What should be the best dialysis catheter lock in critically ill patients?

In the recent years, several studies including a meta-analysis have assessed the question concerning the best dialysis catheter lock. We sought to summarize these trials in order to give some guidelines to the clinicians. In a recent meta-analysis, Zhong et al. did not demonstrate any superiority of heparin locked over normal saline for maintaining the patency of central venous catheter including one’s dialysis [1]. To avoid catheter occlusion, thrombosis, and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI), proper flushing and locking are considered to be the primary interventions [2]. A high antimicrobial concentration lock should be used to overcome the relative resistance of bacteria in the catheter biofilm. Antibiotic locks decrease the risk of long-term hemodialysis infection, but, when used repeatedly, may promote the selection of resistant organisms [3]. Therefore, clinicians were looking to other alternatives such as citrate. Indeed, citrate concentrated at 1 to 4% exerts only an anticoagulant effect by its ability to chelate calcium [3]. Highly concentrated citrate up to 46.7% exerts additional effects like the inhibition of catheter colonization [3]. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing heparin versus citrate lock solutions at 46.7% have been relatively limited [3]. Indeed, FDA has banned citrate solutions with a concentration higher than 4% because of the accidental risk of major drop in ionized calcium and subsequent cardiac arrest [3]. Nevertheless, Parienti et al. performed a prospective quasi-experimental study comparing citrate (CL) at 46.7% vs heparin locks or saline [3]. CL was associated with less catheter colonization possibly by impeding biofilm. The use of CL was also associated with less catheter dysfunction. The higher rate of catheter dysfunction found in the saline group as opposed to the CL group was in accordance to Hermite et al. [4]. CL at 46.7% was not associated with higher mortality [3]. However, the reduction of catheter dysfunction was not associated with a longer catheter duration [3]. Comparing citrate 4% to heparin locks by Quenot et al. [5] found no differences in the duration of event-free survival of the first non-tunneled hemodialysis catheter. Catheter thrombosis, catheter-related infections (CRI), and adverse events were not statistically different between the two groups. In conclusion, it seems that CL 46.7% should be the best option for dialysis catheter locks in the intensive care unit (ICU). CL has less catheter colonization, less catheter dysfunction, but no superior catheter duration [5]. Future RCTs are obviously needed to confirm these findings.

Abbreviations

CRBSI

Catheter-related bloodstream infection

NS

Normal saline

CVC

Central venous catheter

CRI

Catheter-related infection

RCT

Randomized controlled study

CL

Citrate lock

ICU

Intensive care unit

Authors’ contributions

PMH and DDB designed the paper. All authors participated in drafting and reviewing. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Funding

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Not applicable.

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Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.