Abstract
objective
In patients continuing antithrombotics, delayed bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a severe complication. Vonoprazan (VPZ) exerts a rapid, potent, and long-lasting antacid effect compared with traditional proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). This study aimed to compare the incidence of delayed bleeding after gastric ESD between the use of VPZ and PPIs in patients continuing antithrombotics.
Methods
In this retrospective analysis, we examined 71 patients with 101 lesions treated with traditional PPIs (PPI group) and 59 patients with 90 lesions treated with VPZ (VPZ group). After 2 days (day 0 and 1) of intravenous PPI administration, either an oral PPI or VPZ was administered from postoperative day 2 to 8 weeks after ESD. We assessed the incidence of overall delayed bleeding as well as bleeding that occurred from day 2 until 8 weeks after ESD.
Results
There was no significant difference in the use of antithrombotic agents between the groups. Overall delayed bleeding occurred 13 times (18%) in 9 patients in the PPI group and 18 times (31%) in 17 patients in the VPZ group (p=0.10). Bleeding from day 2 until 8 weeks after ESD occurred 12 times (17%) in 9 patients in the PPI group and 8 times (14%) in 8 patients in the VPZ group.
Conclusion
Even with a potent antacid agent, such as VPZ, the incidence of delayed bleeding was high in patients undergoing ESD with continuous antithrombotic agents.
Keywords: endoscopic submucosal dissection, stomach, bleeding, antithrombotic agents
Introduction
At present, many patients with early gastric cancer are treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) because of the permeation of mass-screening programs and early detection of the disease in East Asia (1). ESD is less invasive than surgery; however, two major complications, namely gastric perforation and bleeding, are associated with this approach (1,2). Efforts to reduce the risk of bleeding after ESD have been made using prophylactic coagulation of vessels immediately after ESD (3) and proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) during and after ESD (4). However, the risk of bleeding remains a critical clinical problem, especially in patients taking antithrombotic agents, such as antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents (5-12).
In Japan, the number of patients taking antithrombotic agents for concomitant diseases is witnessing an upsurge because of the rapidly aging population. In these patients, whether to continue or discontinue antithrombotic agents during the period of endoscopic procedures is determined on the basis of the individual risk of cardiovascular or neurovascular thrombotic events and the risk of bleeding associated with the endoscopic procedure (13,14). As the rate of performing ESD without cessation of antithrombotic agents is on the rise, a high incidence of bleeding after ESD has been reported in patients taking antithrombotic agents (5-7,11,12).
Vonoprazan (VPZ) is a potassium-competitive acid blocker that exerts a rapid, potent, and long-lasting inhibition of gastric acid secretion compared with traditional PPIs (15). Research has revealed that healing of gastric ulcers created by ESD is as good or better in patients treated with VPZ than in those treated with traditional PPIs (16-26). However, most previous studies have examined patients not taking antithrombotic agents or who stopped taking the agents during ESD. Thus, the efficacy of VPZ in ESD among patients continuing antithrombotic agents remains unclear.
This study aims to compare the incidence of delayed bleeding after gastric ESD between the use of VPZ and traditional PPIs in patients continuing antithrombotic therapy.
Materials and Methods
Patients and study design
In this retrospective, single-centre study, we conducted a chart-based investigation of 524 consecutive patients who were treated with ESD at a prefectural cancer center from April 2016 to April 2017. The inclusion criteria in this study comprised patients with a preoperative diagnosis of gastric epithelial neoplasms who underwent ESD with continuous antithrombotic agents and were treated with oral PPIs or VPZ after ESD. We excluded patients not taking antithrombotic agents or those who discontinued antithrombotic agents before ESD from the analysis. In addition, we excluded one patient who was treated with a histamine 2-receptor blocker without a PPI or VPZ. Based on the antacid treatment used after ESD, all patients were categorized into 2 groups as follows: (a) 71 patients with 101 gastric tumours treated with a traditional PPI (PPI group); and (b) 59 patients with 90 gastric tumours treated with VPZ (VPZ group; Fig. 1). This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital, and all patients provided their written informed consent for ESD under continuous antithrombotic agent administration.
Figure 1.
Patient flow. ESD: endoscopic submucosal dissection, OPZ: omeprazole, H2RB: histamine 2-receptor blocker, PPI: proton-pump inhibitor, VPZ: vonoprazan
ESD procedure and management after ESD
In all patients, ESD was performed using an IT knife-2 (KD-611L; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), an endoscope with a water-jet function (GIF-Q260J; Olympus), and a high-frequency generator (VIO300D; ERBE Elektromedizin, Tubingen, Germany), as described previously (27). Immediately after tumour resection, visible vessels were coagulated using hot biopsy forceps or an IT knife-2. In some patients, however, ulcer protection was performed by the closure of the ESD ulcer with endoclips (full or partially; closure group) or by covering an ulcer with a polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheet. On the day after ESD (day 1), a second-look endoscopy, complete blood cell count, and chest X-ray were performed. Eating was prohibited on the day of and day following ESD, and intravenous omeprazole (40 mg/day) was administered. From day 2, a soft-food diet was started, and either oral VPZ (20 mg daily) or PPI (20 mg rabeprazole or 30 mg lansoprazole or 20 mg esomeprazole daily; certified dose in Japan) was administered until 8 weeks after ESD. Of note, there were no definite criteria for selecting PPI or VPZ, and either was selected at the discretion of the principal physician before the ESD procedure.
Outcome measurement
In this study, the primary outcome measurement was the difference in the incidence of delayed bleeding between patients treated with VPZ and traditional PPI. We defined delayed bleeding as follows: patient with overt hematemesis, melena, bloody stool after ESD; whose bleeding was confirmed on an endoscopic examination or required haemostasis or transfusion; or whose haemoglobin level decreased by ≥2 g/dL. The overall incidence of delayed bleeding and bleeding that occurred from day 2 until 8 weeks after ESD was compared between the groups. Secondary outcomes were the difference in the delayed bleeding rates according to tumour location, number of tumours, curability of ESD, and ulcer protection.
The curability of ESD was determined per the guidelines of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society and Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (28). ESD was considered curative when en bloc resection revealed negative horizontal or vertical margins, with no lymphovascular infiltration, and the lesion met any of the following conditions: (a) differentiated type pT1a, ulceration (UL)(-); (b) differentiated type pT1a, ≤30 mm, UL(+); (c) differentiated type pT1b (<500 μm), ≤30 mm; and (d) undifferentiated type pT1a, ≤20 mm, UL(-).
Antithrombotic agents were defined as antiplatelet drugs (e.g., low-dose aspirin, cilostazol, thienopyridine derivatives, or others) or anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants, including dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban).
Statistical analyses
In this study, data of continuous variables are presented as the median and standard deviation. We performed statistical comparisons using the χ2 test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables. In addition, we compared the incidence of delayed bleeding between groups using Fisher's exact probability test. Factors associated with delayed bleeding were assessed by the univariate analysis using the χ2 test and Mann-Whitney U-test. We considered p<0.05 as indicating statistical significance. All statistical analyses were performed using the Excel statistics 2012 software program (Social Survey Research Information, Tokyo, Japan).
Results
Patient and lesion characteristics
We observed no marked difference in the patient age or sex ratio between the groups (Table 1, 2). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was higher in the VPZ group than in the PPI group (p=0.007). In both groups, the two primary reasons for receiving antithrombotic therapy were ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, the most commonly used antithrombotic agents were antiplatelet monotherapy in both groups (PPI: 65%; VPZ: 49%, p=0.07), followed by antiplatelet dual therapy (PPI: 14%; VPZ: 25%, p=0.1), anticoagulant monotherapy (PPI: 15%; VPZ: 19%), and the combination of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies (PPI: 6%; VPZ: 7%). We observed no marked difference in the number of lesions resected during a single ESD session or the median diameter of the specimen removed by ESD between the groups. However, in the PPI group, more lesions had submucosal invasion than in the VPZ group (pT1b; 18% vs. 6.6%).
Table 1.
Baseline Patients’ Characteristics.
| Patient characteristics | PPI group 71 patients |
VPZ group 59 patients |
p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year, median±SD | 77±6 | 76±7 | 0.8 | |||||
| Sex, male, n (%) | 56 (79) | 52 (88) | 0.06 | |||||
| Comorbidity, n (%) | Hypertension | 57 (80) | 45 (76) | 0.57 | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 9 (13) | 19 (32) | 0.007 | |||||
| Renal failure on hemodialysis | 0 (0) | 1 (1.6) | 0.2 | |||||
| Reasons for antithrombotic therapy, n (%) | Ischemic heart disease | 21 (30) | 17 (31) | 0.92 | ||||
| Arrhythmia | 10 (14) | 12 (20) | 0.34 | |||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 17 (24) | 22 (37) | 0.1 | |||||
| Others | 8 (11) | 2 (3) | 0.09 | |||||
| Type of antithrombotic agents, n (%) | Antiplatelet monotherapy | 46 (65) | 29 (49) | 0.07 | ||||
| Antiplatelet dual therapy | 10 (14) | 15 (25) | 0.1 | |||||
| Anticoagulant monotherapy | 11 (15) | 11 (19) | 0.6 | |||||
| Combination of antiplatelet and anticoagulant | 4 (6) | 4 (7) | 0.7 | |||||
| Number of tumors, n (%) | 1 | 53 (75) | 41 (69) | 0.5 | ||||
| 2-6 | 18 (25) | 18 (31) |
SD: standard deviation, n: number, PPI: proton-pump inhibitor, VPZ: vonoprazan
Table 2.
Lesion-based Characteristics.
| Tumor characteristics | PPI group 101 lesions |
VPZ group 90 lesions |
p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor location, n (%) | Body | 66 (65) | 49 (54) | 0.12 | ||||
| Antrum | 35 (35) | 41 (46) | ||||||
| Specimen size, median±SD, mm | 38±15 | 36±14 | 0.58 | |||||
| Macroscopic type, n (%) | Elevated | 60 (59) | 43 (48) | 0.1 | ||||
| Depressed | 41 (41) | 46 (51) | ||||||
| Recurrence | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | ||||||
| Pathological depth, n (%) | No tumor | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.02 | ||||
| Adenoma | 12 (12) | 6 (6.6) | ||||||
| pT1a | 70 (69) | 78 (87) | ||||||
| pT1b | 18 (18) | 6 (6.6) |
U: upper stomach, M: middle stomach, L: lower stomach, SD: standard deviation
Treatment outcomes
Table 3 shows the results of ESD for each patient. Based on the histopathological evaluation of the resected specimens, more patients in the VPZ group (90%) were considered to have achieved curative resection than in the PPI group (76%). In both groups, no ulcer protection was performed in >70% of patients; however, ulcer protection by covering with a PGA sheet was performed in 10 (14%) patients in the PPI group and 1 (2%) patient in the VPZ group. During the second-look endoscopy performed on the day after ESD, 9 (13%) patients in the PPI group and 11 (19%) in the VPZ group underwent prophylactic haemostasis for the vessels remaining at the ESD ulcer.
Table 3.
Treatment Outcomes of ESD.
| ESD result per patient | PPI group 71 patients |
VPZ group 59 patients |
p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Curability, n (%) | Curative | 54 (76) | 53 (90) | 0.04 | ||||
| Noncurative | 17 (24) | 6 (10) | ||||||
| Perforation during ESD, n (%) | 2 (2.8) | 1 (1.6) | 0.67 | |||||
| Ulcer protection | None | 51 (72) | 43 (73) | 0.89 | ||||
| Clip closure | 10 (14) | 15 (25) | 0.1 | |||||
| PGA | 10 (14) | 1 (2) | 0.01 | |||||
| Hb drop after ESD, g/dL (average, range) | 0.9 (-2.5-7.9) |
0.95 (-2.6-9.1) |
0.8 | |||||
| Hemostasis during second-look EGD, n (%) | 9 (13) | 11 (19) | 0.34 | |||||
| Overall delayed bleeding after ESD | 13 events (18%) in 9 patients | 18 events (31%) in 17 patients | 0.10 | |||||
| Delayed bleeding after 2 days of ESD, n (%) | 12 (17) | 8 (14) | 0.59 | |||||
| Blood transfusion, n (%) | 2 (2.8) | 3 (5) | 0.2 |
PGA: polyglycolic acid sheet, PPI: proton-pump inhibitor, VPZ: vonoprazan, EGD: esophagogastroduodenoscopy, ESD: endoscopic submucosal dissection, Hb: hemoglobin
Primary endpoint: delayed bleeding after ESD
Overall delayed bleeding was observed 13 times (18%) in 9 patients (twice in 2 patients, 3 times in 1 patient) in the PPI group and 18 times (31%) in 17 patients (twice in 1 patient) in the VPZ group. Delayed bleeding from day 2 until 8 weeks after ESD occurred 12 times (17%) in 9 patients in the PPI group and 8 times (14%) in 8 patients in the VPZ group. The number of cases of overall delayed bleeding and bleeding that occurred from day 2 until 8 weeks after ESD did not show significant differences between the groups.
The timing of delayed bleeding in the two groups is shown in Fig. 2. On days 0 and 1, 11 patients had bleeding (10 patients in VPZ, 1 patient in PPI group). Among the 10 patients in the VPZ group, only 1 had undergone endoclip closure, and bleeding was observed between the endoclips during second-look endoscopy. The patient in the PPI group had received PGA shielding; however, bleeding occurred beneath the PGA sheet. Therefore, haemostasis was performed by removing the PGA sheet followed by coagulation with haemostatic forceps. This patient also had recurrent delayed bleeding on days 9 and 10. Overall, the last bleeding event was observed on day 24, and all events were observed within 4 weeks after ESD.
Figure 2.
The number of times and days on which emergency endoscopy was required after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). PPI: proton-pump inhibitor, VPZ: vonoprazan
Secondary outcomes
In the subgroup analyses (Table 4), no significant difference was observed among the incidence of bleeding in terms of the tumour location, number of tumours, and curability of ESD between the groups.
Table 4.
Incidence of Bleeding after ESD in the Treatment Groups according to Each Variable.
| PPI group 71 patients |
VPZ group 59 patients |
p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor location | Body | 5/40 (13%) | 6/32 (19%) | 0.53 | ||||
| Antrum | 4/31 (13%) | 11/27 (41%) | 0.06 | |||||
| Number of tumors | Single | 6/53 (11%) | 9/40 (23%) | 0.22 | ||||
| Multiple | 3/18 (17%) | 8/19 (42%) | 0.20 | |||||
| Curability | Curative | 7/54 (13%) | 14/53 (26%) | 0.15 | ||||
| Noncurative | 2/17 (12%) | 3/6 (50%) | 0.14 |
ESD: endoscopic submucosal dissection, VPZ: vonoprazan, PPI: proton-pump inhibitor
In the subgroup analyses comparing cases without ulcer protection (Table 5), the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was higher (p=0.006) and the ratio of cases taking antiplatelet monotherapy was lower in the VPZ group than in the PPI group (p=0.02). The numbers of cases of overall delayed bleeding and bleeding that occurred from day 2 until 8 weeks after ESD were higher in the VPZ group than in the PPI group but without a significant difference.
Table 5.
Subgroup Analyses: Comparison among Cases without Ulcer Protection.
| PPI group 51 patients |
VPZ group 43 patients |
p | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year, median±SD | 76±7 | 76±7 | 0.8 | |||||
| Sex, male, n (%) | 39 (76) | 38 (88) | 0.13 | |||||
| Comorbidity, n (%) | Hypertension | 41 (80) | 33 (77) | 0.66 | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 5 (10) | 14 (33) | 0.006 | |||||
| Renal failure on hemodialysis | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | |||||
| Reasons for antithrombotic therapy, n (%) | Ischemic heart disease | 11 (22) | 12 (30) | 0.47 | ||||
| Arrhythmia | 7 (14) | 6 (14) | 0.97 | |||||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 13 (25) | 16 (37) | 0.22 | |||||
| Others | 5 (10) | 2 (5) | 0.34 | |||||
| Type of antithrombotic agents, n (%) | Antiplatelet monotherapy | 40 (78) | 23 (53) | 0.02 | ||||
| Antiplatelet dual therapy | 6 (12) | 10 (23) | 0.14 | |||||
| Anticoagulant monotherapy | 6 (12) | 6 (14) | 0.75 | |||||
| Combination of antiplatelet and anticoagulant | 1 (2) | 4 (9) | 0.1 | |||||
| Number of tumors, n (%) | 1 | 40 (78) | 28 (65) | 0.15 | ||||
| 2-6 | 11 (22) | 15 (35) | ||||||
| Curability, n (%) | Curative | 40 (78) | 38 (88) | 0.20 | ||||
| Noncurative | 11 (22) | 5 (12) | ||||||
| Overall delayed bleeding after ESD, n (%) | 7 (14) | 14 (33) | 0.052 | |||||
| Delayed bleeding after 2 days of ESD, n (%) | 7 (14) | 6 (20) | 0.97 | |||||
SD: standard deviation, n: number, PPI: proton-pump inhibitor, VPZ: vonoprazan
Discussion
This study assessed the incidence of delayed bleeding among patients who underwent ESD with continuous antithrombotic agents. The occurrence of delayed bleeding did not exhibit a marked difference between patients using VPZ or traditional PPI for ulcer treatment after ESD. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the incidence of delayed bleeding after ESD using VPZ or traditional PPI in patients with continuous antithrombotic agents. This study suggests that despite using a potent antacid agent, such as VPZ, the incidence of delayed bleeding after ESD in patients with continuous use of antithrombotic agents remains high.
Several studies have reported that continuous aspirin or antiplatelet agent use during ESD exerted no effect on the ESD outcomes and delayed bleeding under the use of a conventional PPI (8-10). However, while the antiplatelet usage was not determined to be an independent risk factor of delayed bleeding in a multivariate analysis, Lim et al. reported that the incidence of bleeding was 11.6% in the continuous group, compared with 5.2% in the no antiplatelet group and 5.9% in the discontinuation group (8). In addition, Tounou et al. reported that the incidence was 35.5%, 15.5%, and 1.1% in the dual antiplatelet, single antiplatelet, and no antiplatelet groups, respectively (10). Furthermore, our previous study reported that thrombotic events occurred only in the discontinuation group (1.6%) (11). Thus, gastric ESD without cessation of antithrombotic agents may help prevent thrombosis in high-risk patients; however, the high incidence of delayed bleeding should be considered.
Among previous studies comparing the efficacy between VPZ and traditional PPI for the ESD ulcer treatment, five studies included a few patients with continuous antithrombotic agents (17,19-21,24). In these studies, the ratio of patients with continuous antithrombotic agents was small (6.8-22.5%), and only Kagawa et al. reported a substantial difference in delayed bleeding (24). In their retrospective analysis, the delayed bleeding rate was 1.3% in patients treated with VPZ compared with 10% in those treated with PPI (24). Furthermore, their study enrolled only 17% of patients with antithrombotic agents but also reported that the usage of an antithrombotic agent was a considerable factor for delayed bleeding (24). In our study, we only enrolled patients who received continuous antithrombotic agents during ESD in order to elucidate the preventive effect of using VPZ in a group with a high risk of delayed bleeding. However, the delayed bleeding rate was high in both the VPZ and PPI groups, with no significant difference. Despite patients being treated with an intravenous PPI for the first two days, the delayed bleeding rate observed from day 2 until 8 weeks after ESD did not show any marked difference between the groups.
Typically, delayed bleeding is observed during the first 2 days of ESD; however, it has been reported that, in patients taking antithrombotic agents, delayed bleeding can occur at a later point after ESD (1-2 weeks later) (6,29). In the present study, the number of patients with delayed bleeding showed a bimodal distribution, with peaks at the first 2 days and around 1 week. The exact reason for the increased incidence of bleeding at days 0-1 in the VPZ group is unknown. Since oral feeding is not yet restarted during this period, incomplete prophylactic coagulation of vessels after ESD, reflux of bile acid, or other unknown factors are possible causes. In addition, as the median duration of admission was 5 days, some patients experienced delayed bleeding after being discharged from the hospital. Ideally, cessation of antithrombotic agents during this period would be beneficial to minimize the risk of bleeding; however, the risk of thrombotic events is also expected to increase. Thus, patients undergoing ESD with continuous antithrombotic agents should be informed of their high risk of bleeding for the first two weeks after ESD.
This study has some limitations. First, it was a single-centre, retrospective study with a rather small number of patients. Thus, a substantial bias for the selection of VPZ or PPI for each patient cannot be denied. The numbers of diabetes patients, lesions with submucosal invasion, and cases with PGA differed between the groups. However, these factors have not been shown to be definitively related to bleeding in previous large-scale studies, and ulcer protection procedures are still relatively new and not yet standardised. The subgroup analysis among cases with no ulcer protection also showed no significant difference in the rate of delayed bleeding between the groups. The sample size may have been too small to perform a propensity score matching analysis, and further prospective studies are needed. Nevertheless, we enrolled the highest number of patients to date undergoing ESD with continuous antithrombotic agents. Second, the kind of PPI was not unified. Three types of oral PPI (rabeprazole, lansoprazole or esomeprazole) were available for use in our hospital. There are no studies that have shown any of these PPIs to be inferior to the others with respect to healing ESD ulcers, and the administration of any PPI is recommended for the treatment of ESD ulcers (4). Third, intravenous PPI was used for the first two days in both groups. Only omeprazole is available for intravenous use in our hospital, and it is our routine practice to administer intravenous PPI until oral feeding is resumed. No study has yet demonstrated the superiority of VPZ over intravenous PPI. Further studies are warranted to clarify which treatment is best for reducing the incidence of bleeding among patients continuing antithrombotics.
In conclusion, this study showed that even with a potent antacid agent, such as VPZ, the incidence of delayed bleeding was high among patients undergoing ESD who were receiving continuous antithrombotic agents.
All patients provided their written informed consent for ESD under continuous administration of antithrombotic agents.
This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital.
The authors state that they have no Conflict of Interest (COI).
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