Abstract
Background
The Angioedema Quality of Life (AE-QoL) is the first patient reported outcome measure developed for the assessment of quality of life (QoL) impairment in patients with recurrent angioedema (RAE). This study aimed to evaluate the clinimetric properties of the AE-QoL in Thai patients and to establish categories of QoL impairment assessed by the AE-QoL.
Methods
The validated Thai version of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Patient Global Assessment of Quality of Life (PGA-QoL) were used to comparatively evaluate the Thai version of AE-QoL. Spearman correlations between the Thai AE-QoL and two other standard measurements (DLQI and PGA-QoL) were investigated to determine convergent validity. The Thai DLQI and PGA-QoL were used to categorize patients according to their QoL. Known-group validity of the Thai AE-QoL was later analyzed. The reliability of the Thai AE-QoL was investigated using Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation. Three different approaches including the distribution method, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and the anchor based-method were used for the interpretability.
Results
A total of 86 patients with RAE with a median age of 38.0 ± 15.1 years (range 18–76) were enrolled. Of those, 76 patients (88%) had RAE with concomitant wheals, and 10 patients (11.6%) had RAE only. The AE-QoL assessed RAE-mediated QoL impairment with high convergent validity and known-groups validity, high internal consistency and test-retest reliability, and good sensitivity to change. Although the AE-QoL did not differentiate between patients with moderate and large effect as measured by PGA-QoL or DLQI in this study, AE-QoL total values of 0–23, 24 to 38, and ≥ 39 could define patients with “no effect”, “small effect”, and “moderate to large effect” of RAE on their QoL, respectively.
Conclusions
This study supports the validity and reliability of the Thai version of the AE-QoL, which is a very different language from the original version. Categories allow to classify the effect of RAE on patients’ QoL as “none”, “small”, and “moderate to large”. Further studies are needed to confirm the applicability of AE-QoL in other Asian populations”.
Keywords: Angioedema, Quality of life, Questionnaire, Clinimetric properties, Validity, Reliability, Interpretability, Patient reported outcome
Background
Recurrent angioedema (RAE) is characterized by the unpredictable, sudden and recurrent onset of nonpitting swelling of the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and/or mucous membranes [1]. Angioedema attacks may be painful, disabling, and disfiguring depending on their duration, location and the extent of swelling. Swellings in RAE patients can cause itch or a burning sensation, often they do not. Cases of RAE with upper airway involvement can be an emergency and life-threatening condition.
RAE is classified into mast cell mediator-mediated and bradykinin-mediated, based on the underlying pathogenic mechanisms [2]. In clinical practice, RAE most commonly occurs in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) patients, with or without wheals [3]. RAE is associated with markedly impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) [4, 5]. Effective management of RAE requires the use of angioedema specific instruments designed to evaluate patients’ impairment in HRQoL.
For assessing HRQoL of angioedema patients, the Angioedema Quality of Life Questionnaire (AE-QoL) [6] and the Hereditary Angioedema Quality of Life Questionnaire (HAE- QoL) have been developed [7–9]. The HAE-QoL assesses HAE-specific effects on QoL, whereas the AE-QoL was developed for the use in patients with all forms of RAE including HAE. The original German version of the AE-QoL consists of 17 questions in 4 domains (functioning, fatigue/mood, fear/shame, and food) that collectively evaluate the extent of RAE-dependent QoL impairment during the previous 4 weeks. Each AE-QoL question has 5 answer options (scored 1–5), with lower and higher scores indicting less and more adverse impact, respectively. The total score is calculated, which is then transformed into a linear scale that ranges from 0 to 100, with a score of 100 indicating the worst possible impairment of HRQoL [6]. The AE-QoL was shown to be valid and reliable for use in clinical practice and has been used in multiple randomized controlled trials [10–15]. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID), which is defined as the least difference in a score that patients can notice the improvement in their HRQoL, was proposed to be > 6 points [6]. The AE-QoL has been translated and culturally adapted for the use in 25 countries in 29 languages [16].
As of now, there is the lack of and need for categorization/banding of HRQoL impairment in RAE patients. Also, we are lacking validated version of patient-reported outcome (PRO) outcome measures for assessing QoL impairment in Asian patients with RAE. Accordingly, this study generated the Thai version of the AE-QoL, evaluated its clinimetric properties in an Asian population of RAE patients, specifically in Thailand, and established categories of AE-QoL-assessed QoL impairment in this RAE population.
Methods
Generation of the Thai AE-QoL
Formal permission was given by MOXIE GmbH (moxie-gmbh.de/, Berlin, Germany) to translate the original German version of the AE-QoL into Thai, and to validate the translated instrument [16]. The AE-QoL were independently translated into Thai by two native Thai speakers with command of the German language. Both Thai versions were then reviewed and revised by dermatologists with subspecialty expertise in allergy with the objective of achieving unanimous agreement for each item. The final Thai version of each instrument was then independently back-translated into German by two bilingual translators. The two back-translated German versions were then reviewed by the German developers of the original instrument.
Misconceptions or misinterpretations during the translation process were resolved via a cooperative review and editing process that included the Thai research team and the instrument developers. After consensus was reached among all assessors, cognitive debriefing was performed with representatives of the target population and target language group to evaluate if the responders understand the questionnaire as intended [17, 18]. The final Thai version of the AE- QoL was tested in 10 Thai RAE patients. This test revealed no points of contention or misinterpretation. The final Thai versions of the AE-QoL was then approved and used in this study.
Patients and conduct of study
This study was approved by the Siriraj Institutional Review Board (SIRB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (COA no. Si271/2017). Adult Thai RAE patients aged 18 years or older attending the Urticaria Center of Reference and Excellence [19] of the Department of Dermatology, Siriraj Hospital during May 2017 to May 2018 were invited to voluntarily participate. Siriraj Hospital is Thailand’s largest national tertiary referral center. Patients with RAE were defined as patients with the unpredictable, sudden and recurrent onset of nonpitting swellings of the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and/or mucous membranes for longer than 6 weeks [1]. Patients who had literacy difficulties, dermatologic diseases other than RAE, and/or mental diseases were excluded. Standard treatment for RAE was given to all patients regardless of their participatory status in this study. This study complied with the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and all of it subsequent amendments, and written informed consent was obtained from all participating patients.
Patient HRQoL questionnaires used to compare with the Thai version of the AE-QoL
The validated Thai version of the dermatology life quality index (DLQI)
The DLQI is a general dermatologic HRQoL questionnaire that was established by Finlay et al. in 1994 [20]. The DLQI consists of 10 items, with a minimum and maximum score of 0 and 30, respectively. Total DLQI scores are categorized into one of the following five groups: 0–1 = no effect, 2–5 = small effect, 6–10 = moderate effect, 11–20 = very large effect, and 21–30 = extremely large effect. The Thai version of the DLQI was used [21].
Patient global assessment of quality of life (PGA-QoL)
The PGA-QoL is a patient evaluation instrument for assessing HRQoL during the preceding four-week period. A 5-point Likert-scale is used to rate level of effect, as follows: 0 = no effect, 1 = mild effect, 2 = moderate effect, 3 = severe effect, and 4 = very severe effect [22, 23].
At baseline, patients were informed how to complete the following questionnaires: Thai AE-QoL, Thai DLQI, and PGA-QoL. After patients acknowledged understanding of how to complete all three questionnaires, they were asked to complete the Thai AE-QoL, Thai DLQI, and PGA-QoL by themselves at the clinic. After 4 weeks of treatment (2nd visit), all of the questionnaires were once again completed by the patients in the clinic.
Statistical analysis
Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN), a standard protocol for evaluating the methodologic quality of studies in health measurement instruments, was applied in this study [24]. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows, Version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to analyze data. P- values of less than or equal to 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
Assessment of AE-QoL validity
Convergent validity indicates the correlation between the Thai AE-QoL and other standard measurements for HRQoL (DLQI and PGA-QoL). Spearman correlation coefficients of < 0.3, 0.3–0.6, and > 0.6 were considered weak, moderate, and strong correlations, respectively [25].
Known-group validity demonstrates the ability of the AE-QoL to discriminate groups that are assumed to be different. For HRQoL, patients were classified into three groups using the DLQI and PGA-QoL scores in this study, as follows: (i) ‘no effect’ (DLQI scores of 0–1, PGA- QoL score of 0); (ii) ‘small effect’ (DLQI scores of 2–5, PGA-QoL score of 1); and, (iii) ‘moderate to large effect’ (DLQI scores of 6–30, PGA-QoL scores of 2–4).
Assessment of AE-QoL reliability
Cronbach’s α reliability coefficient was used to analyze internal consistency. Excellent, good, and acceptable reliability were defined as α values of ≥0.9, 0.7 ≤ α < 0.9, 0.6 ≤ α < 0.7, respectively [26]. Internal consistency determines the homogeneity of AE-QoL domains, which can indicate whether it is appropriate to calculate a total score. The four domain scores of the AE-QoL were investigated for internal consistency in each domain.
Test-retest reliability assesses the consistency of scores across multiple administrations. Stable patients should have comparable scores at two different administrations. Data from patients with no change in PGA-QoL score (stable in HRQoL) during 4 weeks of treatment was used to determine test-retest reliability. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values of < 0.40, 0.4–0.75, and > 0.75 indicate poor, average, and strong reliability, respectively [27].
Assessment of AE-QoL sensitivity to change
Sensitivity to change is defined as the ability of an instrument to detect change over time, regardless of whether the change is meaningful [28]. Correlation coefficients of 0.1–0.3, 0.3–0.5, and > 0.5 were considered weak, moderate, and large correlations, respectively [29]. At least moderate correlation between an instrument and a standard comparative measure was required to further analyze AE-QoL interpretability in this study.
Assessment of AE-QoL interpretability
Interpretability is the ability of an instrument to transform qualitative meaning to quantitative scores, i.e. the degree to which the values obtained by the use of the instrument produce information relevant to the patient and the physician in relation to the measured construct. Interpretability is composed of the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and categorization. The MCID is defined as the smallest difference in a score that a patient can recognize as meaningful improvement [30, 31]. Different approaches were used to define the MCID are described, as follows:
-
i.
Distribution method (MCID-1) indicates the numerical distribution of values. The standard error of measurement (SEM) is widely accepted to represent the MCID of an instrument [32–34]. The calculation of SEM was (1-reliability of the Thai AE-QoL)1/2 × the SD of the Thai AE-QoL at baseline.
-
ii.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis (MCID-2) shows the sensitivity and specificity over the range of absolute reductions in scores that can be used to identify “improvement” [34, 35]. Area under the curve (AUC) values of 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, and 0.5 were interpreted as perfect, excellent, good, fair, and no better than chance, respectively [36].
-
iii.
Anchor-based approach (MCID-3) compares changes in scores to an anchor value. MCID-3 is the difference between the mean “improvement” score and the mean “worsening/stable” score. Patients with a decrease in PGA-QoL score of ≥1 and patients with an increased or unchanged PGA-QoL score were defined as ‘improvement’ and ‘worsening or stable’ HRQoL, respectively.
Categorization of effects of RAE on quality of life
Categorization is the process of determining cutoff scores for a measurement instrument that are then used to categorize patients into different groups. The DLQI and PGA-QoL were used to categorize patients into “no effect” (DLQI = 0–1, PGA-QoL = 0), “small effect” (DLQI = 2–5, PGA-QoL = 1), “moderate effect” (DLQI = 6–10, PGA-QoL = 2), and “large and very large effect” (DLQI = 11–30, PGA-QoL = 3–4).
Results
A total of 86 patients with RAE with a median age of 38.0 ± 15.1 years (range 18–76) were enrolled in this study. Of those, 76 patients (88%) had RAE with concomitant wheals, and 10 patients (11.6%) had RAE only. Of 10 patients who had RAE without wheals, 9 and 1 patients had idiopathic angioedema, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema, respectively. Demographic data, scores at baseline, and treatments are shown in Table 1. AE- QoL scores were observed to be normally distributed. The mean AE-QoL scores at baseline was 26.6 ± 20.7.
Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with recurrent angioedema (RAE) (n = 86) as well as their response to treatment and quality of life impairment as assessed by use of the Thai Angioedema Quality of Life questionnaire (AE-QoL), the Thai Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), the Patient Global Assessment of Quality of Life (PGA-QoL)
| Values | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 69 (80.2%) | |||
| Male | 17 (19.8%) | |||
| Diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
| RAE without wheals | 10 (11.6%) | |||
| RAE with wheals | 76 (88.0%) | |||
| Range of scores (total score) | ||||
| Thai AE-QoL | 0–79.4 (100) | |||
| Thai DLQI | 0–23 (30) | |||
| PGA-QoL | 0–3 (4) | |||
| Disease severity of urticaria of 76 RAE patients with wheals | ||||
| Urticaria activity score over 7 days (UAS7), n (%) | ||||
| Urticaria-free (UAS7 = 0) | 18 (23.7%) | |||
| Well-controlled CSU (UAS7 = 1–6) | 13 (17.1%) | |||
| Mild activity CSU (UAS7 = 7–15) | 26 (34.2%) | |||
| Moderate activity CSU (UAS7 16–27) | 14 (18.4%) | |||
| Severe activity CSU (UAS7 = 28–42) | 5 (6.6%) | |||
| Treatment, n (%) | ||||
| H1-antihistamines | 74 (86.0%) | |||
| H1-antihistamines + prednisolone | 8 (9.3%) | |||
| H1-antihistamines + omalizumab | 4 (4.7%) | |||
| Impairment of health-related quality of life using: | ||||
| - PGA-QoL questionnaire, n (%) | AE-QoL total value mean ± SD (median) | 1st quartile | 3rd quartile | |
| None | 11.2 ± 14.2 (5.9) | 0 | 19.1 | 35 (40.7%) |
| Mild | 29.9 ± 13.2 (32.4) | 20.6 | 38.2 | 31 (36.0%) |
| Moderate | 49.3 ± 17.6 (52.2) | 34.9 | 67.3 | 12 (14.0%) |
| Severe | 46.9 ± 20.4 (42.6) | 34.6 | 61.8 | 8 (9.3%) |
| Very severe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0.0%) |
| - DLQI questionnaire, n (%) | ||||
| No effect | 11.6 ± 13.6 (5.9) | 0 | 19.9 | 33 (38.4%) |
| Small effect | 26.0 ± 15.3 (24.3) | 16.9 | 34.6 | 22 (25.6%) |
| Moderate effect | 39.7 ± 17.3 (38.2) | 33.1 | 49.3 | 13 (15.1%) |
| Very large effect | 42.2 ± 19 (42.6) | 35.7 | 61.8 | 18 (20.9%) |
| Extremely large effect | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 (0.0%) |
The AE-QoL is a valid tool for assessing RAE-mediated QoL impairment
The AE-QoL showed high convergent validity, with strong positive correlations between AE-QoL and DLQI total score values (r = 0.72, p < 0.0001) and between AE-QoL total score values and PGA-QoL values (r = 0.70, p < 0.0001).
The AE-QoL also showed high known-groups validity as it was able to discriminate among patients who showed differences in HRQoL impairment as assessed by the use of the PGA-QoL and the DLQI. Figure 1 demonstrates that the differences between the mean AE-QoL scores of patients with no effect and a small effect (p < 0.0001, p = 0.019) and with a small effect and a moderate to large effect (p = 0.03, p = 0.014) were significant. Overall, there were also significant differences in the mean AE-QoL score among patients with no effect, small effect, and moderate to large effect on HRQoL (p < 0.0001). However, the AE-QoL did not differentiate between patients with moderate and large effect as measured by PGA-QoL or DLQI. A statistical significance was not achieved when using the DLQI or the PGA-QoL to classify patients as those with “no effect”, a “small effect”, a “moderate effect”, and a “large effect”.
Fig. 1.
The Thai version of the Angioedema Quality of Life (AE-QoL) questionnaire can differentiate patients with recurrent angioedema (RAE) who differ in their quality of life (QoL) impairment as assessed by the use of the Patient Global Assessment of Quality of Life, PGA- QoL, (a) and the Dermatology Life Quality Index, DLQI (b)
The AE-QoL shows high internal consistency and test-retest reliability
All Cronbach’s α values were higher than 0.72, which indicates good to excellent internal consistency of the Thai AE-QoL. Forty-four patients who had no change in HRQoL (no change in PGA-QoL score) during 4 weeks were analyzed for intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The ICC was 0.76 for the AE-QoL total score, which indicates strong intra-rater reliability. The ICCs (range: 0.64–0.75) for the AE-QoL domains were average (Table 2).
Table 2.
Internal consistency of the Thai version of the Angioedema Quality of Life (AE-QoL) questionnaire
| Domain | Items | Mean score (0–100) | SD | Cronbach’s α* (n = 86) | ICC** (n = 44) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total score | 26.55 | 20.70 | 0.94 | 0.76 | |
| Domain 1 (functioning) | 1,2,3,4 | 20.49 | 23.83 | 0.94 | 0.75 |
| Domain 2 (fatigue/mood) | 6,7,8,9,10 | 23.66 | 22.33 | 0.86 | 0.64 |
| Domain 3 (fear/shame) | 12,13,14,15,16,17 | 35.17 | 28.34 | 0.92 | 0.64 |
| Domain 4 (nutrition/food) | 5,11 | 25.87 | 27.77 | 0.72 | 0.66 |
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient
*Cronbach’s alpha values reflect analysis of data from 86 patients that completed the Thai AE-QoL questionnaire for the first time
**ICC values reflect the analysis of data from 44 patients who had stable disease (no change in Patient Global Assessment of Quality of Life questionnaire) after 4 weeks of treatment
The AE-QoL shows good sensitivity to change
The correlation between AE-QoL score changes and changes in PGA-QoL and DLQI were 0.39 and 0.42, respectively (p < 0.0001). This allowed us to further analyze MCID.
The MCID-1 indicates the numerical distribution of values, The MCID-1 values using Cronbach’s α value, and ICC value were 5.07, and 10.14, respectively. For MCID-2, the sensitivity and specificity over the range of absolute reductions in scores that can be used to identify “improvement”, 30 and 56 patients were defined as ‘improvement’ and ‘worsening/stable’, respectively. An AUC of 0.81 indicated that AE-QoL is a good tool for detecting clinically meaningful improvement. Changes in AE-QoL total score of 6 and 7 had good sensitivity (73.2%) and specificity (76.7%) for defining patients with meaningful improvement in HRQoL (Table 3). For MCID-3, the difference in the mean total AE-QoL score between ‘improvement’ patients and ‘worsening/stable’ patients was 11.83.
Table 3.
Changes in AE-QoL total score to identify “improvement” (decrease in PGA-QoL score of ≥1) and “worsening/stable” (increased or unchanged PGA-QoL score)
| Changes in AE-QoL total score | Sensitivity (%) (patients correctly classified as worsening/stable) | Specificity (%) (patients correctly classified as improvement) | Accuracy (%) (proportion of correctly classified patients) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 64.3% | 76.7% | 68.6% |
| 6 | 73.2% | 76.7% | 74.4% |
| 7 | 73.2% | 76.7% | 74.4% |
| 8 | 75.0% | 70.0% | 73.3% |
| 9 | 78.6% | 70.0% | 75.6% |
| 10 | 78.6% | 70.0% | 75.6% |
| AUC | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | ||
Abbreviations: AE-QoL, Angioedema quality of life; PGA-QoL, Patient global assessment quality of life; AUC, Area under the curve
Categorization of AE-QoL-assessed effects of RAE on QoL
The AUCs for classifying patients into the “no effect” group using PGA-QoL and DLQI were 0.88 and 0.85, respectively (Table 4). AE-QoL total scores of 23 and 25 should be used to differentiate patients between “no effect” and “small to large effect” using PGA-QoL and DLQI, respectively. To classify patients into the ‘moderate to large effect’ group, the AUC values using PGA-QoL and DLQI were 0.87, and 0.86, respectively. Using PGA-QoL and DLQI, patients with AE-QoL total scores higher than 38 and 36 would be those with ‘moderate to large effect’ on HRQoL.
Table 4.
Cutoff values of the Angioedema Quality of Life (AE-QoL) questionnaire that differentiate patients with “no effect” from patients with “moderate to large effect” on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using the Patient Global Assessment Quality of Life (PGA-QoL) and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)
| Patients with no effect on HRQoL using: | ||||||
| PGA-QoL score of 0 | DLQI score of 0–1 | |||||
| AE-QoL score | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Accuracy (%) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Accuracy (%) |
| 22 | 85.7% | 80.4% | 82.6% | 78.8% | 73.6% | 75.6% |
| 23 | 88.6% | 80.4% | 83.7% | 81.8% | 73.6% | 76.7% |
| 24 | 88.6% | 78.4% | 82.6% | 84.8% | 73.6% | 77.9% |
| 25 | 88.6% | 78.4% | 82.6% | 84.8% | 73.6% | 77.9% |
| 26 | 88.6% | 74.5% | 80.2% | 87.9% | 71.7% | 77.9% |
| AUC | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | ||||
| Patients with moderate to large effect on HRQoL using: | ||||||
| PGA-QoL score of 2–4 | DLQI score of 6–30 | |||||
| AE-QoL score | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Accuracy (%) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Accuracy (%) |
| 35 | 78.8 | 75.0% | 77.9% | 89.1% | 74.2% | 83.7% |
| 36 | 78.8 | 75.0% | 77.9% | 89.1% | 74.2% | 83.7% |
| 37 | 81.8 | 75.0% | 80.2% | 90.9% | 71.0% | 83.7% |
| 38 | 81.8 | 75.0% | 80.2% | 90.9% | 71.0% | 83.7% |
| 39 | 87.9 | 65.0% | 82.6% | 92.7% | 54.8% | 79.1% |
| AUC | 0.87 (0.78–0.95) | 0.86 (0.77–0.95) | ||||
Abbreviation: AUC, Area under the curve Bold entries indicate the most important results as discussed in the text
Discussion
This study is the first to validate the AE-QoL in Asia. More importantly, it provides, for the first time, AE-QoL categories that define patients with “no effect”, a “small effect”, and a “moderate to large effect” of RAE on HRQoL.
We found the AE-QoL to be a valid tool for assessing and differentiating levels of HRQoL impairment in Asian patients with angioedema, as shown by the strong correlations between AE-QoL and DLQI, and between AE-QoL and PGA-QoL. It is very important for an instrument to be able to detect meaningful improvement or patient responsiveness to change. In the original version (German version) of the AE-QoL, a change in the total score of > 6 was identified as the MCID [37]. It is generally accepted that MCID values depend on the study population and the clinical context. The determination of the MCID should be based on the anchor-based method or a ROC approach rather than the distribution method as the latter relies on statistical properties and its usefulness in clinical practice is questionable. Thus, three different methods of calculating MCID have been used in this study and yielded MCIDs that ranged from 5.07 to 11.83. However, ROC curve analysis revealed that changes in AE-QoL scores of 6 or 7 had both good sensitivity (73.2%) and good specificity (76.7%) for defining meaningful change according to the judgment of the patient. We, therefore, adopted an MCID of > 6 points, which is the same as the original version, to facilitate consistency between versions in both clinical research and routine clinical practice settings.
According to the results of previous study, the linear correlation between AE-QoL total score and self-rated HRQoL impairments was well-demonstrated [6]. However, the categorization of the AE-QoL score was not established. This study provides additional information on the interpretation of the AE-QoL with regard to categorization, which is essential for the interpretation of qualitative meaning to quantitative scores [38]. In our study, only three groups of patients can be categorized; those with no effect, a small effect, and a moderate to large effect of their RAE on their QoL as a statistical significance was not achieved when using the DLQI or the PGA-QoL to classify patients as those with “no effect”, a “small effect”, a “moderate effect”, and a “large effect”. The reason is that we had a limited number of patients with severe or large effects on QoL. The prevalence of RAE varies depending on geographic regions, the prevalence of RAE was found to be low in Thailand [1]. The previous study and this study showed that HAE is uncommon in the Thai population [1]. Generally, the disease activity of HAE is more severe than that of other forms of angioedema [39]. Accordingly, our patients, on average, had less severe RAE as compared to other populations in Western countries [1, 40–44].
The maximum values to classify patients into “no effect” group were 23 and 25 using PGA-QoL and DLQI, respectively. The maximum value of 23 should be used as the cutoff score for the “no effect” category, as it had a higher AUC value than that of 25. Similarly, the minimum values to classify patients as those with a moderate to large effect were 38 and 36 using PGA-QoL and DLQI, respectively. The value of 38 should be chosen the cutoff value, as it had a higher AUC than that of 36. Thus, we propose that AE-QoL total score values from 0 to 23, from 24 to 38, and ≥ 39 define patients with “no effect”, a “small effect”, and a “moderate to large effect” of their RAE on their HRQoL, respectively. To provide a clinical perspective on this AE-QoL categorization: In the recent X-ACT study, in CSU patients with angioedema refractory to H1-antihistamine, patients had a “very large” negative impact on their HRQoL as reflected by the mean DLQI total score of 14.6 at baseline. The mean AE-QoL total score at baseline of these patients was 56.2. Using our AE-QoL categorization, the patients in this study fall into the category “moderate to large effect” of RAE on HRQoL. After 12 weeks of omalizumab treatment in this study, the mean AE-QoL total score declined significantly from 56.2 to 27.7, which changed the AE-QoL category of patients from “moderate to large effect” to “small effect” of RAE on HRQoL [13].
The strengths of this study include the use of three different approaches to establish the MCID of the Thai AE-QoL. However, several limitations should be noted including its small study population and the very high predominance of RAE patients with CSU. Secondly, no patients with HAE were enrolled in this study. Angioedema activity in HAE is generally more severe than in other causes of angioedema. Kulthanan, et al. reported that HAE was observed in 1 out of 105. Lastly, the AE-QoL did not differentiate between patients with moderate and large effect as measured by PGA-QoL or DLQI in this study. Further studies in larger study populations that include patients with high disease activity and causes of RAE other than CSU are needed to confirm the categorization of the AE-QoL.”
Conclusion
The Thai version of AE-QoL was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing disease–specific impact on QoL in Thai RAE patients. A change in AE-QoL of > 6 points defines a meaningful change in HRQoL. RAE patients should be categorized for the impact of their disease on their QoL as those with “no effect”, “small effect”, and “moderate to large effect” based on AE-QoL total score values of up to 23, 24–38, and 39 and higher, respectively.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the patients that generously agreed to participate in this study, and Orawan Supapueng, PhD of the Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital for assistance with statistical analysis.
Abbreviations
- AE-QoL
The Angioedema Quality of Life
- AUC
Area under the curve
- CSU
chronic spontaneous urticaria
- DLQI
Dermatology Life Quality Index
- HAE- QoL
Hereditary Angioedema Quality of Life Questionnaire
- HRQoL
health-related quality of life
- ICC
Intraclass correlation coefficient
- MCID
minimal clinically important difference
- PGA-QoL
Patient Global Assessment of Quality of Life
- PRO
Patient-reported outcome
- QoL
quality of life
- RAE
Recurrent angioedema
- ROC
Receiver operating characteristic
- SEM
Standard error of measurement
Authors’ contributions
MM and KW were the AE-QoL copyright holder. KK and LC conceived the original research question and designed the research study. KK, LC, CR and PW designed the data collection procedures, implemented the data collection, performed statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. All authors participated in critical review and revision of the manuscript and approve submission.
Funding
This study was supported by intramural funding.
Availability of data and materials
The dataset analyzed during the study is not publicly available due to required data protection, but available upon reasonable request with approval by the corresponding author.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Siriraj Institutional Review Board (SIRB), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (COA no. Si271/2017).
Consent for publication
Not applicable
Competing interests
Dr. Maurer reports institutional research funding and personal fees for consulting from MOXIE, the AE-QoL copyright holder. Dr. Weller reports institutional research funding and personal fees for consulting from MOXIE, the AE-QoL copyright holder. Other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Marcus Maurer and Karsten Weller contributed equally to this work.
Contributor Information
Kanokvalai Kulthanan, Email: kanokvalai.kul@mahidol.ac.th.
Leena Chularojanamontri, Email: leenajim@gmail.com.
Chuda Rujitharanawong, Email: maichudaruji@gmail.com.
Puncharas Weerasubpong, Email: w.puncharas@gmail.com.
Marcus Maurer, Phone: 49 30 450 518 043, Email: marcus.maurer@charite.de.
Karsten Weller, Email: karsten.weller@charite.de.
References
- 1.Kulthanan K, Jiamton S, Boochangkool K, Jongjarearnprasert K. Angioedema: clinical and etiological aspects. Clin Dev Immunol. 2007;2007:26438. doi: 10.1155/2007/26438. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Maurer M, Magerl M, Ansotegui I, Aygoren-Pursun E, Betschel S, Bork K, et al. The international WAO/EAACI guideline for the management of hereditary angioedema-the 2017 revision and update. Allergy. 2018;73:1575–1596. doi: 10.1111/all.13384. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Bova M, De Feo G, Parente R, De Pasquale T, Gravante C, Pucci S, et al. Hereditary and acquired angioedema: heterogeneity of pathogenesis and clinical phenotypes. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2018;175:126–135. doi: 10.1159/000486312. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Gomide MA, Toledo E, Valle SO, Campos RA, Franca AT, Gomez NP, et al. Hereditary angioedema: quality of life in Brazilian patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013;68:81–83. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2013(01)OA13. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Caballero T, Prior N. Burden of illness and quality-of-life measures in angioedema conditions. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2017;37:597–616. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2017.04.005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Weller K, Groffik A, Magerl M, Tohme N, Martus P, Krause K, et al. Development and construct validation of the angioedema quality of life questionnaire. Allergy. 2012;67:1289–1298. doi: 10.1111/all.12007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Bonner N, Abetz-Webb L, Renault L, Caballero T, Longhurst H, Maurer M, et al. Development and content validity testing of a patient-reported outcomes questionnaire for the assessment of hereditary angioedema in observational studies. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13:92. doi: 10.1186/s12955-015-0292-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Prior N, Remor E, Gómez-Traseira C, López-Serrano C, Cabañas R, Contreras J, et al. Development of a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire for adult patients with hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency (HAE-QoL): Spanish multi-Centre research project. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2012;10:82. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-82. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Prior N, Remor E, Pérez-Fernández E, Caminoa M, Gómez-Traseira C, Gayá F, et al. Psychometric field study of hereditary angioedema quality of life questionnaire for adults: HAE-QoL. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2016;4:464–473. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.12.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Aygoren-Pursun E, Bygum A, Grivcheva-Panovska V, Magerl M, Graff J, Steiner UC, et al. Oral plasma Kallikrein inhibitor for prophylaxis in hereditary angioedema. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:352–362. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1716995. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Banerji A, Riedl MA, Bernstein JA, Cicardi M, Longhurst HJ, Zuraw BL, et al. Effect of Lanadelumab compared with placebo on prevention of hereditary angioedema attacks: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320:2108–2121. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.16773. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Riedl MA, Aygoren-Pursun E, Baker J, Farkas H, Anderson J, Bernstein JA, et al. Evaluation of avoralstat, an oral kallikrein inhibitor, in a phase 3 hereditary angioedema prophylaxis trial: the OPuS-2 study. Allergy. 2018;73:1871–1880. doi: 10.1111/all.13466. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Staubach P, Metz M, Chapman-Rothe N, Sieder C, Brautigam M, Maurer M, et al. Omalizumab rapidly improves angioedema-related quality of life in adult patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: X-ACT study data. Allergy. 2018;73:576–584. doi: 10.1111/all.13339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Maurer M, Staubach P, Raap U, Richter-Huhn G, Bauer A, Rueff F, et al. H1- antihistamine-refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria: it's worse than we thought - first results of the multicenter real-life AWARE study. Clin Exp Allergy. 2017;47:684–692. doi: 10.1111/cea.12900. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Weller K, Maurer M, Fridman M, Supina D, Schranz J, Magerl M. Health-related quality of life with hereditary angioedema following prophylaxis with subcutaneous C1-inhibitor with recombinant hyaluronidase. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2017;38:143–151. doi: 10.2500/aap.2017.38.4025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Angioedema Quality of Life Instrument (AE-QoL) [Internet]. MOXIE. 2016 [cited 2016 Feb 23]. Available from: http://moxie-gmbh.de/medical-products/9/angioedema-quality-of-life- questionnaire-ae-qol-non-commercial-use.
- 17.Davidson GC, Vogel RS, Coffman SG. Think-aloud approaches to cognitive assessment and the articulated thoughts in simulated situations paradigm. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65:950–958. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.65.6.950. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Farnik M, Pierzchała WA. Instrument development and evaluation for patient-related outcomes assessments. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2012;3:1–7. doi: 10.2147/PROM.S14405. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Maurer M, Metz M, Bindslev-Jensen C, Bousquet J, Canonica GW, Church MK, et al. Definition, aims, and implementation of GA (2) LEN Urticaria centers of reference and excellence. Allergy. 2016;71:1210–1218. doi: 10.1111/all.12901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Finlay AY, Khan GK. Dermatology life quality index (DLQI)--a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19:210–216. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01167.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Kulthanan K, Jiamton S, Wanitpahakdeedecha R, Chantharujikaphong S. The validity and reliability of the dermatology life quality index (DLQI) in Thais. Thai J Dermatol. 2004;20:113–123. [Google Scholar]
- 22.Likert R. A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Arch Psychol. 1932;22:5–55. [Google Scholar]
- 23.Weller Karsten, Groffik Adriane, Church Martin K., Hawro Tomasz, Krause Karoline, Metz Martin, Martus Peter, Casale Thomas B., Staubach Petra, Maurer Marcus. Development and validation of the Urticaria Control Test: A patient-reported outcome instrument for assessing urticaria control. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2014;133(5):1365-1372.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1076. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Knol DL, Stratford PW, Alonso J, Patrick DL, et al. The COSMIN checklist for evaluating the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties: a clarification of its content. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010;10:22. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-10-22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Nunnaly JCBI. Psychometric theory. 3. Mc Graw-Hill: NewYork; 1994. [Google Scholar]
- 26.George DMP. SPSS for windows step by step: a simple guide and reference. 4. Boston: Allyn & Bacon; 2003. [Google Scholar]
- 27.Gourraud PA, Le Gall C, Puzenat E, Aubin F, Ortonne JP, Paul CF. Why statistics matter: limited inter-rater agreement prevents using the psoriasis area and severity index as a unique determinant of therapeutic decision in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:2171–2175. doi: 10.1038/jid.2012.124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Baer Ruth, Gu Jenny, Cavanagh Kate, Strauss Clara. Differential sensitivity of mindfulness questionnaires to change with treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Assessment. 2019;31(10):1247–1263. doi: 10.1037/pas0000744. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1988. [Google Scholar]
- 30.Sloan J, Symonds T, Vargas-Chanes D, Fridley B. Practical guidelines for assessing the clinical significance of health-related quality of life changes within clinical trials. Drug Information Journal. 2003;37:23–31. doi: 10.1177/009286150303700105. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Willan A, Griffith LE. Determining a minimal important change in a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:81–87. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(94)90036-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Wyrwich KW, Nienaber NA, Tierney WM, Wolinsky FD. Linking clinical relevance and statistical significance in evaluating intra-individual changes in health-related quality of life. Med Care. 1999;37:469–478. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199905000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Wyrwich KW, Tierney WM, Wolinsky FD. Further evidence supporting an SEM-based criterion for identifying meaningful intra-individual changes in health-related quality of life. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999;52:861–873. doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00071-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Norman GR, Sloan JA, Wyrwich KW. Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life - the remarkable universality of half a standard deviation. Med Care. 2003;41:582–592. doi: 10.1097/01.MLR.0000062554.74615.4C. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Shikiar R, Harding G, Leahy M, Lennox RD. Minimal important difference (MID) of the dermatology life quality index (DLQI): results from patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005;3:36. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-3-36. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Hanley JA. The robustness of the "binormal" assumptions used in fitting ROC curves. Med Decis Mak. 1988;8:197–203. doi: 10.1177/0272989X8800800308. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Weller K, Magerl M, Peveling-Oberhag A, Martus P, Staubach P, Maurer M. The angioedema quality of life questionnaire (AE-QoL) - assessment of sensitivity to change and minimal clinically important difference. Allergy. 2016;71:1203–1209. doi: 10.1111/all.12900. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Weller K, Zuberbier T, Maurer M. Clinically relevant outcome measures for assessing disease activity, disease control and quality of life impairment in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria and recurrent angioedema. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;15:220–226. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Bernstein JA. Severity of hereditary angioedema, prevalence, and diagnostic considerations. Am J Manag Care. 2018;24:S292–S298. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 40.Bygum A. Hereditary angio-oedema in Denmark: a nationwide survey. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:1153–1158. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09366.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Roche O, Blanch A, Caballero T, Sastre N, Callejo D, Lo’pez-Trascasa M. Hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency: patient registry and approach to the prevalence in Spain. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;94:498–503. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61121-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 42.Starsia Z, Hegyi E, Kuklinek P, Cáp J, Stefanovic J, Lokaj J. Hereditary angioedema in Czechoslovakia. Clinical, immunological, genetic and therapeutic studies of 16 families. Allerg Immunol (Leipz) 1988;34:35–42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 43.Wais-Nöcker B, Steiner U, Späth P, Wuillemin WA. Clinical facets of hereditary Angioedema among Swiss patients. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2010;99:1135–1141. doi: 10.1024/1661-8157/a000233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 44.Bygum A, Busse P, Caballero T, Maurer M. Disease severity, activity, impact, and control and how to assess them in patients with hereditary angioedema. Frontiers in Medicine. 2017;4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The dataset analyzed during the study is not publicly available due to required data protection, but available upon reasonable request with approval by the corresponding author.