Evaluation of the BBB penetration and the dual-targeting efficacy of the DOX-loaded dual-targeting dendrimers. (a, b) Schematic illustration of the in vitro BBB model. (a) A monolayer of HBMEC cells were cultured on the transwell inserts, and (b) U87-MG cells were co-cultured. (c) The transport ratio of DOX across the BBB within 3 h. Error bars represent standard deviation (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (Student's t-test). (d) The cell viability of U87-MG cells in the co-cultured BBB model. Error bars represent standard deviation (n = 3). *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 (Student's t-test). (2) The intracellular uptake of DOX by U87-MG cells after crossing BBB by flow cytometry.