Status | ||
| Illiterate | 83 | 27.4 |
| Primary Education | 49 | 16.2 |
| Secondary education | 89 | 29.4 |
| Diploma | 39 | 12.9 |
| University degree and Above | 43 | 14.5 |
| Occupation | ||
| Government employee | 96 | 31.7 |
| Merchant | 57 | 18.8 |
| House wife | 65 | 21.4 |
| Student | 41 | 13.6 |
| Farmer | 36 | 11.9 |
| Other c | 8 | 2.6 |
Afar, wolayita and Harari
Woke-feta and baha-olla
Daily laborer and jobless
Health-related characteristics: more than two-thirds (71.3%) of study participants were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mean number of years since diagnosis was 5.09 (SD = 4.18) years, ranging from less than five years (58.8%) to more than ten years (11.5%). In 27.4% of patients, some other comorbid disease was identified from their medical record. About two in ten (22.8%) patients were found be obese. The majority of patients (62.3%) stated that they have received a well-organized diabetes nutritional education (Table 2).
Table 2.
Health related characteristics among diabetes patients, in Ethiopian teaching hospitals, Ethiopia, 2017
| Variables | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Year of diagnosis | ||
| < 5 years | 178 | 58.8 |
| 5– 10 years | 90 | 29.7 |
| >10 years | 35 | 11.5 |
| Type of DM | ||
| Type 1 DM | 87 | 28.7 |
| Type 2 DM | 216 | 71.3 |
| Medical Co morbidities | ||
| Hypertension | 36 | 11.9 |
| HIV infection | 28 | 9.2 |
| Dyslipidemia | 13 | 4.3 |
| Renal disease | 6 | 2 |
| No Comorbid illness | 220 | 72.6 |
| BMI value | ||
| < 18.5 (Underweight) | 16 | 5.3 |
| 18.5 – 24.5 (Normal weight) | 143 | 47.2 |
| 25 -29.5 (Over weight) | 75 | 24.7 |
| ≥ 30 (Obesity) | 69 | 22.8 |
| Diabetes Nutritional education | ||
| Received | 187 | 62.3 |
| Not received | 114 | 37.7 |
Adherence to dietary recommendation and barriers to adherence: the overall magnitude of adherence to dietary recommendation was 134 (44.3%) (95% CI, 38.4, 51.74) among diabetic patients participated in the study Table 3. Most of the diabetic patients (38.7%) believed that a high frequency of food gatherings with family and friends affected their healthy dietary plan and 21.8% of participants said that factors like eating out at restaurants and inappropriate food offers by others interfere with their healthy dietary plan (Table 4).
Table 3.
Morisky medication adherence questionnaire for assessing the level of adherence to Dietary recommendation among diabetes patients, in Ethiopian teaching hospital, Ethiopia, 2017
| Components | Frequency | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Do you sometimes forget to follow the recommended dietary approach For DM? | ||
| Yes | 190 | 62.7 |
| No | 113 | 37.3 |
| Over the past two weeks, were there any days when you did not take your dietary plan properly? | ||
| Yes | 146 | 48.1 |
| No | 157 | 51.9 |
| Did you miss the proper dietary plan yesterday? | ||
| Yes | 127 | 41.9 |
| No | 176 | 58.1 |
| Have you ever cut back or stopped following the recommended dietary plan without telling your doctor because you felt unnecessary to do so? | ||
| Yes | 164 | 54.2 |
| No | 139 | 45.8 |
| When you feel like your DM is under control, do you sometimes stop taking your dietary plan? | ||
| Yes | 148 | 48.7 |
| No | 155 | 51.3 |
| When you travel or leave home, do you sometimes forced to stop following your dietary plan? | ||
| Yes | 188 | 62.1 |
| No | 115 | 37.9 |
| Do you ever feel hassled about sticking to your dietary plan? | ||
| Yes | 186 | 61.3 |
| No | 117 | 38.7 |
| Did you have feelings of dietary deprivation? | ||
| Yes | 227 | 74.9 |
| No | 76 | 25.1 |
| Do you forget to include fruits and vegetables in your dietary plan | ||
| Yes | 208 | 68.7 |
| No | 95 | 31.3 |
| Do you forget to cut down butter and fat intake in your food | ||
| Yes | 175 | 57.8 |
| No | 128 | 42.2 |
Table 4.
Barriers for non-adherence with the recommended dietary regimen
| Reasons | Frequency | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Inappropriate dietary habits (e.g. Eating snacks in-between meals) | 11 | 6.6 |
| Financial constraints | 33 | 19.2 |
| Gathering with friends and family | 65 | 38.7 |
| Eating outside home | 37 | 21.8 |
| It takes efforts | 30 | 17.8 |
| Being busy | 24 | 14.3 |
| Costs extra many | 27 | 16.3 |
Factors associated with adherence to dietary recommendations: in a multivariate logistic regression model, patients who have received diabetic nutrition education were nearly three times (AOR= 2.8, 95% CI 1.97, 5.61) more likely to adhere to the recommended dietary practices than patients without nutritional education. In addition, the odds of following the recommended dietary plan were three times (AOR 2.9 95% CI 1.32, 5.84) higher among patients whose diagnosis was received more than ten years ago (Table 5).
Table 5.
Factors associated with adherence to the recommended dietary regime
| Variable | Dietary Adherence | COR (95%, CI) | AOR (95%, CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adherent | Non- Adherent | |||
| Educational status | ||||
| Elementary | 17 (34.1) | 32 (65.3) | 2.23 (0.73-4.4) | 4.48 (0.87-6.9) |
| High school | 24 (27) | 65 (73) | 1.67 (1.2-1.8) | 1.28 (.85-5.9) |
| Diploma | 27 (64.3) | 16 (35.7) | 2.74 (0.9-8.41) | 2.21 (0.76-6.22) |
| Degree and above | 37 (89.7) | 2 (10.3) | 4.98 (3.6-9.3) | 2.74 (0.46-7.28) |
| No education | 29 (34.9) | 54 (65.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Diabetic Nutrition Education | ||||
| Received education | 103 (54.5) | 86 (45.5) | 3.2 (2.1 – 7.74)* | 2.8 (1.97 -5.61)* |
| Not received education | 31 (27.1) | 83 (72.9) | 1 | 1 |
| Type of DM | ||||
| Type 2 DM | 82(38.9) | 134 (61.1) | 0.41 (.27-.92)* | 0.57 (.42 -1.38) |
| Type 1 DM | 52 (59.8) | 35 (40.2) | 1 | 1 |
| Medical Comorbidity | ||||
| Present | 57 (68.7) | 26 (31.3) | 4.07 (2.58 -7.21)* | 1.95 (0.84 – 3.18) |
| Absent | 77 (35) | 143 (65) | 1 | 1 |
| Duration since Diagnosis | ||||
| Over 10 years | 22 (62.9) | 13 (37.1) | 3.4 (1.78 – 7.81) | 2.9 (1.32 – 5.84)* |
| 5 to 10 years | 36 (40) | 54 (60) | 2.7 (0.78- 4.59) | 3.3 (0.94 – 6.42) |
| Less than 5 years | 82 (46) | 96 (54) | 1 | 1 |
P-value < 0.05 Indicate statistically significant variable; 1. Reference group
Discussion
This hospital-based cross-sectional study measured the proportion of adherence to dietary practice among diabetes patients. Findings indicate that more than half of participants were not adhering to the recommended dietary practices. Adherence to recommended dietary practices for diabetic patients is very critical to achieve optimal metabolic control, as non-adherence is associated with higher glucose level and cholesterol levels, which eventually lead to major complications [19]. It is widely accepted that diabetes and its complications pose a major burden worldwide and present significant challenges to patients, health care systems and national economies [20]. Overall, 44.3% of participants adhered to dietary recommendations. The degree of adherence identified in this study is relatively lower in comparison to other similar studies [21-24]. This implies the need for sustained effort promoting dietary management for diabetes patients. However, this rate is relatively higher than that found in studies conducted in Mexico, Nepal and India [25, 26]. This discrepancy could be due to variation in the study population, sample size and adherence measurement tool. In this study, the two major reasons cited as barrier to adhere for recommended dietary practice were high frequency of gathering with family and friends and eating out. The same finding has also been reported by other studies conducted in India and Botswana [21, 27]. This could be due the difficult nature of going against the social expectations or pressures of eating with friends and family or the necessity of eating out.
Therefore, caregivers have to play an important role by potentially providing continuous consultation and follow-up regarding the dietary habits of their diabetic patients. Receiving diabetic nutrition was one of the factors significantly associated with adherence to the recommended dietary practice among participating patients. Studies conducted in Ethiopia and South Africa have also stated that diabetic nutrition education had a significant impact on dietary adherence [22, 28]. This might be due to the fact that patients who have received intensive education are more likely to have increased knowledge about the benefit of food management in diabetic control. In addition, patients who have received nutrition education may perceive greater seriousness of not adhering to the recommended dietary regimen. Patients who were diagnosed more than 10 years ago had better adherence to the dietary practice. Several other studies have also revealed a positive association between longer duration of the disease and better diabetic treatment adherence [29-34]. The possible explanation is that patients with longer duration of diabetes will have more frequent contacts with health professionals and are more likely to be given repetitive instruction on treatment adherence, thus, become aware of the acute and chronic complications of uncontrolled blood glucose that eventually leads to adoption of healthy behaviors'.
Limitations: despite extensive efforts have been made to minimize possible shortcoming of this study, the finding of this survey will be interpreted in the presence of the following inevitable limitations. The cross-sectional nature of this study makes it unreliable to form a causal relationship between the exposure and the outcome variable. Response biases, mainly the intention of the participants not to respond the actual adherence questions is likely (social desirability bias).
Conclusion
The prevalence of non-adherence to dietary practice was observed in more than fifty percent of patients, which indicates a major public health problem. Attending diabetic nutrition education and being diagnosed more than 10 years ago were associated with greater adherence to dietary recommendation. All stakeholders including clinicians, dietitians, health educators and policymakers should be made aware about the alarmingly low proportion of adherence to dietary recommendations among the diabetic population in the study area. Therefore, it is important to design strategies to help patients understand their dietary regimens in order to improve their adherence. Otherwise complications of diabetes mellitus, which are debilitating, can increase the burden of a disease that is already increasing. Similarly, large scale studies, particularly with prospective designs, should be undertaken to contribute more information regarding the level of adherence and determinants of non-adherence to diet.
What is known about this topic
Studies conducted in lower and middle income countries on diabetes self-care behaviors reported unsatisfactory level of adherence to dietary practice. There was also a report of significant association between diabetic nutrition education and adherence to dietary recommendation in different studies.
What this study adds
Significant proportion of non-adherence to dietary recommendation among diabetes patients was observed in spite of numerous efforts spent by stake holders;
There was a statistically significant association between duration of diabetes and adherence to dietary regimen.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgments
Authors would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to Stephanie Grutzmacher, (PHD, Assistant professor) for her amazing contribution on the edition of this manuscript. The authors would also like to express their appreciation to the University of Debre Berhan for the approval of ethical clearance. They also want to show their appreciation to the individuals who participated in this study.
Authors’ contributions
Mohammed Akibu Mohammed and Nigussie Tadesse Sharew conceived and designed the study, supervised the data collection, performed analysis and organized the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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